NEW YORK UNIVERSITY
Robert F. Wagner Graduate School of Public Service
PADM-GP
Politics of International Development Fall 2012 (TAKE 1)
Instructor:
John Gershman
john.gershman@nyu.edu
Tuesday
2:00-4:00 Bobst LL1-38
Office:
#3018, Puck Building
Telephone: 212.992.9888
Office Hours: Mondays, 4:00-6:00 and by appointment
INTRODUCTION
The study of the politics of development is more than an academic exercise. Following World
War II, “development” largely supplanted 19th century ideas of “progress,” at least as far as the
poor countries of the “Third World” were concerned. Increasing the “Gross National Product”
– the overall output of goods and services as valued by the market – was the standard proxy
for progress and increased well-being. This solved a number of problems, both intellectual
and practical. Intellectually, it avoided trying to define progress in terms of some kind
aggregation of utility or happiness. Practically, by equating accumulation with universal
increases in well-being, it ratified the hegemony of the existing structure of economic power.
Nonetheless, it was still an uncomfortable syllogism. In the 1980s and 1990s, the “Washington
Consensus” was widely viewed as the dominant paradigm, although its hegemony was
challenged by a series of major financial crises among its putative “stars” (Mexico in 1994,
Asian Crisis in 1997-98, Argentina in early 2000s) as well as sustained rapid growth in China
which did not pursue a Washington Consensus development strategy. These developments
gave rise to ruminations on a “Post-Washington Consensus” which continue to the present.
Until the terrorist attacks of 9/11, globalization had seemed to be displacing development as
an overarching framework at least among powerful policy elites, but at least since 9/11 the
notion of globalization as an inevitable historical force, and the virtues of weakening nationstates, have been dealt a blow. This process has only deepened since the financial crisis that
began in 2008. Globalization has been exposed as a political project – as opposed to a
technical or “natural” tendency. The parallel development of the Davos Forum and the World
Social Forum have created two different poles on the debate over globalization and
development in the broader business and activist communities. The financial crises of the
1990s and 2008 through the present challenged many of the orthodoxies relating to
development, and in particular to the finance-driven Anglo-American model of development.
In the present context much debate over development has focused on Africa and on the
Millenium Development Goals. But too much of the development debate focuses on aid as
opposed to the myriad of other issues that influence and shape “development” in countries,
whether recipients of aid or not. A number of policies (“free” markets), or programs such as
microfinance, new technologies ($100 laptops) or others have been promoted as panaceas
(although more by the development industry than by their most informed and reflective
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practitioners or advocates). These programs all have their place, but none of them are, or can
be, the magic solution for development. No such magic key exists.
The development debate needs to be enlivened. Alternative propositions must be grounded in
analysis of past dynamics of socioeconomic and political change, but they must also reflect the
ways in which the current global political economy creates obstacles and opportunities
different from those encountered in the past. This course tries to explore possibilities for the
kind of redefinition of the politics of development that “anti-development” theorists feel is
impossible and neoliberal triumphalists feel is not only unnecessary but hazardous to global
well-being.
A central theme to this discussion is the relationship between what is sometime referred to as
“global justice” and the more conventional issues associated with “development” such as
growth, equity, vulnerability, and empowerment.
Learning Objectives:
By the end of this course students should be able to:
1. Craft and defend a definition of “development” or some other goal/objective (eg, wellbeing, prosperity, human development, sustainable development, global justice, etc.) as
a goal of policies aimed at reducing global poverty and an ethical stance for a public
service practitioner towards that definition
2. Describe the major competing approaches that aim to explain why some
countries/individuals within countries are wealthier and/or have better human
development outcomes than others
3. Discuss the role of politics in these processes and identify ways in which the politics
and policy of development incorporates concerns about equity, efficiency, and
effectiveness in the allocation of opportunities, resources, and rights
4. Explain the role of power in the political process and how interests, institutions, ideas,
and individuals interact to create and transform power relations in the context of the
politics of development
5. Identify the major lessons learned from successful interventions and the challenges to
scaling up effective interventions
Outline of Class: Classes will initially involve roughly 60-80 minutes of lecture, followed by
30-40 minutes- of discussion. Finally, 10-15 minutes of concluding remarks will pull together
some of the key points, highlight ongoing areas of empirical and theoretical debate, and frame
the readings for the subsequent class. Lectures will NOT summarize what is in the readings.
Class participation will constitute a significant percentage of the final grade. Over the course
of the semester we may alter the proportion of lecture and discussion time. My lectures are
typically interactive and I have the right to call on anyone during class. If for some reason you
have not been able to do the readings or do not feel able to respond to being called on in a
specific class, please let me know. It is understandable that on a rare occasion this will be the
case. If it becomes a regular event, it will severely affect your participation grade.
Syllabus: The syllabus is large in order to provide students with a semi-annotated
bibliography of key materials and resources in the field. This may be helpful if you are
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interested in a particular topic and would like to explore it in more depth, as an initial starting
point for papers, or simply as a reference for things you should get around to reading in your
career.
GRADES
There is no curve in this course. Everyone may receive an A or everyone may receive an F.
This course will abide by the Wagner School’s general policy guidelines on incomplete grades,
academic honesty, and plagiarism. It is the student’s responsibility to become familiar with
these policies. All students are expected to pursue and meet the highest standards of academic
excellence and integrity.
Incomplete Grades: http://www.nyu.edu/wagner/current/pol5.html
Academic Honesty: http://www.nyu.edu/wagner/current/pol3.html
Course Requirements:
1. Class Participation: (30%) The course depends on active and ongoing participation
by all class participants. This will occur in three ways:
a). Weekly Participation (20%): Participation begins with effective reading and
listening. Class participants are expected to read and discuss the readings on a weekly
basis. That means coming prepared to engage the class, with questions and/or
comments with respect to the reading. You will be expected to have completed all the
required readings before class to the point where you can be called on to critique or
discuss any reading.
