The American Presidency
Political Science 6369
Fall 2011
Professor: Brandon Rottinghaus
Email: bjrottinghaus@uh.edu
Phone (campus): 33925
Office: PGH 393
Office Hours: W 11-1, Th 11-1
Phone (cell): 832 / 588-7336
This course is designed to provide you with an overview of the literature on the American
presidency. We revisit some classics (presidential power, the Constitutional authority of the
president) and more recent studies on presidential power (unilateral action) and leadership (or
non-leadership). Our investigation will span the range of approaches employed by presidency
scholars (historical, legal, statistical, formal, experimental). No graduate class can adequately
encompass all of the important literature on a subject, so these readings only represent a small
portion of the vast literature related to executive politics. The “suggested readings” will
provide you with a supplementary reading list for those of you who plan to pursue the
presidency as a field of study or those who are planning on taking comps in this area.
Evaluation
Your grade for the course will be measured by your three critical writing assignments (50%)
related to the readings, your participation (including performance in class) (25%) and a final
“field essay” (25%). Letter grades will be assigned (and translated numerically) for final
grading. Each are outlined with more detail below:
Critical writings: At three points in the semester, you will be responsible for reading
critically and comprehensively and crafting a five to seven page response to several groups of
readings which are thematically or conceptually related. Think about and evaluate the
readings and submit a five-page (double space, 12 point font) “reaction paper” each time
one is due.
Paper Due Dates:
Paper 1: October 6
Paper 2: November 3
Paper 3: December 1
These papers are an opportunity for you to organize your general assessments of the readings
and how they fit with the major theoretical and methodological questions of the course.
Reaction papers are not to summarize the readings; rather, they are intended to encapsulate
your summary of the usefulness, strengths and weaknesses of the research. Your papers
should focus on a theoretical or methodological concern from the readings during those
weeks. The papers should discuss the issue, raise questions about the week’s readings, and
suggest answers. You do not have to address each of the readings. I want you to learn to
write a succinct argument.
Tips to get started:
Pick up one or two themes or arguments from the readings and really analyze them.
Evaluate the readings rather than editorializing.
Think about the work in relation to other theories or empirical findings we’ve read.
Connect the work’s methodology to other methodologies.
Think about what “conventional wisdom” holds – does the work contradict this?
Some questions to consider:
Did the authors say all there was to say?
What did they miss?
What should they have included?
Can you suggest counter factuals?
What are the implications for studying the concept or issue the way they did?
Did they measure their variables correctly or sufficiently?
What limits are inherent in how the variables are measured or how the study is designed?
How might it change if we change the approach or choose different data?
Does what they are talking about jell with the “real world”?
Are the conclusions generalizable?
Questions along these analytical and deconstructive lines are what I am looking for in your
papers rather than a summary of what you thought about the readings. Ultimately, these
short papers should give you a sense of what kinds of questions to ask in general and
specifically a theoretical way to begin your final project for this class your MA thesis or
dissertation.
I don't require you to do outside research or offer additional citations (although some in the
past have incorporated readings from other classes and it made their papers better). Ideally,
you will use the readings to critique each other -- the readings are usually diverse enough that
they take different approaches to similar theoretical questions (or frequently come up with
divergent conclusions), so feel free to play one off of another in a comparative sense.
Participation: Your weekly in-class discussion participation is critical to my ability to track
your progress and your own development in understanding the material. This requires you to
have a comprehensive understanding of the readings and (obviously) to come to class. You
should be prepared to answer the following questions for each reading each class:
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
What is the main contribution of the reading to scholarly knowledge?
What theoretical tradition is the reading working within or in contrast to?
What hypotheses are offered for empirical evidence?
What are the data and measures used in the paper appropriate for evaluating the
theory and hypothesis?
(5) What are the main findings?
(6) What are the implications of the theory and results for understanding political
behavior?
(7) What are your criticisms of the research?
Field essay: Due Friday of finals week (12/9/11). Each student will turn in a 10-15 page
“field” essay during finals week. For this assignment, you should (a) pick a particular
research area in the presidency field that interests you, (b) identify the principal research
questions within this field, (c) discuss the major findings to date, noting any ambiguities or
significant disagreements among authors, and (d) highlight possible paths for future research.
The following are good examples of field essays:
Norrander, Barbara. 1996. “Presidential Nomination Politics in the Post-Reform Era,”
Political Research Quarterly 49:4, 875-915.
