ASSOCIATION BETWEEN TIDAL VOLUME SIZE, DURATION OF VENTILATION AND SEDATION NEEDS
IN PATIENTS WITHOUT THE ACUTE RESPIRATORY DISTRESS SYNDROME: An individual patient data
meta-analysis
ONLINE SUPPLEMENT DATA
Ary Serpa Neto MD MSc, Fabienne D. Simonis MD, Carmen SV Barbas MD PhD, Michelle Biehl MD, Rogier M Determann MD PhD,
Jonathan Elmer MD, Gilberto Friedman MD PhD, Ognjen Gajic MD, Joshua N Goldstein MD PhD, Janneke Horn MD PhD, Nicole P
Juffermans MD PhD, Rita Linko MD PhD, Roselaine Pinheiro de Oliveira MD PhD, Sugantha Sundar MD, Daniel Talmor MD PhD, Esther K
Wolthuis MD PhD, Marcelo Gama de Abreu MD PhD, Paolo Pelosi MD, Marcus J Schultz MD PhD; for the PROVENet investigators
APPENDIX 1
Appendix 1 Figure – Literature search strategy for analysis of duration of ventilation (left) and sedation needs (right).
APPENDIX 2
Appendix 2 Table – Characteristics of the included studies
Protective Conservative
Diagnosis Sedation Weaning Jadad
Study, year
N
Design
of ARDS Protocol Protocol Score
VT
N
VT
N
Wolthuis, 2007
36
8
23
10
13
OBS
AECC
Yes
NS
--Yilmaz, 2007
375
8
163
11
212
OBS
AECC
NS
NS
--Linko, 2009
853
8
412
10
441
OBS
AECC
NS
NS
--Determann, 2010
150
6
76
10
74
RCT
AECC
Yes
Yes
3
de Oliveira, 2010
20
6
10
12
10
RCT
None*
NS
NS
3
*
Sundar, 2011
53
6
24
10
29
RCT
None
NS
Yes
3
Elmer, 2013
697
8
210
10
487
OBS
Berlin
NS
NS
--VT: tidal volume (ml/kg predicted body weight); RCT: randomized controlled trial; OBS: observational; ARDS:
acute respiratory distress syndrome; AECC: American-European Consensus Conference on ARDS; NS: not
specified
*: did not report the incidence of ARDS
APPENDIX 3
Appendix 3 Table – Scientific quality of included studies
Allocation
Early
Lost to
Study, year
Baseline Similarity
a
Concealment
Stopping
Follow-up
Illness severity: similar (APACHE II)
Not
Not
Not
Wolthuis, 2007
Pulmonary injury: modestly favors
applicable
applicable
applicable
controls (PaO2/FiO2)
Age: similar
Not
Illness severity: similar (APACHE III)
Not
Not
Yilmaz, 2007
applicable
Pulmonary injury: modestly favors
applicable
applicable
treatment (PaO2/FiO2)
Not
Not
Not
Linko, 2009
Not applicable
applicable
applicable
applicable
Age: similar
Illness severity: similar (APACHE II,
Yes,
Sealed
Determann, 2010
SOFA)
Benefit, a
2 (1.3%)
envelopes
Pulmonary injury: similar (LIS,
priori rules
PaO2/FiO2)
Sealed
Age: similar
de Oliveira, 2010
No
1 (4.7%)
envelopes
Illness severity: similar (APACHE II)
Block
Age: similar
Sundar, 2011
No
1.3%
randomization
Illness severity: similar (STSMS)
Not
Not
Not
Elmer, 2013
Not applicable
applicable
applicable
applicable
NS: not specified; VT: tidal volume; STSMS: society of thoracic surgeons mortality score; PORI: preoperative risk index
a: Early termination for benefit or futility and the presence of an explicit a priori stopping rules
Intention-toTreat Analysis
Not applicable
Not applicable
Not applicable
Yes
NS
Yes
Not applicable
APPENDIX 4
Appendix 4 Figure – Diagram of sedation protocol used in the study by Wolthuis et al and Determann et al.
