Table S1. List of fish species observed on Bahamian coral reefs and their morphological and behavioural characteristics which are
hypothesized to affect vulnerability to predation by invasive lionfish. (See Methods section for detailed description of the
classification process). Bolding indicates species that were identified as lionfish prey from either our in situ observation of lionfish on
reefs off Eleuthera Island or within stomach contents of lionfish sampled from reefs off New Providence Island, The Bahamas. For
prey attributes with a binary state, a value of 0 reflects the absence of the trait, and a value of 1 denotes its presence in a species.
Family
Species name
Cleaner
Acanthuridae
Acanthurus bahianus
0
Acanthuridae
Acanthurus chirurgus
0
Acanthuridae
Acanthurus coeruleus
0
Apogonidae
Apogon binotatus
0
Apogonidae
Apogon maculatus
0
Apogonidae
Apogon planifrons
0
Apogonidae
Apogon quadrisquamatus
0
Apogonidae
Apogon townsendi
0
Cleaning
type
noncleaning
noncleaning
noncleaning
noncleaning
noncleaning
noncleaning
noncleaning
noncleaning
Presence
of
physical
or
chemical
defense
Position
in water
column
Group
size
0
demersal
solitary
1
2.7
0
demersal
solitary
1
2.3
0
demersal
solitary
1
2.0
1
demersal
solitary
0
5.3
1
demersal
solitary
0
4.0
1
demersal
solitary
0
5.1
1
demersal
shoaling
0
4.6
1
demersal
solitary
0
4.9
Nocturnal
Total
length:Body
depth ratio
Apogonidae
Phaeoptyx pigmentaria
0
Atherinidae
Atherinomorus sp.
0
Aulostomidae
Aulostomus maculatus
0
Blenniidae
Ophioblennius macclurei
0
Bothidae
Bothus ocellatus
0
Callionymidae
Carangidae
Callionymus bairdi
Carangoides ruber
0
1
Carangidae
Decapterus macarellus
0
Carangidae
Elagatis bipinnulata
0
Carangidae
Selar crumenophthalmus
0
Chaenopsidae
Acanthemblemaria aspera
0
Chaenopsidae
Acanthemblemaria maria
0
Chaenopsidae
Acanthemblemaria spinosa
0
Chaenopsidae
Emblemaria pandionis
0
Chaenopsidae
Emblemariopsis bahamensis
0
Chaetodontidae
Chaetodon capistratus
0
Chaetodontidae
Chaetodon ocellatus
0
noncleaning
noncleaning
noncleaning
noncleaning
noncleaning
noncleaning
facultative
noncleaning
noncleaning
noncleaning
noncleaning
noncleaning
noncleaning
noncleaning
noncleaning
noncleaning
noncleaning
1
demersal
solitary
0
4.5
0
demersal
schooling
0
6.4
0
demersal
solitary
0
14.4
0
benthic
solitary
0
5.0
0
benthic
solitary
0
1.9
0
0
benthic
pelagic
solitary
shoaling
0
0
9.3
3.7
0
pelagic
schooling
0
4.9
0
pelagic
schooling
0
5.7
0
pelagic
schooling
0
4.7
0
benthic
solitary
0
7.8
0
benthic
solitary
0
11.7
0
benthic
solitary
0
14.0
0
benthic
solitary
0
7.2
0
benthic
solitary
0
7.0
0
demersal
solitary
0
1.9
0
demersal
solitary
0
2.1
Chaetodontidae
Chaetodon striatus
0
Chaetodontidae
Prognathodes aculeatus
0
Cirrhitidae
Amblycirrhitus pinos
0
Diodontidae
Diodon holocanthus
0
Gobiidae
Coryphopterus bol
0
Gobiidae
Coryphopterus dicrus
0
Gobiidae
0
Gobiidae
Coryphopterus eidolon
Coryphopterus
glaucofraenum
Gobiidae
Coryphopterus hyalinus
0
Gobiidae
Coryphopterus lipernes
0
Gobiidae
Coryphopterus personatus
0
Gobiidae
Gobiidae
Gobiidae
Ctenogobius saepepallens
Elacatinus evelynae
Elacatinus genie
0
1
1
Gobiidae
Elacatinus horsti
0
Gobiidae
Gnatholepis thompsoni
0
Gobiidae
Gobiidae
Lythrypnus spilus
Oxyurichthys stigmalophius
0
0
0
noncleaning
noncleaning
noncleaning
noncleaning