Before approaching each reading think about what the key questions are for the week
and about how the questions from this week relate to what you know from previous
weeks. Then skim over the reading to get a sense of the themes it covers, and, before
reading further, jot down what questions you hope the reading will be able to answer
for you. Next, read the introduction and conclusion. This (usually) gives you a sense of
the big picture of the piece. Ask yourself: Are the claims in the text surprising? Do you
believe them? Can you think of examples that do not seem consistent with the logic of
the argument? Is the reading answering the questions you hoped it would answer? If
not, is it answering more or less interesting questions than you had thought of? Next
ask yourself: What types of evidence or arguments would you need to see in order to
be convinced of the results? Now read through the whole text, checking as you go
through how the arguments used support the claims of the author. It is rare to find a
piece of writing that you agree with entirely. So, as you come across issues that you are
not convinced by, write them down and bring them along to class for discussion. Also
note when you are pleasantly (or unpleasantly) surprised or when the author
produced a convincing argument that you had not thought of.
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In class itself, the key to quality participation is listening. Asking good questions is the
second key element. What did you mean by that? How do you/we know? What’s the
evidence for that claim? This is not a license for snarkiness, but for reflective,
thoughtful, dialogic engagement with the ideas of others in the class. Don’t be shy.
Share your thoughts and reactions in ways that promote critical engagement with
them. Quality and quantity of participation can be, but are not necessarily, closely
correlated.
b). Précis/Response Papers: (5% X2) Each week 2-3 people will take responsibility for
preparing response papers to one or more of the readings. This includes writing a 3-5
page précis of the reading that a) lays out the main argument(s), b) indicates what you
found provocative and/or mundane, and c) poses 3-4 questions for class discussion.
These handouts will be distributed via email to the rest of the class by Sunday at 8 PM
(using the course website). Everyone will prepare two précis over the course of the
semester. Everyone who prepares a précis for the week should be prepared to provide
a brief (2-3 minute) outline of their reaction to the readings as a contribution to
discussion.
2. Op-Ed (15%) One op-ed length (700-750 words) on an important current issue
relating to development [for guidance see the resource under “Writing Materials”
section of the Sakai site]. This is due September 23 via Sakai. PLEASE PUT YOUR
NAME AND WAGNER MAILBOX # IF YOU HAVE ONE ON THE OP-ED. PLEASE
LABEL YOUR ATTACHED FILE “Yournamedevelopmentoped.”
3. Policy Analysis Exercise including Statement of Focus, Stakeholder Analysis,
Background Memo, and Strategy Memo (see the PAE folder on Sakai for more
details). This counts for 55% of your grade. (20% background memo, 25% for
strategy memo, 5% for stakeholder analysis).
Late Policy. Extensions will be granted only in case of emergency. This is out of respect to
those who have abided by deadlines, despite equally hectic schedules. Papers handed in late
without extensions will be penalized one-third of a grade per day.
Grading Breakdown: Class participation (30%, includes general participation and précis)
Op-ed (15%), Policy Analysis Exercise (55%).
Prerequisites: “Introduction to Public Policy” (P11.1022) or “History and Theory of Urban
Planning”(P11.2600) or equivalent, Microeconomics, and “Institutions, Governance, and
Development” (P11.2214). [Lacking these, permission of the Instructor is required]. A prior
course in the politics/sociology/economics/management of development would be helpful
but is not required.
Required Books (available at the Professional Bookstore):
Amartya Sen, Development as Freedom (New York: Norton)
Paul Farmer, Pathologies of Power (Berkeley: UC Press)
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Paul Collier, The Bottom Billion (Cambridge: Cambridge U Press, 2007)
Duncan Green, From Poverty to Power (Oxfam 2009)
Peter Evans, Embedded Autonomy (recommended) (Princeton: Princeton University Press).
James C. Scott, Seeing Like a State (recommended) (New Haven: Yale University Press).
Additional readings will made available either online or in class.
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OVERVIEW OF SEMESTER
WEEK 1
September 4
INTRO: WHY A POLITICS OF DEVELOPMENT?
WEEK 2
September 11
THE DEVELOPMENT PROJECT
WEEK 3
September 18
POLITICS, POWER, AND LEARNING
WEEK 4
September 25
HISTORY AND GEOGRAPHY
WEEK 5
October 2
CULTURE
WEEK 6
October 9
STATE-BUILDING
OCTOBER 16
NO CLASS
WEEK 7
October 23
POLITICS OF EXPANDING OPPORTUNITIES: MARKETS,
COMMODITY CHAINS, INDUSTRIALIZATION AND
DEVELOPMENT
WEEK 8
October 30
ENGENDERING DEVELOPMENT: SEX, GENDER,
POLITICS, AND DEVELOPMENT
WEEK 9
November 6
POLITICS OF GLOBAL RESOURCE DISTRIBUTION:
WHAT IS FAIR AND FEASIBLE IN THE GLOBAL
DEVELOPMENT SPACE
WEEK 10
November 13
DEMOCRACY AND DEVELOPMENT
WEEK 11
November 20
EMPOWERMENT: SOCIAL MOVEMENTS AND RIGHTSBASED APPROACHES TO DEVELOPMENT
WEEK 12
November 27
POLITICS OF SANITATION
WEEK 13
December 4
VULNERABILITY AND THE POLITICS OF MANAGING
RISK AND RESOURCES
WEEK 14
December 11
INEQUALITY, REDISTRIBUTION, AND AGRARIAN
REFORM PLUS WRAP-UP
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I: INTRODUCTION
WEEK 2: INTRODUCTION: WHY A POLITICS OF DEVELOPMENT?