Leighley, Jan E. 1995. “Attitudes, Opportunities and Incentives: A Field Essay on Political
Participation,” Political Research Quarterly 48:1, 181-210.
Gronke, Paul and Brian Newman. 2003. “FDR to Clinton, Mueller to ?: A Field Essay on
Presidential Approval.” Political Research Quarterly 56: 4, 501-12.
These are longer in text and larger in scope than the one required here, but these give you a
sense of how to craft a summary and synthesis of a large body of literature. One strategy in
preparing for this project is to identify a smaller portion of a subfield’s literature (perhaps
structured around a question) and write a more narrowly focused field essay. Use the
“recommended” readings below to begin this process and please discuss it with me.
An alternative to this is to write a more involved paper that is conference (or journal) quality.
This paper can be more developed on a specific topic, including data and analysis. If you are
interested in this option, it is probably best to discuss this with me.
Cheating and Plagiarism: All students are expected to observe the University of
Houston’s rules against cheating and plagiarism. See the section on “Academic Honesty” in
the University of Houston Studies handbook for a full statement regarding UH’s rules against
cheating and plagiarism. A succinct discussion of the University’s policies with links to all
the relevant regulations can be found at http://www.uh.edu/provost/stu/stu_syllabsuppl.html.
Any violation may result in expulsion from the University. Cheating and plagiarism in this
class will be punished to the maximum extent possible.
ADA Statement: The American with Disabilities Act (ADA) is a federal antidiscrimination
statute that provides comprehensive civil rights protection for persons with disabilities.
Among other things, this legislation requires that all students with disabilities be guaranteed a
learning environment that provides for reasonable accommodation of their disabilities. If you
believe you have a disability requiring an accommodation, please contact UH’s Center for
Students with Disabilities (CSD) at (713) 743-5400.
Readings
The following books are required for the class and buying them online is probably the easiest
way to find them cheaply. I ordered these from the bookstore because I think these are books
you will certainly want to keep in your collection. We will read portions of other books not
on this list (see below) but buying them is not required (but highly recommended).
Presidential Power: The Politics of Leadership. 1990. Richard Neustadt. Free Press.
Going Public. 2007 Kernell, Samuel. CQ Press.
On Deaf Ears. 2006. Edwards, George. Yale University Press.
The Myth of Presidential Representation. 2009. Wood, B. Dan. Cambridge University.
Going Local. 2010. Jeffrey Cohen. Cambridge University Press.
The Politics Presidents Make. 1997. Skowronek, Stephen. Harvard University Press.
Power Without Persuasion. 2003. Howell, William. Princeton University Press.
The President in the Legislative Arena. 1993. Bond and Fleisher. U. Chicago Press.
In addition, readings marked with a (BR) denote articles I will distribute to you either via
email or my website. All others not in our book list above or marked with a (BR) can be
found in JSTOR or in the library’s database.
* Another excellent resource (which is far too long to be assigned) is The Oxford
Handbook of the American Presidency, edited by George Edwards and William Howell.
This text has essays on the “state of the field” across the presidency subfield.
Schedule:
Week 1 (August 25) – Introductions and Overview of Course and
What We Want to Know About the Presidency
“What we want to know about the Presidency” (PSQ Special Issue, December 2002) :
Jones, “Knowing What we Want to Know About the Presidency”
Bechsloss, “Knowing What Really Happened”
Fisher, “A Dose of Law and Realism for Presidential Studies”
Neustadt, “Presidential Power and the Research Agenda”
Cameron, “Studying the Polarized Presidency”
Week 2 (September 1) – No Class, APSA!
Week 3 (September 8) – Constitutional Theories of Presidential
Behavior
Bessette and Tulis (1981) “The Constitution, Politics and the Presidency” (BR)
Corwin, 1984. The President: Office and Powers 1787-1984 (BR)
Federalist Papers (68-73) (BR or online)
Tulis, Jeffrey, 1990. “The Two Constitutional Presidencies” (BR)
Recommended:
Tulis, Jeffrey, 1987. The Rhetorical Presidency.