APPENDIX 5
Appendix 5 Table – Respiratory parameters during the first five days of treatment in patients included in the analysis of duration of ventilationǁ
Day 01
Day 03
Day 05
Parameters
≤ 6 ml/kg
6 – 10
≥ 10 ml/kg
≤ 6 ml/kg
6 – 10
≥ 10 ml/kg
≤ 6 ml/kg
6 – 10
≥ 10 ml/kg
PBW
ml/kg PBW
PBW
PBW
ml/kg PBW
PBW
PBW
ml/kg PBW
PBW
Tidal Volume (ml/kg PBW)
5.6 ± 0.6
8.2 ± 1.0
11.5 ± 1.6
5.7 ± 0.6
8.3 ± 1.0
11.8 ± 1.7
5.5 ± 0.5
8.2 ± 1.0
11.7 ± 1.5
Peak inspiratory pressure (cmH2O)
23.3 ± 6.1
23.6 ± 6.1
25.3 ± 6.1
19.3 ± 4.1
20.7 ± 4.6
22.6 ± 4.8
20.8 ± 3.7
21.4 ± 3.9
23.2 ± 4.6
Respiratory rate (breaths/min)
20.4 ± 5.9
15.0 ± 4.2
13.5 ± 3.3
16.4 ± 4.4
15.3 ± 4.3
13.8 ± 3.9
19.3 ± 5.3
15.0 ± 4.6
13.1 ± 4.9
PEEP (cmH2O)
6.9 ± 2.7
6.3 ± 3.6
5.9 ± 1.8
5.2 ± 1.1
5.3 ± 1.3
5.2 ± 1.2
5.1 ± 0.6
5.3 ± 1.1
5.3 ± 1.3
260.2
±
135.2
276.7
±
132.3
278.6
±
130.3
286.1
±
88.8
259.2
±
135.7
247.1
±
125.9
290.2
±
101.6
291.5
±
110.0
282.7
± 108.7
PaO2 / FiO2
PaCO2 (mmHg)
44.6 ± 16.1
40.0 ± 8.4
37.5 ± 16.5
41.1 ± 7.5
38.6 ± 7.4
39.3 ± 6.1
43.0 ± 9.1
39.1 ± 6.7
38.6 ± 5.3
Arterial pH
7.34 ± 0.1
7.39 ± 0.09 7.41 ± 0.08 7.42 ± 0.03 7.42 ± 0.04 7.42 ± 0.05 7.44 ± 0.03 7.43 ± 0.04
7.43 ± 0.05
ǁ Plus-minus values are mean ± SD. The number of patients refers to those who were receiving ventilation and for whom data were available.
PBW: predicted body weight; PEEP: positive end-expiratory pressure; PaO2: partial pressure of oxygen; FiO2: inspired fraction of oxygen; PaCO2: partial pressure of
carbon dioxide
APPENDIX 6
Appendix 6 Table – Number of patients receiving sedation, analgesia or neuromuscular
blockade on days 1, 2, 3, and 5 of follow-up.
≤ 6 ml/kg PBW 6 – 10 ml/kg PBW ≥ 10 ml/kg PBW
Drug
p value*
(n = 65)
(n = 58)
(n = 64)
Sedation**
Day 1
48 (74.1)
34 (58.0)
38 (60.3)
0.174
Day 2
17 (26.1)
26 (45.5)
19 (30.6)
0.128
Day 3
22 (34.4)
32 (54.8)
34 (53.1)
0.193
Day 5
26 (40.9)
22 (38.1)
36 (56.3)
0.508
**
Analgesia
Day 1
41 (63.0)
25 (44.0)
38 (60.3)
0.109
Day 2
21 (32.6)
28(47.7)
25 (38.8)
0.338
Day 3
18 (28.1)
35 (61.3)
24 (37.5)
0.023
Day 5
15 (22.7)
25 (42.9)
13 (20.0)
0.229
NMB**
Day 1
16 (25.0)
11 (19.0)
38 (60.0)
0.069
Day 2
9 (13.5)
5 (9.5)
13 (20.0)
0.518
Day 3
16 (25.0)
11 (18.8)
7 (11.1)
0.806
Day 5
11 (17.5)
10 (16.7)
0 (0.00)
0.130
Data presented as frequency (percentage).