Ross Coggins, The Development Set [Sakai]
Binyavanga Wainaina, “How to write about Africa,” Granta 92: The View
from Africa
www.granta.com/extracts/2615
Christian Science Monitor, Five Myths About Africa
http://www.csmonitor.com/World/Africa/2011/0806/Five-myths-about-Africa
Nicholas Kristof, DIY Foreign Aid Revolution
http://www.nytimes.com/2010/10/24/magazine/24volunteerism-t.html?pagewanted=all
Pranab Bardhan, “Who Represents the Poor?” Boston Review
http://www.bostonreview.net/BR36.4/pranab_bardhan_who_represents_the_poor.php
Samantha Power, “The Enforcer,” New Yorker, January 19, 2009. [Sakai]
Kent Annan, “Poverty Tourism Can Make Us So Thankful”
http://www.huffingtonpost.com/kent-annan/poverty-tourism-can-make-_b_803872.html
Ivan Illich, “To Hell With Good Intentions” [Sakai]
Paul Farmer, Pathologies of Power, Preface by Amartya Sen, Preface to Paperback Edition, and
Introduction (pp. xi-22)
Peter Singer, “Singer Solution to World Poverty” [Sakai]
Dale Jamieson, Duties to the Distant [Sakai]
Thomas Pogge, Poverty and Human Rights (2007), Expert Comment for the Office of the United
Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights, [Sakai]
Recommended:
Global Ethics Corner, Am I My Brother’s Keeper?
http://www.cceia.org/resources/audio/data/000421
If you have time and want to see Peter Singer discuss his latest book,
The Life You Can Save
http://www.cceia.org/resources/video/data/000231
Discussion Questions:
What Do We Mean By Development? How is Development Different (is it) than Growth?
Progress? Modernization? Global Justice?
What Ethical Issues Frame the Development Debate?
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How do we conceive our roles as development policy analysts, practitioners, and/or citizens
in the context of deep inequalities of income, power, and privilege?
For further reading:
Some of the issues are grounded in Paolo Freire’s classic Pedagogy of the Oppressed and
various works on the theology of liberation, by Gustavo Guttierez, Leonardo Boff, Karl Gaspar,
Edicio dela Torre, among others. For a discussion of one attempt to apply this framework to
Northerners, see Alice Frazer Evans, Robert A. Evans and William Bean Kennedy, Pedagogies
for the Non-Poor by, Maryknoll, N.Y.: Orbis Books (1987). For more philosophical discussion
see the symposium on World Poverty and Human Rights in Ethics and International Affairs
19:1 (2005), and work by Thomas Pogge, Peter Singer One World, Peter Unger Living High and
Letting Die. (If you have time and want to see Peter Singer discuss his latest book, Peter
Singer, The Life You Can Save http://www.cceia.org/resources/video/data/000231 Also see
work by Iris Marion Young, Matthias Risse, Des Gaspar, Jon Mandle, among others for work on
global justice and its relationship to development.
WEEK 2: THE DEVELOPMENT PROJECT
Paul Collier, The Bottom Billion, Chapter 1
Duncan Green, From Poverty to Power, Part 1 (pp. 2-16)
Amartya Sen, Development as Freedom, Introduction and Chapter 2
Gilbert Rist “Development” in Development in Practice [Sakai]
Nancy Birdsall, Reframing the Development Project for the Twenty-First
Century [Sakai]
Nancy Birdsall, Ten Zero-Cost Ideas for Development Progress in 2011
http://blogs.cgdev.org/globaldevelopment/2011/01/10-zero-cost-ideas-for-developmentprogress-in-2011.php
Discussion Questions:
Is there anything worth rescuing in the concept of development? How do we know?
Is development about outcomes or processes? What are the costs or benefits in focusing on
one or the other? What indicators would we use? Is there a difference in the politics of
development if we focus on either outcomes or processes? Or on the importance of both?
What is the scale at which “development” is an important phenomenon? Individuals?
Communities? Countries? Regions? The global economy? Humanity? What are the political
implications of choosing to privilege one of these over the other?
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What about the agents of development? Are they different than the objects of ethical concern
in development?
For further reading:
If you want to follow up on the “post-development” perspective, see Wolfgang Sachs,
Development: The Rise and Decline of an Ideal Wuppertal Institute Paper #108 (August 2000)
http://www.wupperinst.org/Publikationen/WP/WP108.pdf
Arturo Escobar, Encountering Development: The Making and Unmaking of the Third World.
Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1995); Jan Nederveen Pieterse, “Twenty-first
Century Globalization, Paradigm Shifts in Development” in Doing Good or Doing Better, pp. 2046. Gustavo Esteva. “Development” pp. 6-25 in Wolfgang Sachs (ed.) The Development
Dictionary: A Guide to Knowledge as Power. (London: ZED Books, 1992, second edition); James
Ferguson, The Anti-Politics Machine: Development, Depoliticization, and Bureaucratic Power in
Lesotho. (Minneapolis, Minn.: University of Minnesota Press, 1994); Arun Agrawal,
“Poststructuralist Approaches to Development: Some Critical Reflections” in Peace and Change
24(4) [October, 1996]:464-477; Michael Watts “Development I: Power, knowledge, discursive
practice” in Progress in Human Geography 17(2):257-72 and his Liberation Ecologies:
Environment, development, social movements (London and New York: Routledge, 1996), which
also contains a nice selection of articles by Escobar and others. Edward Said’s Orientalism
(New York: Pantheon Books, 1978) was one of the earliest influential critiques of Western
discourse on the Third World. See also The Post-Development Reader.