Bessette and Tulis, 1981. The Presidency in the Constitutional Order. LSU
Pious, 1979, The American Presidency
Fisher, 1991, Constitutional Conflicts Between the President and Congress (or other Fisher work)
Ellis, Richard, 1999, Founding the American Presidency
Week 4 (September 15) – Presidency as an Institution
Moe, Terry. 1985. “The Politicized Presidency.” In The New Direction in American Politics, ed. John
E. Chubb and Paul E. Peterson. Brookings Press. (BR)
Lewis and Howell, 2002, “Agencies by Presidential Design” JOP
Lewis, “Staffing Alone: Unilateral Action and the Politicization of the Executive Office of the
President, 1988-2004” Presidential Studies Quarterly
Excerpts from Rudalevige, Managing the President’s Program (BR)
Dickenson and Lebo, 2007, “Reexamining the Growth of the Institutional Presidency, 1940-2000”
JOP
Recommended:
Lewis, David. 2008. The Politics of Presidential Appointments (Princeton)
Hess, Stephen. 2002. Organizing the Presidency (Brookings)
Burke, John. 2000. The Institutional Presidency (Johns Hopkins)
Waterman, Richard. 1989. Presidential Influence and the Administrative State (Tennessee)
Lewis, David. 2003. Presidents and the Politics of Agency Design (Stanford)
T. Moe, “The Politics of Bureaucratic Structure,” in J. Chubb & P.Peterson (eds.), Can the Government Govern?
Week 5 (September 22) – Presidential Power
Neustadt, Presidential Power (all, but mostly Chapters 1-6)
Sperlich, 1969, “Bargaining and Overload: An Essay on Presidential Power” (BR)
Jacobs and Shapiro,2000, “Conclusion” to Presidential Power edited volume (Columbia) (BR)
Dickinson, 2009, “We All Want a Revolution” Presidential Studies Quarterly
Rockman, 2009, “Does The Revolution in Presidential Studies Mean “Off with the President’s Head?”
Presidential Studies Quarterly
Recommended:
Neustadt, 2002, “Presidential Power and the Research Agenda” Presidential Studies Quarterly
Burns, 1978. Leadership. Perennial.
Week 6 (September 29) – “Going Public”
Kernell, Going Public (all)
Recommended:
Eshbaugh-Soha 2006, The President’s Speeches. Lynne Reinner.
McCarty, Nolan, Timothy Groseclose. 2000. “The Politics of Blame: Bargaining before an Audience.” AJPS
Tulis, Jeffrey, 1987. The Rhetorical Presidency. Princeton.
Laracy, Mel, 2002, Presidents and the People: The Partisan Story of Going Public. Texas A&M.
Medhurst, Martin (editor), 1996. Beyond the Rhetorical Presidency. Texas A&M.
Dorsey, Leroy (editor), 2002. The Presidency and Rhetorical Leadership. Texas A&M.
Week 7 (October 6) – Presidential Leadership in Historical Terms
Skowronek, The Politics Presidents Make (all)
Crockett, 2011, “Candidate Obama and the Dilemmas of Political Time,” The Forum (BR)
Recommended:
Skowronek, 2002, “Presidency and American Political Development: A Third Look” Presidential Studies
Quarterly
Lowi, Theodore, 1985, The Personal President, Cornell.
Crockett, David, 2002, The Opposition Presidency: Leadership and the Constraints of History. Texas A&M
Sloan, John, 2008, Title of His New Book. Kansas
Week 8 (October 13) – Presidential Leadership and Agenda Setting
Edwards, On Deaf Ears: The Limits of the Bully Pulpit (all)
Brace and Hinckely, 1993. “Presidential Activities from Truman Through Reagan” JOP
Edwards and Wood, 1999, “Who Influences Whom?,” APSR
Recommended Readings:
Ostrom, Charles W., and Dennis M. Simon. 1988. “The President's Public.” AJPS
Eisinger, Robert, 2003. The Evolution of Presidential Polling. Cambridge.
Brace, Paul and Barbara Hinckley, 1993. Follow the Leader. Basic Books.
Wood, “How Does Presidential Rhetoric on the Economy Affect Presidential Approval” (2005)
Canes-Wrone, Brandice, Michael C. Herron and Kenneth W. Shotts. 2001. “Leadership and Pandering: A
Theory of Executive Policymaking” AJPS 45(3)
Jacobs and Shapiro, 1994, “Issues, Candidate Image and Priming” APSR 88
Hard, Roderick, 1987, The Sound of Leadership. Chicago.
Geer, John, 1993. From Tea Leaves to Opinion Polls. Columbia.