noncleaning
noncleaning
noncleaning
noncleaning
noncleaning
noncleaning
noncleaning
noncleaning
obligate
obligate
noncleaning
noncleaning
noncleaning
non-
0
demersal
solitary
0
1.9
0
demersal
solitary
0
2.1
0
benthic
solitary
0
3.4
1
demersal
solitary
1
5.0
0
benthic
solitary
0
7.1
0
benthic
solitary
0
6.0
0
benthic
solitary
0
6.6
0
benthic
solitary
0
5.6
0
demersal
schooling
0
5.8
0
benthic
solitary
0
6.7
0
demersal
schooling
0
6.2
0
0
0
benthic
benthic
benthic
solitary
solitary
solitary
0
1
1
8.7
7.1
6.7
0
benthic
solitary
0
5.8
0
benthic
solitary
0
6.4
0
0
benthic
benthic
solitary
solitary
0
0
5.6
7.3
Gobiidae
Grammatidae
Priolepis hipoliti
Gramma loreto
0
1
Grammatidae
Gramma melacara
0
Haemulidae
Haemulon aurolineatum
0
Haemulidae
Haemulon flavolineatum
0
Haemulidae
Haemulon melanurum
0
Haemulidae
Haemulon plumierii
0
Haemulidae
Haemulon sciurus
0
Holocentridae
Holocentrus adscensionis
0
Holocentridae
Holocentrus rufus
0
Holocentridae
Myripristis jacobus
0
Holocentridae
Neoniphon marianus
0
Holocentridae
Plectrypops retrospinis
0
Holocentridae
Sargocentron coruscum
0
Inermiidae
Labridae
Inermia vittata
Bodianus rufus
0
1
Labridae
Clepticus parrae
0
cleaning
noncleaning
facultative
noncleaning
noncleaning
noncleaning
noncleaning
noncleaning
noncleaning
noncleaning
noncleaning
noncleaning
noncleaning
noncleaning
noncleaning
noncleaning
facultative
noncleaning
0
0
benthic
demersal
solitary
shoaling
0
0
5.4
4.1
0
demersal
shoaling
0
4.7
0
demersal
schooling
0
4.2
0
demersal
schooling
0
4.0
0
demersal
schooling
0
4.3
0
demersal
schooling
0
3.6
0
demersal
schooling
0
3.3
1
demersal
solitary
1
4.3
1
demersal
solitary
1
4.4
1
demersal
shoaling
1
3.5
1
demersal
solitary
1
4.0
1
demersal
solitary
1
3.1
1
demersal
solitary
1
4.5
0
0
pelagic
demersal
schooling
solitary
0
0
5.5
4.1
0
demersal
shoaling
0
4.4
Labridae
Halichoeres bivittatus
1
Labridae
Halichoeres garnoti
0
Labridae
Labridae
Halichoeres maculipinna
Halichoeres pictus
0
1
Labridae
Labridae
Halichoeres radiatus
Thalassoma bifasciatum
0
1
Labridae
Xyrichtys martinicensis
0
Labrisomidae
Labrisomus haitiensis
0
Labrisomidae
Malacoctenus boehlkei
0
Labrisomidae
Malacoctenus gilli
0
Labrisomidae
Starksia hassi
0
Lutjanidae
Ocyurus chrysurus
0
Malacanthidae
Malacanthus plumieri
0
Monacanthidae
Cantherhines pullus
0
Monacanthidae
Monacanthus tuckeri
0
Mullidae
Mulloidichthys martinicus
0
Mullidae
Pseudupeneus maculatus
0
Muraenidae
Gymnothorax miliaris
0
facultative
noncleaning
noncleaning
facultative
noncleaning
facultative
noncleaning
noncleaning
noncleaning
noncleaning
noncleaning
noncleaning
noncleaning
noncleaning
noncleaning
noncleaning
noncleaning
noncleaning
0
demersal
shoaling
0
5.7
0
demersal
shoaling
0
5.8
0
0
demersal
demersal
shoaling
shoaling
0
0
5.1
5.6
0
0
demersal
demersal
shoaling
shoaling
0
0
4.8
5.3
0
demersal
solitary
0
6.3
0
benthic
solitary
0
4.9
0
benthic
solitary
0
5.3
0
benthic
solitary
0
4.8
0
benthic
solitary
0
5.6
0
demersal
schooling
0
4.1
0
demersal
solitary
0
8.4
0
demersal
solitary
1
2.3
0
demersal
solitary
1
3.0
0
demersal
shoaling
0
4.9
0
demersal
shoaling
0
5.0
0
benthic
solitary
1
10.8
Opistognathidae
Opistognathus aurifrons
0
Ostraciidae
Lactophrys triqueter
0
Pomacanthidae
Pomacanthidae
Centropyge argi
Holacanthus ciliaris
0
1
Pomacanthidae
Pomacanthidae