For the Millenium Villages Program see Kent Buse, Eva Ludi and Marcella Vigneri, ODI,
Sustaining and scaling up Millennium Villages: Beyond rural investments [Sakai] and Sam Rich,
“Africa’s Village of Dreams,” Wilson Quarterly Spring 2007 pp. 14-23 and Victoria Schlesinger,
“The Continuation of Poverty: Rebranding Foreign Aid in Kenya,” Harper’s Magazine May 2007
pp. 58-66. Also see McCulloch and Sumner, “Will the Global Financial Crisis Change the
Development Paradigm?” [Sakai] and Forrest Colburn, “Good-Bye to the Third World,” Dissent,
June 2006
http://www.dissentmagazine.org/article/?article=446 and
WEEK 3: POLITICS, POWER, AND LEARNING
Owen Barder, The Implications of Complexity for Development
http://www.cgdev.org/content/multimedia/detail/1426397/
This American Life, Gossip
http://www.thisamericanlife.org/radio-archives/episode/444/gossip
Listen to the whole thing if you’d like, but the assignment is Act One on the Malawi Journals
Project.
Duncan Green, From Poverty to Power, Part 2 and Annex
Paul Farmer, Pathologies of Power, pp. 23-50.
Paul Collier, The Bottom Billion Chapter 4 “Bad Governance in a Small Country”
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David Damberger, Engineers Without Borders, What Happens When an NGO admits failure?
http://www.ted.com/talks/david_damberger_what_happens_when_an_ngo_admits_failure.ht
ml
Engineers Without Borders, 2011 Failure Report
http://legacy.ewb.ca/en/whoweare/accountable/failure.html
Ian Smillie
http://www.admittingfailure.com/2011/01/ian-smillie-failing-to-learn-from-failure/
Global Giving
http://www.admittingfailure.com/2011/01/global-giving-detecting-and-learning-from-failure/
WEEK 4: HISTORY AND GEOGRAPHY
Review from IGID: Mick Moore, “Political Underdevelopment: What Causes Bad Governance?”
Public Management Review, Vol. 3 (2001), No. 3, pp. 385-418 from Institutions Class. [Sakai]
Development outcomes may be shaped by long-term structural factors as well as by more
short-term policies. If politics is the art of the possible, then understanding the constraints
and opportunities created by long-term structural factors gives us insight into how large the
realm of that possible is. What are the implications for development politics and policy at the
national and global levels? What are the ethical implications if people are born in countries
whose economies may not do well because of the disadvantages of geography and the legacy
of colonial boundaries and institutions, even if they have good leaders and work hard?
Jared Diamond, Guns, Germs, and Steel [Sakai]
Paul Collier, The Bottom Billion, Chapter 3 “Natural Resource Trap” and Chapter 4 “Landlocked
with Bad Neighbors”
Why Nations Fail, Chapter 9
Easterly and Alesina, “Artificial States” [Sakai]
For further reading:
For more on climate see: Bryan Walsh, Green is the New Red, White and Blue
http://www.time.com/time/specials/2007/article/0,28804,1730759_1731383_1731363,00.
html, Oxfam GB, adapting to Climate Change who pays
http://www.oxfam.org/en/files/bp104_climate_change_0705.pdf/download and
Greenpeace India Hiding behind the Poor
http://www.greenpeace.org/raw/content/india/press/reports/hiding-behind-the-poor.pdf
and Action Aid , We Know What We Need: South Asian Women Speak Out on Climate Change
and The debt of nations and the distribution of ecological impacts from human activities
http://www.ecoequity.org/docs/TheDebtOfNations.pdf.
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See the follow up by Diamond, Collapse and the overview in Andrew Rosser, “Political
Economy of the Resource Curse,” IDS Working Paper #268
http://www.ids.ac.uk/ids/bookshop/wp/wp268.pdf and also see David Landes, The Wealth
of Nations.
WEEK 5: CULTURE
We explore the issue of culture with respect to the practice of female genital mutilation and
the efforts of grassroots groups in sub-Saharan Africa to eradicate the practice as well as that
of corruption.
Chapter Lawrence Harrison, “Culture Matters,” The National Interest (Summer 2000), pp. 5565.
[Sakai]
Why Nations Fail, Chapter 1 [Sakai]
David Landes, “Culture Makes Almost All the Difference,” The Wealth and Poverty of Nations
[Sakai]
Ha Joon Chang, “Lazy Japanese and Thieving Germans” in Bad Samaritans [Sakai]
Raymond Fisman and Ted Miguel, “Nature or Nurture: Understanding the Culture of
Corruption,” and selection on Witch Killings in Economic Gangsters [Both on BB]
Peter Easton, Karen Monkman, and Rebecca Miles, “Social policy from the bottom up:
Abandoing FGC in sub-Saharan Africa,” Development in Practice 13(5) November 2003, pp.
445-458.
Kwame Anthony Appiah, “The Art of Social Change,” New York Times October 24, 2010
http://www.nytimes.com/2010/10/24/magazine/24FOB-Footbinding-t.html
For further reading:
For a classic culturalist modernization view see Lawrence E. Harrison. Underdevelopment is a
State of Mind: the Latin American case (CFIA, Harvard University and University Press of
America, 1995), pp. 1-9; also Robert Putnam’s Making Democracy Work and Bowling Alone
who kick-started the contemporary social capital debate in the U.S. Also see Robert Kaplan,
“The Coming Anarchy,” Atlantic Monthly 44-76. For a post-colonial, post-structuralist view see
Sarah Radcliffe and Nina Laurie, “Culture and Development: Taking culture seriously in
development for Andean indigenous people,” Environment and Planning D: Society and Space
24, pp. 231-248 (2005). See also James C Scott, Seeing Like a State, Chapter 3. For something
on the relationship between science, technology and cultural practices see Burkhard Bilger,
“Hearth Surgery,” New Yorker, (December 21 & 28, 2009) pp. 84-97 and Philip Gourevitch,
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“The Monkey and the Fish,” New Yorker, (December 21 & 28, 2009) pp. 98-111. See also Peter
Evans, “Collective capabilities, culture, and Amartya Sen’s Development as Freedom
Studies in Comparative International Development (SCID), 2002, Volume 37, Number 2, Pages
54-60. [Sakai]
WEEK 6: STATE BUILDING
We explore the processes of state-building by looking first at the European experience, where
the first nation-states (not the first states) were forged after years of conflict. Then we look at
the export of these types of states elsewhere and explore the issues associated with building
effective political institutions. Should all countries have nation-states, or should we enable the
creation of other types of states?