Week 9 (October 20) – Presidential Leadership II
Cohen, Going Local (all)
Eshbaugh-Soha, 2008, “The Impact of Presidential Speeches on the Bureaucracy” Social Science
Quarterly
Rottinghaus, 2009 “Determining Successful Leadership Strategies” Political Communication (BR)
Week 10 (October 27) – Presidential Responsiveness
Wood, The Myth of Presidential Representation (all)
Rottinghaus, 2006. “Rethinking Presidential Responsiveness,” JOP
Jacobs and Shapiro, 2000. Politicians Don’t Pander. Chapters 1 and 2 (BR)
Recommended Readings:
Cohen, Jeffrey, 1997. Presidential Responsiveness to Public Policy-Making. Michigan.
Towle, Michael, 2004. Out of Touch. Texas A&M.
Canes-Wrone, Brandice, 2006. Who Leads Whom? Presidents, Policy and the Public. Chicago.
Week 11 (November 3) – Presidential Approval, Elections and
Mandates
Kernell, 1978 “Explaining Presidential Popularity” APSR
Ostrom and Simon, 1985, “Promise and Performance: A Dynamic Model of Presidential Popularity”,
APSR
Newman, 2003, “Integrity and Presidential Approval, 1980-2000” Public Opinion Quarterly
Cohen and Powell, 2005. “Building Public Support from the Grassroots Up” Presidential Studies
Quarterly
Calvert and Ferejohn, 1984, “Presidential Coattails in Historical Perspective” AJPS
Dahl, 1990, “Myth of the Presidential Mandate,” Political Science Quarterly
Conley, excerpts from Presidential Mandates (BR)
Recommended:
Brody, 1991. Assessing the President: The Media, Elite Opinion and Public Support. Stanford.
Edwards, 1983. The Public Presidency. St. Martin’s Press.
Hibbs, 1982, “The Dynamics of Political Support for American Presidents Among Occupational and Partisan
Groups,” AJPS 26
Recommended:
Aldrich, John, 1980. Before the Convention: Strategies and Choices in Presidential Nominations. Chicago.
Bartels, Larry, 1988. Presidential Primaries and the Dynamics of Public Choice. Princeton.
Brady, David, 1988. Critical Elections and Congressional Policy-Making. Stanford.
Week 12 (November 10) - Congress and the Presidency
Exerpts from Jones, The Presidency in a Separated System, chs. 1, 8 (BR)
Bond and Fleisher, The President in the Legislative Arena (all)
Krehbeil, Pivotal Politics, Chapters 1 and 2. (BR)
Sullivan, Terry, 1990, “Bargaining with the President: A Simple Game and New Evidence.” APSR
Canes-Wrone, 2001, “The President's Legislative Influence from Public Appeals,” AJPS
Rivers and Rose, 1985. “Passing the President’s Program: Public Opinion and Presidential Influence
in Congress” AJPS
Recommended:
Jones, 1994. The Presidency in a Separated System. Brookings Press.
Cameron, Charles. 2000. Veto Bargaining: Presidents and the Politics of Negative Power. Cambridge U. Press.
Covington, et. al., “A “Presidency-Augmented” Model of Presidential Success on House Roll Call Votes.” AJPS
(1995).
Bond & Fleisher 1990, The President in the Legislative Arena. Chicago.
Peterson 1990, Legislating Together. Harvard.
Eshbaugh-Soha 2006, The President’s Speeches. Lynne Reinner.
Thurber (editor) 2005, Rivals for Power. CQ Press.
Rhode and Simon, “Presidential Vetoes and Congressional Response,” AJPS (1985)
Edwards, 1989. At the Margins. Yale.
Fiorina, 2002. Divided Government. Longman.
Matthews, Stephne, 1989, “Veto Threats: Rhetoric in ad Bargaining Game” Quarterly Journal of Economics 104
Peterson, Mark, 1990. Legislating Together. Harvard.
Week 13 (November 17) – Foreign Policy
Wildavsky, “The Two Presidencies,” Trans-Action 4 (BR)
Peppers, 1972, “’The Two Presidencies’ Eight Years Later” (BR)
Meernik, 1994, “Presidential Decision Making and the Political Use of Military Force” JOP
Kam and Ramos, 2008, “Joining and Leaving the Rally” POQ
Newman and Forcehimes, 2010, “Rally Round the Flag Events for Presidential Approval Research”
Electoral Studies
Wood, 2009, “Presidential Saber Rattling and Presidential Approval” AJPS
Recommended:
Allison, Graham, 1971. Essence of Decision: Explaining the Cuban Missile Crisis. Longman.
