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7-4 Atmosphere Outline and Study Guide for Exam
VOCABULARY: Know this vocabulary from vocabulary sheet. Besides possibly matching or
multiple choice questions matching terms and definitions, answer questions that include
those terms as the context for the questions or the answers.
Atmosphere
Barometric pressure
Wind
Charles’ Law
High pressure system
Pressure gradient force
(PGF)
Troposphere
Low pressure system
Atmospheric pressure
Air mass
Isobar
Barometer
CALCULATIONS and Lab Skills:
1. Use formulas (provided) to calculate density, pressure gradient force and the direction the
wind will blow
2. Interpret graphs, make graphs, and identify correct graphs: including correctly labeled
axes and correctly spaced intervals on axes. Identify independent and dependent
variables from fact scenarios (similar to investigation scenarios) and know which axis is
associated with each. Line of best fit graphs and line graphs.
3. Interpret data similar to that obtained in lab and draw conclusions.
Concepts to Know:
Weather
The state of the atmosphere at a particular time and place
Includes: Pressure, Temperature, Humidity, Clouds, Precipitation, Wind, Visibility
Relationship between Temperature and Volume
When a gas is heated, it tends to expand
This tendency is described in a law called Charles’ Law
Cool air contracts
Density
Amount of matter that is found in a particular volume, compactness of matter
Density = mass ÷ volume
Units g/mL or g/m3
When air is heated, the molecules have more energy, move faster, and spread out.
Mass does not change, but volume increases
Relationship between Temperature and Density
When air is heated – density decreases
When air is cooled – density increases
Unequal heating of Earth
Warm air at the equator rises and is less dense than cooler air at the poles
Cold air at the poles sinks and is more dense than warmer air at the equator
Wind
Air pressure and atmospheric motion – wind caused by differences in air pressure
Wind: PGF: Pressure gradient force – winds blow from high pressure to low
Air Pressure or Atmospheric Pressure
Force exerted by molecules in atmosphere due to gravity and temperature
Air pressure is the measure of the force with which air molecules push on a surface.
Air Pressure is dependent on Density
Denser air will have a higher air pressure - there are more air molecules in a given
space to push down on you
Less dense air will have a lower air pressure - there are fewer air molecules to push
down on you.
Impact of Water Content (humidity) on Air Pressure
Moist air is less dense than dry air, and therefore has a lower air pressure.
A water molecule has less mass than other molecules that make up the air. If you
replace some of the air molecules with water molecules, the water lowers the
density (and lowers the air pressure)
Impact of Temperature on Air Pressure
Warm air is less dense than cold air. Therefore, warm air has a lower air pressure and
cold air has a higher air pressure.
The molecules in warm air are moving fast and are spread farther apart. Therefore
there are fewer air molecules in a given area to push down on you.
Barometer
The piece of equipment used to measure air pressure is a Barometer
Air Pressure is measured in millibars (mb) on a barometer.
Air Pressure Affects the Weather
Air pressure in a weather system reflects the amount of water in the air, which affects the
weather.
High pressure area has less moisture and usually has clear, dry weather
Low pressure area has more moisture and can have cloudy, rainy weather
Air Pressure on a Weather Map
Areas of High and Low pressure are shown on a weather map with an H or an L.
Lines called isobars show areas of equal atmospheric pressure
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low pressure
high pressure
warm or cold air
warm
cold
air rising or sinking
rising
sinking
clouds or no clouds
clouds
no clouds, clear weather
molecules move fast or slow
fast
slow
molecules are
packed together or far apart
far apart, less dense
packed together, dense
moist or dry
moist
dry
Unit Summary
The volume and density of air change with changes in temperature. As the temperature
of air increases, its volume increases and its density decreases. As the temperature of air
decreases, its volume decreases and its density increases.
As air is heated, its density decreases because its mass remains constant but its volume
increases. As air is cooled, its density increases because its mass remains constant but its volume
decreases.
Air is a fluid. Fluids that are denser sink below those that are less dense. The decrease in
density as air is heated causes it to rise above cooler, denser air. The increase in density as air is
cooled causes it to sink below warmer, less dense air.
The warmer air in the atmosphere rises and cooler air in the atmosphere sinks. This
causes convection currents in the atmosphere (moving air).