Charles Tilly, Capital, Cities, and Coercion. [Sakai]
Jeff Herbst, States and Power in Africa [Sakai]
Why Nations Fail, Chapter 11
Paul Collier, The Bottom Billion (Chapter 2 “The Conflict Trap” and Chapter 8 “Military
Intervention”)
Somaliland Case [Sakai]
Alex De Waal Fixing the Political Marketplace [Sakai]
For further reading:
Tilly’s other work is exceptional, such as “War Making and State Making as Organized Crime,”
in Evans, Rueschemeyer and Skocpol, eds., Bringing the State Back In. Cambridge, UK:
Cambridge UP, pp. 169-189. Also Charles Tilly. "Violence, Terror, and Politics as Usual." Boston
Review (Summer 2002): 21-4 http://www.bostonreview.net/BR27.3/tilly.html See also
Francis Fukuyama, "The Imperative of State-Building," Journal of Democracy 15 no. 2, April
2004 and Georg Sørensen, “War and state making—why doesn’t it work in the Third World?”
Failed States Conference, Purdue, 2001.[
http://www.ippu.purdue.edu/failed_states/2001/papers/Sørensen.pdf] and Ann Leander,
“Wars and the Un-Making of States: Taking Tilly Seriously in the Contemporary World”
http://www.copri.dk/publications/Wp/WP%202002/34-2002.pdf. Stephen Krasner, “Shared
Sovereignty,” Journal of Democracy (Jan 2005) [Sakai]; also Fearon and Laitin in International
Security. See also Michael W. Doyle and Nicholas Sambanis, Making War and Building Peace
(Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2006). Joel Migdal, State in Society (Cambridge:
Cambridge University Press, 2001). Also David Leonard, “‘Pockets’ Of Effective Agencies In
Weak Governance States: Where Are They Likely And Why Does It Matter?” Public
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Administration and Development 30, 91–101 (2010). See also, L. Pritchett; F. de Weijer, Fragile
States: Stuck in a Capability Trap (Background Paper for WDR 2011).
WEEK 7: MARKETS, COMMODITY CHAINS, AND INDUSTRIALIZATION
Recall from Institutions…
Dani Rodrik, Goodbye Washington Consensus, Hello Washington Confusion? A Review of the
World Bank’s Economic Growth in the 1990s: Learning from a Decade of Reform" Journal of
Economic Literature XLIV (December 2006): 969-83.
http://www.wcfia.harvard.edu/node/3509
Duncan Green, From Poverty to Power, Part 3 (pp. 107-196)
Paul Collier, The Bottom Billion, Chapter 6 “On Missing the Boat” and Chapter 10 “Trade Policy
for Reversing Marginalization”
Peter Evans, Developmental State for the 21st Century
Optional: For more, see Peter Evans, chapter in Haggard and Kaufman, [Sakai] and for a
full treatment see Evans’ Embedded Autonomy, chapters. 1-3, pp. 3-73; then skim chpts.
5-7, pp. 99-180.]
Rodrik and Haussman, Industrial Policy (May 2008) (pp. 1-17 only)
[Sakai]
Why Nations Fail, Chapter 3 [Sakai]
Ha Joon Chang, Bad Samaritans (Sakai)
Classroom Exercise: The Banana Game
For further reading:
On institutions, see Adam Przeworski, “The Last Instance: Are Institutions the Primary Cause
of Economic Development?” Archives of european sociology 2004 XLV(2): 165-188. Dani
Rodrik, “Getting Institutions Right” (April 2004)
http://ksghome.harvard.edu/~drodrik/ifo-institutions%20article%20_April%202004_.pdf
and Pranab Bardhan, “Institutions and Development”
http://globetrotter.berkeley.edu/macarthur/inequality/papers/BardhanInstitutionsandDev.
pdf; James C. Scott, Seeing Like a State, pp. 309-319, 328-341 and Conclusion. Also Douglas C.
North, Understanding the Process of Economic Change Chapters 8 and 9 required, chapter 7
recommended [Sakai]. See Amartya Sen, Development as Freedom, Chapter 5.
Allen J. Scott and Michael Storper, “Regions, Globalization, and Development,” Regional Studies
37(6&7): 579-593. For some classics on comparative development of Europe try Alexander
Gerschenkron, Economic Backwardness in Historical Perspective. (Cambridge: Harvard
University Press, 1962). Barrington Moore's Social Origins of Dictatorship and Democracy
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(Boston: Beacon Press, 1966) is probably the single most influential book in the comparative
historical tradition. Charles Tilly's The Vendee (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1964) is
also a classic. Gordon White, “Constructing a Democratic Developmental State,” in Mark
Robinson and Gordon White (eds) The Democratic Developmental State (NY: Oxford
University Press, 1998) is valuable, as are other classics with contemporary relevance include,
Karl Polanyi, The Great Transformation. Also see Geoffrey Underhill and Xiaoke Zhang, “The
Changing State–Market Condominium in East Asia: Rethinking the Political Underpinnings of
Development,” New Political Economy March 2005. Current works include Alice Amsden The
Rise of the Rest (Oxford, 2001) and Ha-Joon Chang, “Kicking Away the Ladder: – The “Real”
History of Free Trade,” available online at
http://www.newschool.edu/cepa/papers/workshop/chang_030419.doc and Mick Moore,
Political Underdevelopment,
http://www.ids.ac.uk/ids/govern/pdfs/PolUnderdevel(refs).pdf. For some other resources
see the papers and discussions at http://www.othercanon.org. Also see Robert Bates, “The
Developmental State” http://www.cid.harvard.edu/cidpeople/bates/Weingast_Essay.pdf.