Krasner, Steven, 1972, “Are Bureaucracies Important? (Or Allison Wonderland)” Foreign Policy 7
Burke, John and Fred Greenstein, 1989. How Presidents Test Reality. Russell Sage.
Mueller, John, 1973. War, Presidents and Public Opinion. University Press.
Muller, John, 1994. Policy and Opinion in the Gulf War. Chicago.
Schlesinger, Arthur, 1989. The Imperial Presidency. Mariner.
Week 14 (November 24) – No Class, Thanksgiving!
Week 15 (December 1) – Unilateral Presidency
Howell, Power Without Persuasion (all)
Bailey and Rottinghaus. “Presidential Power and the Source of Authority” (BR)
Belco and Rottinghaus, “Delegation of Discretion and the Power to Act Alone” (BR)
Recommended:
Mayer, Ken, 1999. “Executive Orders and Presidential Power” JOP 61 (2)
Rudaveledge, Andrew. 2005 . The New Imperial Presidency. Harvard.
Mayer, Ken, 2001. With the Stroke of a Pen. Princeton.
Cooper, Phillip, 2002, By Order of the President: The Use and Abuse of Executive Direct Action
Deering and Maltzman, 1999. “The Politics of Executive Orders.” PRQ
Cooer, Phillip, 2005. “George W. Bush, Edgar Allan Poe, and the use and abuse of presidential signing
statements.” Presidential Studies Quarterly 35 (3): 515-32.
Howell, William D., and Jon Pevehouse. 2005. “Presidents, Congress and the use of force.” International
Organization 59 (1): 209-32.
Krause, George A., and Jeffrey E. Cohen. 2000. “Opportunity, Constraints and the Development of the
Institutional Presidency: The issuance of executive orders, 1939-1996.” Journal of Politics 62 (1): 88-114.
Mayer, Kenneth R., and Kevin Price. 2002. “Unilateral Presidential Powers: Significant Executive Orders, 194999.” Presidential Studies Quarterly 32 (2): 367-86.
Marshall, Bryan W., and Richard L. Pacelle Jr. 2005. “Revisiting the two presidencies: The Strategic use of
Executive Orders.” American Politics Research 33 (1): 81-105.
Moe, Terry M., and William Howell. 1999. “Unilateral Action and Presidential Power: A Theory.” Presidential
Studies Quarterly 29 (4): 850-73.
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Additional Readings for:
Bureaucracy and Policymaking
Peterson, Mark, 1992. “The Presidency and Organized Interests” APSR 86 (3)
Burke, John. The Institutional Presidency, Chapters 3 and 4
Light, Paul, 1999. The President’s Agenda, Chapters 1 and 11
Recommended:
Burke, John, 1992. The Institutional Presidency. Johns Hopkins.
Arnold, Peri, 1986. Making the Managerial Presidency. Kansas.
Benze, James, 1987. Presidential Power and Management Techniques. Greenwood.
Hult and Walcott, 1995. Governing the White House. Kansas.
Moe, Terry, 1998. “The Presidency and the Bureaucracy: The Presidential Advantage”
Kingdon, John, 1984. Agendas, Alternatives and Public Policy. Longman.
Nathan, Richard, 1983. The Administrative Presidency. Wiley.
Psychological Theories of Presidential Behavior
Barber, The Presidential Character (read all but skim 5, 6 ,8 and 11)
Stanely, The Clinton Presidency (Chapter 4) (BR)
Recommended:
Alexander George, 1974. “Assessing Presidential Character,” World Politics 26
Greenstein, Fred, 1988. The Hidden-Hand Presidency. Princeton.
George and George, 1964. Woodrow Wilson and Colonel House. Dover.
George and George, 1998. Presidential Personality and Performance. Westview.
Hargrove, Erwin, 1966. Presidential Leadership, Personality and Political Style. MacMillian.
Renshon, Stanely, 1996. High Hopes: The Clinton Presidency and the Politics of Ambition. Routledge.
Pfiffner, James, 2004. The Character Factor. Texas A&M.
Comparative Executive Politics
Rockman, Bert. 1998. “The American Presidency in Comparative Perspective: Systems, Situations
and Leaders.” In The Presidency and the Political System (ed. Michael Nelson).
Shugart, M. and Steino. 1992. Presidents and Assemblies.