NMB: neuromuscular blockade; CI: confidence interval
*: chi-square test
**: Sedation defined as use of any benzodiazepine, propofol or haloperidol. Analgesia
defined as use of any opioid. Neuromuscular blockade defined as use of any
neuromuscular blocking agent
APPENDIX 7
Appendix 7 Table – Doses of sedation, analgesia or neuromuscular blockade on days 1, 2, 3,
and 5 of follow-up.
≤ 6 ml/kg PBW 6 – 10 ml/kg PBW ≥ 10 ml/kg PBW
Drug
p value*
(n = 65)
(n = 58)
(n = 64)
Sedation**
Day 1
0.1 ± 0.2
0.2 ± 0.4
0.6 ± 1.1
0.285
Day 2
0.2 ± 0.7
0.5 ± 0.9
0.7 ± 1.1
0.212
Day 3
0.6 ± 0.2
0.8 ± 1.6
1.1 ± 1.1
0.016
Day 5
0.3 ± 0.05
0.4 ± 0.8
0.5 ± 0.8
0.247
¶
Total
1.7 ± 3.5
2.5 ± 5.3
5.1 ± 7.5
0.074
Propofol*
Day 1
1.5 ± 1.8
16.6 ± 20.7
2.4 ± 3.9
0.365
Day 2
14.0 ± 28.1
30.4 ± 46.1
2.6 ± 5.9
0.101
Day 3
8.5 ± 16.9
18.4 ± 32.6
7.3 ± 17.5
0.172
Day 5
3.4 ± 4.0
8.3 ± 23.3
0.1 ± 0.2
0.550
¶
Total
28.8 ± 40.9
105.7 ± 168.6
16.9 ± 23.4
0.422
**
Analgesia
Day 1
0.2 ± 0.3
0.2 ± 0.3
0.5 ± 0.8
0.248
Day 2
0.4 ± 0.6
0.4 ± 0.6
0.7 ± 0.9
0.455
Day 3
0.2 ± 0.3
0.4 ± 0.6
0.7 ± 1.0
0.132
Day 5
0.3 ± 0.5
0.1 ± 0.2
0.4 ± 0.6
0.408
¶
Total
1.3 ± 1.1
1.6 ± 2.6
4.4 ± 7.1
0.664
NMB**
Day 1
0.2 ± 0.3
0.2 ± 0.5
1.0 ± 1.0
0.046
Day 2
0.1 ± 0.2
0.1 ± 0.3
0.1 ± 0.3
0.529
Day 3
0.2 ± 0.4
0.2 ± 0.5
0.1 ± 0.3
0.809
Day 5
0.7 ± 0.8
0.2 ± 0.6
0.0 ± 0.00
0.146
¶
Total
1.3 ± 0.3
0.9 ± 1.3
2.3 ± 2.5
0.248
Data presented as frequency (percentage).
NMB: neuromuscular blockade; CI: confidence interval
*: ANOVA
**: Benzodiazepines in mg/kg PBW of midazolam equivalents, propofol in mg/kg PBW, opioid
in mg/kg PBW of morphine equivalent, and neuromuscular blocking agent in mg/kg PBW
¶: during all ICU stay
APPENDIX 8
Appendix 8 Figure – Dosages of sedation (a, in midazolam equivalents), analgesia (b, in morphine equivalents), and propofol (c). Boxes
demonstrate the median and interquartile range, with adjacent values and outliers indicated by whiskers and dots, respectively. Groups: ≤ 6 ml/kg
PBW (gray box), 6 – 10 ml/kg PBW (white box), and ≥ 10 ml/kg PBW (light gray box).