John Williamson, “What Should the World Bank Think About the Washington Consensus,”
World Bank Research Observer (August 2000)
http://www.worldbank.org/research/journals/wbro/obsaug00/pdf/(6)Williamson.pdf
There is a monstrous literature on the Washington Consensus and Structural Adjustment. For
starters, the World Bank’s own reviews of adjustment by the OED. Also Joseph Stiglitz, More
Instruments and Broader Goals: Moving Toward the Post-Washington Consensus The 1998
WIDER Annual Lecture available online at http://www.worldbank.org/html/extdr/extme/js010798/wider.htm. See also Stiglitz, Globalization and Its Discontents. William Easterly, “What
did structural adjustment adjust? The association of policies and growth with repeated IMF
and World Bank adjustment loans,” CGD WORKING PAPER NUMBER11 October 2002
http://www.cgdev.org/pubs/workingpapers.html (select either pdf or word formats). See
also Beeson and Islam, Neoliberalism and East Asia [Sakai]. See also Dani Rodrik, “How to
Make the Trade Regime Work for Development” (February 2004)
http://ksghome.harvard.edu/~drodrik/How%20to%20Make%20Trade%20Work.pdf and
See World Bank, Learning from a Decade of Reform Chapters 1, 8, 9,
http://www1.worldbank.org/prem/lessons1990s/. Also, Gavin Williams et al, Development
Policy Review (2009), Politics and Growth [Sakai]
WEEK 8: ENGENDERING DEVELOPMENT: SEX, GENDER, POLITICS, AND DEVELOPMENT
Whereas the previous week explored the national dynamics of access to and control over
natural resource revenue, this week explores the community-level dynamics associated with
unequal patterns of control over land and water resources along gender lines.
For reference:
Women in Parliaments, Inter-parliamentary Union [no précis]
World and regional data: http://www.ipu.org/wmn-e/world.htm
National data: http://www.ipu.org/wmn-e/classif.htm
Regular Reading
Ronald Inglehart and Pippa Norris, “The True Clash of Civilizations,” Foreign Policy
(March/April 2003) [Sakai]
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Jane S. Jaquette and Katherine Staudt, “Women, Gender, and Development,” in Jane S. Jaquette
and Gale Summerfirld (eds) Women and Gender Equity in Development Theory and Practice
(Duke University Press, 2006) [Sakai]
Sylvia Chant, “Feminization of Poverty…” [Sakai]
Amartya Sen, Development as Freedom, Chapter 8
Oxfam GB, The Effects of Socialization on Gender Discrimination and Violence
A Case Study from Lebanon
Naila Kabeer, TBD
Recommended:
The literature is vast, but good overviews include: Shahrashoub, Razavi and Carol Miller.
1995. From WID to GAD: Conceptual Shifts in the Women and Development Discourse. Geneva:
United Nations Research Institute for Social Development. The classics include Ester Boserup
(1970) Women’s Role in Economic Development, Caroline O. Moser, Gender Planning and
Development. (New York: Routledge, 1993)., Gita Sen and Garen Grown, Development, Crises
and Alternative Visions. (New York: Monthly Review Press, 1987). Also Diane Elson. 1991.
"Male Bias in the Development Process: An Overview" In Male Bias in the Development Process.
Edited by Diane Elson Manchester, England: Manchester University Press and Amy Lind,
“Gender and Urban Social Movements,” World Development [Sakai].
Also see the Eldis Gender Resource Guide (http://www.eldis.org/gender/index.htm), the
Association for Women’s Rights in Development (www.awid.org), IFPRI’s Gender Toolbox
(http://www.ifpri.org/themes/gender/gendertools.asp) and BRIDGE
(http://www.bridge.ids.ac.uk/). See also Millie Thayer, “Traveling Feminisms: From
Embodied Women to Gendered Citizenship,” in Michael Burawoy et al (eds) Global
Ethnography or Mille Thayer Feminists and Funding. Sylvia Chant and Matthew C. Gutmann,
“‘Men-streaming’ gender? Questions for gender and development policy in the twenty-first
century,” Progress in Development Studies 2,4 (2002) pp. 269–282 [Sakai] and Andrea
Cornwall, “Whose Voices? Whose Choices?” World Development [Sakai]
WEEK 9 POLITICS OF GLOBAL RESOURCE DISTRIBUTION: WHAT IS FAIR AND FEASIBLE
IN THE GLOBAL DEVELOPMENT SPACE
Alex Evans, “Resource scarcity, fair shares, and development, Oxfam/WWF Discussion Paper
(2011) [Sakai]
Peter Singer and Bjorn Lomborg Debate in Wall Street Journal (hand-out)
“Does Helping the Planet Hurt the Poor?”
Ecoequity and Christian Aid, Greenhouse Development Rights
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http://gdrights.org/wp-content/uploads/2009/03/gdrs_nairobi.pdf
Duncan Green, From Poverty to Power, Part 5 (pp. 197-290).
