HEPATITIS
INTEGRANTES:
 Agip
Alarcon
Walter
Daniel
 Campos Tapia Alexander
Hugo
 Herrera Cercado Romain
 Ocaña Paredes Christian
 Salazar Salazar Eduardo
 Vicente Ramirez Daniel
Inglés Médico
Dra. Rosa Gonzales Llontop
30 de agosto del 2011
HEPATITIS
INTRODUCTION
Viral hepatitis is a common infectious disease that kills about 1.5 million people every year. Although hepatitis
had been recognized for centuries, doctors had no idea what caused it until the 1940s when they came to
suspect that a virus carried in human blood was responsible
Intensive research ensued to isolate the infectious agents causing two types of hepatitis, hepatitis A and
hepatitis B. However, the breakthrough came from an independent study in which researchers were looking for
immune reactions to foreign proteins in the blood of patients who had received many transfusions.
Researchers explored why some patients who received blood transfusions developed fevers, chills, or rashes.
They examined the response of the patient’s antibodies against foreign proteins, an immune reaction. By
comparing the immune reactions of patients who had received many blood transfusions with the blood from
people from distant parts of the world, researchers found a protein that reacted extremely rarely with the
antibodies. Because the immune reaction was so rare, it indicated that it was caused by an infectious agent
rather than by genetic variation in human blood. This agent was called antigen Aa.
Consequently, the medical community recognized that they could reduce the incidence of hepatitis due to
transfusions by testing the blood for the virus. Scientists developed a technique called radioimmunoassay for
the accurate detection of this factor in the blood and all blood banks now routinely conduct this test
Scientists then began to work on developing methods for producing protective immunity against hepatitis. They
found that an effective vaccine could be made from subunits of the virus, which was a novel method of
vaccination at that time. The hepatitis B vaccine also is promising for preventing deaths from liver cancer which
is closely linked to hepatitis B.
Researchers have now identified other viruses causing different forms of hepatitis and vaccines have been
developed for hepatitis A and C as well.
DEFINITION
Hepatitis is a medical condition defined by the inflammation of the liver and characterized by the presence of
inflammatory cells in the tissue of the organ. The name is from the Greek hepar (ἧπαρ), the root being hepat(ἡπατ-), meaning liver, and suffix -itis, meaning "inflammation". The condition can be self-limiting (healing on its
own) or can progress to fibrosis (scarring) and cirrhosis.
Hepatitis may occur with limited or no symptoms, but often leads to jaundice, anorexia (poor appetite) and
malaise. Hepatitis is acute when it lasts less than six months and chronic when it persists longer. A group of
viruses known as the hepatitis viruses cause most cases of hepatitis worldwide, but it can also be due to toxins
(notably alcohol, certain medications, some industrial organic solvents and plants), other infections and
autoimmune diseases.
REASONS
The hepatitis can be caused for:

Cells inmunitarias in the body that they attack the liver and cause hepatitis autoinmunitaria

Infections for virus (as the hepatitis To, B or C), bacteria or parasites

Hepatic Hurt for alcohol, poisonous fungi or other toxins

Medicines, as an overdose of paracetamol that can be mortal
SYMPTOMS
The hepatitis can begin and improve rapidly (sharp hepatitis) or can cause a long disease (chronic hepatitis). It
can lead to a hepatic hurt, hepatic insufficiency or enclosed cancer of liver.
The gravity of the hepatitis depends on many factors, including the reason of the hepatic hurt and any disease
that you have. The hepatitis to, for example, generally is of short duration and does not drive to hepatic chronic
problems.
The symptoms of the hepatitis include:

Pain or abdominal expansion

Development of breasts in the men

Turbid Urine and depositions of color clay or pale

Fatigues

Fever, in general it goes down

Widespread Pruritus

Jaundice (yellowish coloration of skin and eyes)

Inappetence

Nauseas and vomits

Loss of weight
Many persons with hepatitis B or C do not have symptoms when they turn out to be infected by the first time
and anyhow they can develop hepatic insufficiency later. If you have some factor of risk for any type of
hepatitis, they must to him do examinations from time to time.
EXAMS AND TESTS
A physical examination may show:

Enlarged and tender liver

Fluid in the abdomen (ascites) that can become infected

Yellowing of the skin
Your doctor may order laboratory tests to diagnose and monitor the hepatitis, including:

Abdominal ultrasound

Autoimmune blood markers

Hepatitis virus serologies

Liver function tests

Liver biopsy to check for liver damage

Paracentesis if fluid is in your abdomen
TREATMENT
Your doctor will discuss possible treatments with you, depending on the cause of your liver disease.
The possibilities of treatment are twofold: the first is by administering a drug, for example by infections, the
patient must be a time of about four months or so and the other is intended for specific cases in which the liver
is damaged and does not work, so it requires a mo re complex, requiring a liver transplant.
HEPATITIS IN PERU
ABSTRACT
Peru is catalogued as a middle-endemic country for hepatitis B infection (HVB), however, this disease is
spreading in the country, by intense migration of highly endemic to low endemic areas. In addition to the
classical mechanisms of transmission as the parenteral and sexually, it should be noted the horizontal
transmission among children especially in hiperendemic areas and limited occurrence of vertical transmission.
Since there is a safe and effective vaccine against HBV, the Peruvian Ministry of Health has developed a pilot
vaccination programs in the country, after which has been widespread immunization to children first and then
in endemic areas throughout the country, according the priority and availability of vaccines. Given the spread
of infection, and to achieve an effective control of the problem in susceptible people, in less time is needed
against HBV immunization of adolescents, young people and risk groups, that intervention is one of the most
cost-effective public health, is needed in the medium and long term the evaluation of its real impact.