Cardiovascular System: Anatomy Review: Blood Vessel Structure and Function
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Location
Tunic Name
Composed of
Innermost
Tunica intima
Endothelium
Middle
Tunica media
Smooth muscle + elastin
Outer
Tunica adventitia
Collagen fibers
V contain the lowest pressure
A contain the highest pressure
A has thick tunica media
V thin tunica media
C smallest of the blood vessels
A carries blood away from heart
V largest lumen—blood reservoir
C has only one tunic (intima)
V carries blood toward the heart
C site of exchange of nutrients
1. elastic arteries
2. muscular arteries
3. arterioles
Elastic, aorta
elastin, renal, pressure, vasoconstriction
arterioles, resistance, increase
shunt, precapillary sphincter, low
endothelium, decrease
adventitia, thinner, larger
1. Venous valves, one-way valves
2. Skeletal muscle pump, skeletal
3. Respiratory pump, decreases; increases
Cardiovascular System: Measuring Blood Pressure
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pumping action of the heart, resistance
millimeters, mmHg
laminar
pressure wave
systolic, contraction, 120
The dicrotic notch represents the brief backflow of blood that closes the aortic semilunar
valve when the ventricles relax.
Diastolic, relaxation, 70–80
systolic, diastolic, systolic pressure – diastolic pressure (SP – DP)
diastole, DP + 1/3 PP
occluded (stopped), systolic, turbulent flow, diastolic
60 mmHg
90 mmHg
Cardiovascular System: Factors That Affect Blood Pressure
1. 1. Vessel diameter
2. Blood viscosity
3. Total vessel length
2. 1. Epinephrine
2. Angiotensin II
3. Vasopressin (ADH)
3. 1. Aldosterone
2. Vasopressin (ADH)
4.  VR   SV   CO   BP
5. A  arterial diameter
A  total vessel length
B  vessel elasticity
B  plasma epinephrine
A  blood volume
B  plasma angiotensin
A  stroke volume
A  plasma ADH
B  blood viscosity
B  parasympathetic stimulation
A  blood volume
A  sympathetic stimulation
6. , 
7. , 
8. ,
9. , 
10. , 
Cardiovascular System: Blood Pressure Regulation
1. a. Short-term mechanisms:
1. Vessel diameter
2. Heart rate
3. Contractility
b. blood volume
2. Aortic arch, carotid sinus
3.  BP   impulses   PNS and  SNS   BP
4. Heart   heart rate
  cardiac output
Blood vessels  vasodilation (increased arterial diameter due to relaxation of smooth
muscle)
5.  BP   impulses   PNS and  SNS  BP
6. Epinephrine, norepinephrine
7. a. Juxtaglomerular
b. Renin
c. Angiotensinogen
8. 1.  Aldosterone
2. Vasoconstriction
9. a.  Na+ reabsorption in kidney
b. Water follows Na+
10. a. ADH
b.  in plasma osmolarity
Cardiovascular System: Autoregulation and Capillary Dynamics
1. a. Precapillary sphincters
b. shunted, thoroughfare
2. a. 
b. 
c. 
d. 
3. a. more perfusion
b. less perfusion
4. 1. fenestrations
2. clefts
3. cytoplasmic vesicles
5. a. O2 and CO2
b. exocytosis
c. clefts or fenestrations
6. filtration, reabsorption
7. a. Blood pressure
b. Excess fluid is picked up by lymphatics
c. out of
8. a. high
b. into
9. 12 mmHg (34 – 22)
10. a. diffusion
b. fenestrations or clefts
c. fenestrations or clefts
d. fenestrations or clefts