Paul Collier, The Bottom Billion, pp. 140-146.
WEEK 10: DEMOCRACY AND DEVELOPMENT
There is a long-standing argument that there is a trade0off between development democracy,
at least at low levels of per capita income and in the early stages of industrialization. We will
examine efforts to answer that question and also explore issues associated with
understanding the effects of regime type on growth, human development, and equality.
Tom Carothers, TBA
Jonathan Fox, Semi-Clientelism [Sakai]
Amartya Sen, Development as Freedom, Chapter 6
John Harriss (2005a):”Political Participation, Representation and the Urban Poor. Findings
from a Research in Delhi” in Economic and Political Weekly, March 12: 1041-1054.
Mariz Tadro, Working Politically Behind Red Lines:
Structure and agency in a comparative study of women’s coalitions in Egypt and Jordan [Sakai]
For further reading:
See Peter Evans, “Development as Institutional Change: The Pitfalls of Monocropping and the
Potentials of Deliberation,” Studies in Comparative and International Development (Winter
2004, Vol. 8, No. 4, pp. 30-52). Larry Diamond, “Universal Democracy” Policy Review, June
2003 [http://www.policyreview.org/jun03/diamond_print.html], Thomas Carothers, “The
End of the Transition Paradigm,” Journal of Democracy 13.1 (2002) 5-21 available online at
http://muse.jhu.edu/demo/jod/13.1carothers.html and responses to Carothers piece in the
July 2002 issue of the Journal of Democracy, Philippe C. Schmitter and Terry Lynn Karl, “What
Democracy Is...and Is Not,” Journal of Democracy (Summer 1991) also Amartya Sen,
“Democracy as a Universal Value,” Journal of Democracy1 0.3 (1999) 3-17
http://muse.jhu.edu/demo/jod/10.3sen.html , Samuel Huntington, “Democracy’s Third
Wave,” Journal of Democracy ( Spring 1991) and “After Twenty Years: The Future of the Third
Wave Journal of Democracy (October 1997) Classic statements also include Alexis de
Toqueville, Democracy in America, and the numerous works of Robert Dahl. Other classic
pieces include Francis Fukuyama, “The End of History,” The National Interest Summer (1989)
pp. 3-18. Also see Ashutosh Varshney (1999): “Democracy and Poverty”. Paper for the
Conference on World Development Report 2000. The World Bank.
[http://www.worldbank.org/poverty/wdrpoverty/dfid/varshney.pdf]. Also, Larry Diamond,
“Can the Whole World Become Democratic? Democracy, Development, and International
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Policies” Hoover Institution, Stanford University http://repositories.cdlib.org/csd/03-05/ (a
longer version of the piece above). Also valuable is Minxin Pei and Sara Kasper LESSONS FROM
THE PAST: The American Record of Nation Building available online at
http://www.ceip.org/files/pdf/Policybrief24.pdf. Thomas Carothers, Is Gradualism Possible?
Promoting Democracy in the Middle East available online at
http://www.ceip.org/files/pdf/wp39.pdf -- and Tom Carothers, Promoting the Rule of Law
Abroad, http://www.ceip.org/files/pdf/wp34.pdf. Ballard, R. Social movements: Unoffical
opposition or voice of the poor? In Jones, P. and Stokke, K.(2005): Democratising development:
The politics of socio-economic rights. Adam Przeworski and Fernando Limongi,
“Modernization: Theories and Facts,” World Politics 49, pp. 155-184. [Sakai] Carles Boix and
Susan Stokes, “Endogenous Democratization,” World Politics 55 (July 2003): 517-549. [Sakai].
For other approaches see UNDP, Human Development Report, Chapters 1 and 2, available
online at http://www.undp.org/hdr2002/ and John Gerring et al, Democracy and Economic
Growth: A Historical Perspective for a critique of Limongi and Przeworksi among others on
conceptual and methodological grounds
[http://archive.allacademic.com/publication/docs/apsa_proceeding/2003-0826/947/apsa_proceeding_947.PDF] and supporting materials
http://archive.allacademic.com/publication/supporting_docs/apsa_supporting_proceeding/2
003-08-26/184/apsa_supporting_proceeding_184.PDF. See also World Bank, Learning from a
Decade of Reform, Chapter 10 http://www1.worldbank.org/prem/lessons1990s/ and Fareed
Zakaria, Illiberal Democracy, Foreign Affairs November/December 1997
[http://www.fareedzakaria.com/articles/other/democracy.html] and Jean Dreze, Democracy
and the Right to Food [Sakai].
WEEK 11: EMPOWERMENT AND Rights-Based Approaches to Development
Rights-based approaches to development have been increasingly promoted as the solution to
move beyond development as a series of hand outs and to address the need to create
accountable political and economic institutions as the foundations of development while
expanding the respect for and promotion of internationally recognized human rights
standards. What are the key elements of rights-based approach(es)? What evidence do we
have that rights-based approaches are effective at achieving their objectives? What are the
trade-offs associated with a rights-based approach? Do they effectively incorporate concerns
for justice with concerns for economic growth?