Pomacentridae
Holacanthus tricolor
Pomacanthus paru
Abudefduf saxatilis
0
1
1
Pomacentridae
Chromis cyanea
0
Pomacentridae
Chromis insolata
0
Pomacentridae
Pomacentridae
Chromis multilineata
Microspathodon chrysurus
0
1
Pomacentridae
Stegastes diencaeus
0
Pomacentridae
Stegastes dorsopunicans
0
Pomacentridae
Stegastes leucostictus
0
Pomacentridae
Stegastes partitus
0
Pomacentridae
Stegastes planifrons
0
Pomacentridae
Stegastes variabilis
0
Pterelotridae
Scaridae
Pterelotris helenae
Cryptotomus roseus
0
0
noncleaning
noncleaning
noncleaning
facultative
noncleaning
facultative
facultative
noncleaning
noncleaning
noncleaning
facultative
noncleaning
noncleaning
noncleaning
noncleaning
noncleaning
noncleaning
noncleaning
non-
0
benthic
solitary
0
4.6
0
demersal
solitary
1
2.0
0
0
demersal
demersal
solitary
solitary
1
1
2.5
2.0
0
0
0
demersal
demersal
demersal
solitary
solitary
shoaling
1
1
0
2.0
1.6
2.5
0
demersal
shoaling
0
3.7
0
demersal
shoaling
0
3.8
0
0
demersal
demersal
shoaling
solitary
0
0
3.9
2.6
0
demersal
solitary
0
3.0
0
demersal
solitary
0
2.8
0
demersal
solitary
0
3.1
0
demersal
solitary
0
3.0
0
demersal
solitary
0
2.6
0
demersal
solitary
0
2.9
0
0
demersal
demersal
solitary
shoaling
0
0
7.3
5.7
Scaridae
Scarus coeruleus
0
Scaridae
Scarus iserti
0
Scaridae
Scarus taeniopterus
0
Scaridae
Sparisoma atomarium
0
Scaridae
Sparisoma aurofrenatum
0
Scaridae
Sparisoma viride
0
Sciaenidae
Equetus punctatus
0
Scorpaenidae
Pterois volitans
0
Serranidae
Cephalopholis cruentata
0
Serranidae
Cephalopholis fulva
0
Serranidae
Epinephelus adscensionis
0
Serranidae
Epinephelus guttatus
0
Serranidae
Epinephelus striatus
0
Serranidae
Hypoplectrus gummigutta
0
Serranidae
Hypoplectrus guttavarius
0
Serranidae
Hypoplectrus indigo
0
cleaning
noncleaning
noncleaning
noncleaning
noncleaning
noncleaning
noncleaning
noncleaning
noncleaning
noncleaning
noncleaning
noncleaning
noncleaning
noncleaning
noncleaning
noncleaning
noncleaning
0
demersal
solitary
0
4.2
0
demersal
shoaling
0
4.6
0
demersal
shoaling
0
4.8
0
demersal
shoaling
0
3.9
0
demersal
shoaling
0
4.7
0
demersal
shoaling
0
4.1
1
demersal
solitary
0
4.7
1
demersal
shoaling
0
3.9
0
demersal
solitary
0
4.6
0
demersal
solitary
0
4.1
0
demersal
solitary
0
4.5
0
demersal
solitary
0
4.0
0
demersal
solitary
0
3.9
0
demersal
solitary
0
3.0
0
demersal
solitary
0
3.0
0
demersal
solitary
0
2.9
Serranidae
Hypoplectrus nigricans
0
Serranidae
Hypoplectrus puella
0
Serranidae
Hypoplectrus unicolor
0
Serranidae
Liopropoma mowbrayi
0
Serranidae
Liopropoma rubre
0
Serranidae
Rypticus subbifrenatus
0
Serranidae
Serranus tabacarius
0
Serranidae
Serranus tigrinus
0
Synodontidae
Synodus intermedius
0
Synodontidae
Synodus saurus
0
Synodontidae
Synodus synodus
0
Tetraodontidae
Canthigaster rostrata
0
Tripterygiidae
Enneanectes altivelis
0
noncleaning
noncleaning
noncleaning
noncleaning
noncleaning
noncleaning
noncleaning
noncleaning
noncleaning
noncleaning
noncleaning
noncleaning
noncleaning
0
demersal
solitary
0
3.0
0
demersal
solitary
0
3.3
0
demersal
solitary
0
3.3
0
demersal
solitary
0
4.6
0
demersal
solitary
0
4.6
0
demersal
solitary
0
4.0
0
demersal
solitary
0
4.9
0
demersal
solitary
0
5.6
0
benthic
solitary
0
13.5
0
benthic
solitary
0
11.5
0
benthic
solitary
0
13.5
0
demersal
solitary
0
3.1
0
benthic
solitary
0
6.1