CHAPTER 15: Sleep and Dreaming
Please answer the following questions on your own. Also, I would appreciate it if you could
bold your answers so they are easier to spot. Good luck!
1. In a study of 39 species, the combined factors of ___ and ___ accounted for 80% of
the variability in sleep time.
2. A _______rhythm is a rhythm that is about a day in length. The main biological clock
that controls the sleep-wake rhythm (cycle) is the ________ of the hypothalamus. This
structure control the timing of sleep, nit sleep itself.
3. The SCN is entrained to the solar day by cues called ____. The primary cue for the
SCN is _____.
4. The SCN regulates the pineal gland’s secretion of a hormone called ____ which induces
sleep. Light resets the biological clock by (the SCN) by suppressing this hormone.
5. There are two types of genes in the internal clock (i.e. the SCN). Activity alternates
between them. Their pattern of activation (i.e. the cycle) takes approximately ___ hours
and must be reset each day by light.
6. A ____ rhythm is a rhythm that is shorter than a day’s length. Examples include:
hormone production, urinary output, and alertness.
7. Sleep is an ____ process. First, brain activity is high. Second, sleep is _____ by brain
structures and later _____ by other structures.
8. Fill in the missing labels on the diagram located on the next page
______ waves; predominate while the
person is _____________
______ waves; predominate while the
person is _____________
______ waves; predominate while the
person is in __________ sleep
______ waves; predominate while the
person is in __________ sleep
______ waves; predominate while the
person is in __________ sleep
______ waves; predominate while the
person is in __________ sleep
9. Sleepwalking, bedwetting, and night terrors occur during __________ sleep.
10. REM sleep is also called ________ sleep because respiration and heart rate activity is
high – and sexual arousal also increases.
11. A complete cycle though the stages of sleep takes about ____ minutes to complete. The
sleeper will experience the cycle repeatedly through the night, with ____ increasing with
each successive cycle and _____ decreasing.
12. According to the _________ hypothesis, during REM sleep the forebrain integrates
activity generated by the brain stem with information stored in memory.
13. One hypothesis is that REM sleeps promotes _____ during childhood.
14. Slow wave sleep may be more related to the increase in _________ than the increase in
body temperature. Slow wave sleep may promote _____recovery, especially in the
prefrontal cortex. Slow wave sleep may also restore processes involved in ______.
15. It appears that memory consolidation is a multistep process requiring a combination of
____ and ____. Taken together, these measures account for over ____% of the
differences in learning among the research participants.
16. There is no single sleep center or waking center. Sleep and waking depend on a variety
of structures that integrate the _____ with homeostatic information about physical
conditions such as ____, ____, and _____.
17. ______ is a neurotransmitter that acts in the basal forebrain area where it inhibits ____,
inducing drowsiness and reducing EEG activation. Caffeine is an ______ for this
neurotransmitter.
18. The ventrolateral preoptic nucleus ______ activity in the tuberomammillary nucleus in the
hypothalamus, and various arousal producing structures in the pons (locus coeruleus,
raphe nuclei, PPT/LTD). This helps to induce sleep.
19. The pons also sends impulses downward to the _____ to bring about ____ that
accompanies REM sleep.
20. The arousal system consists of two major pathways. The first involves activation of the
____ which then helps transmit information to the cortex.
21. The second arousal system pathway activates the _____ to facilitate the processing of
inputs from the thalamus.
22. Structures that are part of this second pathway include the lateral hypothalamus, the
____ area, the tuberomammillary nucleus, ______, raphe nuclei, and __________.
During waking, the peptide _______ keeps these arousal areas active.
23. The _____ is the source of PGO waves seen during REM sleep. These waves help to
arouse the ____ area which may account for the visual imagery of dreaming.
24. For insomniacs, sleep quality suffers from ______. This includes excess high frequency
EEG during non-REM sleep and disturbance of the HPA axis resulting in an increase of
_____ and ACTH during the night.
25. People with sleep difficulties often show a shift in their ___________. This can be the
result of bad sleep habits, but it is more likely to be the cause.
26. _____ can be triggered by stress, alcohol, and sleep deprivation. It may also have a
genetic component. Cells important for sleep regulation may have been attached by the
individual’s _____ system.
27. ____ is a disorder where a person suddenly fall asleep during the day and go directly
into REM. ____ is a symptom of this condition, in which the person has suddenly
experiences ___, and falls to the ground paralyzed but awake.
28. People with the disorders identified in #27 have low or undetectable levels of ____.
29. Francis Crick believes that we are in a state of _______ during REM sleep and that
we are _____ during non-REM sleep.
30. Perhaps it is better to think of sleep as a different state of consciousness along a
____.