World Bank, WDR 2000/2001, Empowerment
Banerjee and Duflo, Mandated Empowerment [Sakai]
Amartya Sen, Development as Freedom, Chapter 4
Ravi Kanbur, 2007. ‘Attacking Poverty: What is the Value Added of a Human Rights
Approach?’ [Sakai]
Paul Farmer, Pathologies of Power, Chapter on Health and Human Rights
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Peter Uvin, TBA [Sakai]
Rights-Based Development: Bangladesh Case [Sakai]
Aryeh Neier, Economic Rights [Sakai]
Recommended:
Hertel, Shareen and Minkler, Lanse. 2007 ‘Economic Rights: The Terrain’
Chapter 1 in Hertel and Minkler, eds. Economic Rights: Conceptual, Measurement and Policy
Issues. Cambridge University Press. New York. Also Mutua, Makau. 2001. “Savages, Victims and
Saviors: The Metaphor of Human Rights” Harvard International Law Review and Mountains of
stuff available. For a quick overview see Caterina Ruggeri Laderchi, Ruhi Saith and Frances
Stewart, “Does it matter that we don't agree on the definition of poverty? A comparison of four
approaches,” Oxford Development Studies (September 2003) 31(3): 243-274. Also see Naomi
Hossain & Mick Moore (2002): “Arguing for the Poor: Elites and Poverty in Developing
Countries”, IDS Working Paper, No. 148.
[http://www.ids.ac.uk/ids/bookshop/wp/wp148.pdf]
For interesting post-development examples see Karen Brock, Andrea Cornwall, and John
Gaventa, Power, Knowledge, and Political spaces in the Framing of Poverty Policy, IDS Working
paper 143, http://www.ids.ac.uk/ids/bookshop/wp/wp143.pdf and Andrea Cornwall and
Karen Brock, “What do Buzzwords do for Development Policy? A critical look at
‘participation’, ‘empowerment’ and ‘poverty reduction’,” Third World Quarterly 2005 26(7):
1043 – 1060. [Sakai]. For a critique of the 2000/2001 WDR focus on empowerment see Mick
Moore, “Empowerment at Last?” Journal of International Development 13 (2001): 321-329. For
others see UNDP, Human Development Report 2003, and Judith Tendler, “Whatever Happened
to Poverty Alleviation?” World Development, 17:7 (1989): 1033-1044. For a critique of the
“best practice” model, see Lant Pritchett and Michael Woolcock, “Solutions when the Solution
is the Problem: Arraying the Disarray in Development,” World Development 2003.
Shantayanan Devarajan and Ravi Kanbur, “A Framework for Scaling Up Poverty Reduction,
With Illustrations from South Asia,” (August 2005)
http://www.arts.cornell.edu/poverty/kanbur/DevarajanKanburAug05.pdf and Sakai.
Jonathan Fox, “Empowerment and Institutional Change: Mapping “Virtuous Circles” of StateSociety Interaction,” in Power, Rights and Poverty, (World bank, 2004) pp. 68-92.
http://siteresources.worldbank.org/INTEMPOWERMENT/Resources/PPFinalText.pdf
See also Fukuda-Parr, 2007, ‘Human Rights Based Approach to Development – Is it a
Rhetorical Repackaging or a New Paradigm?’ HD Insights 2007, Issue 7.
http://hdr.undp.org/docs/nhdr/insights/HDInsights_Apr2007.pdf and Livelihoods and
Security (ODI Natural Resource Policy Paper) Human Rights and Poverty reduction, especially
the chapters Labeled Meeting 2 and Meeting 7.
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WEEK 12: POLITICS OF SANITATION
Susan E. Chaplin, “Indian cities, sanitation, and the state: the politics of the failure to provide,”
Environment and Urbanization 23, pp. 57-70 [Sakai].
Layla Mehta, Shit Matters, (TBA)
Crook, Richard and Joseph Ayee, “Urban Service Partnerships: ‘Street-Level Bureaucrats’ and
Environmental Sanitation in Kumasi and Accra, Ghana: Coping with Organizational Change in
Public Bureaucracy,” Development Policy Review, Vol. 24 (2006), No.1.
Community Led Total Sanitation cases
WEEK 13: VULNERABILITY AND THE POLITICS OF MANAGING RISK AND RESOURCES
Naomi Hossain, Rude Accountability [Sakai]
Duncan Green, From Poverty to Power, Part 4, Vulnerability.
John-Andrew McNeis, “Rethinking Resource Conflict”, Background Paper to the WDR 2011 on
Conflict, Security, and Development [Sakai]
Elinor Ostrom et al on Managing the Commons, Science [Sakai]
Ruth Meinzen-Dick et al, Legal pluralism.. [Sakai]
WEEK 14: INEQUALITY, REDISTRIBUTION AND AGRARIAN REFORM
While the distribution of calories is much more equal than the distribution of land,
inequalities in the ownership of land and other productive assets is both influenced by
political power and influences politics. Is it possible to pursue a redistributive policy under
democracy that results in a real transfer of productive resources? What are the examples of
effective redistributive programs and what are the coalitional and institutional conditions that
make such efforts more likely?
Wade, Global Inequality
Roy Prosterman, Land reform [Sakai]
Ronald Herring, “Beyond the Political Impossibility Theorem of Agrarian Reform,”
http://www.arts.cornell.edu/poverty/Papers/herring_beyond_polit_impos_theorem.pdf
Bina Agarwal, Land Reform [Sakai]
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Wendy Wolford, MST [Sakai]
For more reading:
James Putzel “Land Reforms in Asia: Lessons from the Past for the 21st Century”, Working
Papers, LSE Development Studies Institute, No. 004 (January 2000) available online at
http://www.lse.ac.uk/Depts/destin/workpapers/asiasubmission.pdf, or Anthony Bebbington
et al, “Practice, Power, and Meaning: Frameworks for Studying Organizational Culture in
Multi-Agency Rural Development Projects,” Journal of International Development 15 541-557
(2003). Selections from WDR 2005/2006 on Equity, [Sakai] Caroline Ashley and Simon
Maxwell, “Rethinking Rural Development,” Development Policy Review19:4 (2001): 395-425.
WEEK 14: Wrap-Up
Revisiting the Development - Global Justice debate
Readings based on suggestions from class and TBD
Final Papers Due – Due 5 PM May 10
via Sakai
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