Air that moves from the upper levels of the atmosphere downward towards Earth creates
an area of high pressure beneath the falling air. Air that rises or moves upward from the Earth or
from lower levels of the atmosphere toward the upper atmosphere creates an area of low pressure
beneath the rising air. Cold air sinking would increase the pressure in an area while warm air
rising would decrease the pressure in an area.
When there are pressure differences in the atmosphere, are moves from areas of high
pressure to areas of low pressure. This movement of air creates wind.
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7-5 Cellular Organization Study Guide for Exam
1. Know all vocabulary from vocabulary sheet
Cell membrane
Nucleus
Cell well
Organelle
Chloroplast
Osmosis
Cytoplasm
Diffusion
MICROSCOPE PARTS:
Be able to match the part with its function
1. diaphragm
2. stage
3. eyepieces or oculars
4. arm
5. revolving nosepiece
6. stage clip
7. objectives
8. knobs to control slide movement
9. coarse focus knob
10. fine focus knob
11. light source
12. base
CELL PARTS:
Be able to name, give a function, and identify in a picture the following parts:
 Cell (plasma) membrane
 Nucleus
 nuclear (membrane) envelope
 nucleolus
 centrioles
 mitochondria
 rough endoplasmic reticulum
 smooth endoplasmic reticulum
 Golgi (body) apparatus
 Ribosomes
 Chloroplast
 cell wall
 vacuole
 cytoplasm
 lysosomes
Also know:
 Movement of water through a cell membrane
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COMPARISION:
 What is a prokaryote?
 A eukaryote?
 How are prokaryotes and eukaryotes different?
 How are plant, animal, and bacterial cells alike and different?
 What organelles are found only in plants?
 What organelles are found only in animals?
 What are the similarities and difference between osmosis, diffusion, and active and
passive transport?
Identify scenarios where diffusion, osmosis, active transport are taking place.
Unit Summary
Plant cells generally contain a nucleus, a cell wall, a cell membrane, chloroplasts, a large
vacuole, and cytoplasm. However, under a magnification of 100X, it is not possible to
differentiate between the cell wall and the cell membrane. In addition, not all plant cells contain
chloroplasts.
Animal cells generally contain a nucleus, cell membrane, and cytoplasm. Animal cells
also contain organelles called centrioles which are very small and usually not visible unless the
cell is dividing. Some animal cells, such as red blood cells, do not contain nuclei.
The cell membrane of a plant cell is not permeable to salt. This was evidenced by the
shrinking of the cells. To balance the concentration of salt within and outside the cell, water
flowed from the cells into the surrounding environment. If the cell membrane was permeable to
salt, water and salt could have both flowed back and forth through the cell membrane until both
environments contained equal concentrations of salt.
The cell membrane of an egg is not permeable to sugar. This was evidenced by the
shrinking of the eggs. To balance the concentration of sugar inside and outside the egg, water
flowed from the eggs into the surrounding environment (corn syrup). If the cell membrane was
permeable to sugar, water and sugar could have both flowed back and forth through the cell
membrane until both environments contained equal concentrations of sugar.
The cell wall and cell membrane of a plant cell are permeable to water. This was
evidenced by the shrinking of cells. To balance the concentration of salt inside and outside the
cells, water flowed from the cells into the surrounding environment. If the cell membrane and
cell wall were not permeable to water, the cells would not have shrunk. The cell membrane of
the egg was also permeable to water. Water flowed from the egg into the corn syrup and from
the water into the shrunken egg.
The structure of the cell wall and cell membrane determines whether or not each structure
is permeable to salt and water. The permeability of each structure determines whether or not salt
moves in or out, which in turn affects whether or not water moves in and out of the cell.
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7-7 DNA Study Guide for Exam
1. Know all vocabulary from vocabulary sheet
DNA
Gene
Chromosome
Replication
Nucleotide
Nitrogenous Bases
1. Identify three parts of a nucleotide – name them, identify them in a diagram
2. Describe the ways phosphate and sugar molecules form the “side sections” of a DNA
molecule
3. Name nitrogenous base pairs found in DNA
4. Identify the bases that pair together
5. Identify correctly paired sections of DNA, complete sections of DNA that are incomplete
6. Explain the advantages of hydrogen bonds connecting base pairs in DNA
7. Put the steps of DNA replication in the correct order
8. Identify the location of DNA replication
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