Chapter 7 Learning Guide – Ethnicity
Key Issue 1 – Where Are Ethnicities Distributed?
Distribution of Ethnicities Within the United States
1.
Define ethnicity:
2.
Define race:
3.
In the chart below identify America’s four ethnic groups (other than “white”).
Give their percentage of total U.S. population and shade in 4 colors the areas on the map in which they are clustered.
Ethnic Group % of U.S. Population
AFRICAN – AMERICANS IN USA HISPANICS IN USA

ASIAN AMERICANS IN USA AMERICAN INDIANS IN USA
4.
What is the major Hispanic group in the U.S. – where are most settled?
5.
What are the major Asian groups in the U.S – where are most settled?
6.
Provide an example to illustrate that African-Americans or Hispanics in the U.S. are more urbanized.
7.
Complete the chart below to summarize the historic migration patterns of
African-Americans.
Migration from Africa Migration to the North Migration Within Cities
(ghetto)

Differentiating Ethnicity & Race
In the terms of the concept of race…
8.
What is the “problem” with the way the U.S. Census Bureau defines “Asian”?
9.
What is the difference between “African-American” and “black”?
10.
How does the U.S. Census Bureau consider Hispanic/Latino?
11.
What is racism?
Describe the following concepts dealing with the geography of race (#s 12 – 14).
12.
“Separate But Equal”
13.
“White Flight”
14.
“Blockbusting”

Case Study in Division By Race South Africa (Complete the case study as organized below)
15.
Define apartheid:
16.
Explain the key components of the apartheid system:
17.
Complete the following timeline of South African history and annotate the map of 10 homelands.
1652 –
1795 –
1948 –
1991 –
1994 -

Chapter 7 Learning Guide – Ethnicity
Key Issue 2 – Why Have Ethnicities Been Transformed Into Nationalities?
Pgs. 217 – 224
Rise of Nationalities
1.
Define nationality:
2.
Though they are very similar, use the chart below to show how nationality differs from ethnicity.
Ethnicity Nationality
3.
Define self-determination:
4.
Define nation-state:

5.
Why is Denmark a fairly good example of a nation-state?
6.
Two regions of Denmark prevent the country from being a “perfect” nation-state.
List and describe them in the chart below
Region:
Description:
Denmark’s Non-Danish Regions
Region:
Description:
7.
Shade and label Denmark and her territories on this map of the North Atlantic region.
8.
What is nationalism?
9.
How do nations and states foster it?
10.
What are centripetal forces?

Multinational States
11.
What is a multiethnic state? Give an example.
12.
What is a multinational state? Describe in detail how the United Kingdom is an example.
13.
When the Soviet Union dissolved into 15 countries in the 1990s, the new countries were based on ethnicities. Other than Russia, they can be divided into
4 groups based on their location. Complete the chart below to indicate the countries in each group. NOTE: Be sure to look at the map on pg. 220 to familiarize yourself with the location of these countries.
Baltic Region
(3 states)
Eastern Europe
(3 states)
Central Asia
(5 states)
Caucusus
(3 states)
14.
Note the major religion and language of each of the Baltic States.
15.
The ethnic divisions among the Eastern European states are blurred for what reasons?
16.
What did the majority of Moldovans want when they gained independence?
Who opposed this?
17.
What religions and languages are most common in the Central Asian countries?

18.
Have there been ethnic problems in Central Asia? If so, where? If not, why not?
19.
How many different nationalities (ethnicities) are found in the country of
Russia?
20.
Why are independence movements flourishing among these groups?
21.
Russia has resisted the independence movement in Chechnya for what TWO reasons?
22.
In the Caucusus region, there have been many problems with the new nations and ethnicities. Summarize the main problems and note specifics of regions and peoples for each.
Azeris (Azerbaijan)
Georgians (Georgia)
Armenians (Armenia)
23.
Using Figure 7-19, what’s the main problem with the Caucusus region?
Revival of Ethnic Identity

24.
How did Communists suppress the issues of ethnicity and nationalism? (Give several examples)
25.
With the fall of Communist governments in the 1990s, what kinds of problems have arisen in what places? Why?
Chapter 7 Learning Guide – Ethnicity
Key Issue 3 – Why Do Ethnicities Clash?
Pgs. 224 – 229
Ethnic Competition to Dominate Nationality
1.
Make notes on major issues in each of these ethnic conflicts as well as shade and annotate the map as necessary.
Case Study: Africa
Ethiopia & Eritrea

Sudan Somalia
2.
Read “Ethnic Competition in Lebanon” and complete the case study by listing the religions of Lebanon and annotating them on the map provided (use map pg.
226).
Case Study Lebanon
Religions of Lebanon

3.
How did Lebanon’s 1943 constitution seek to solve the religion problem?
The president…
The premier…
The speaker of the chamber of deputies…
The foreign minister…
4.
How has the make-up of the population changed since 1943?
5.
What happened in 1975? How has it been resolved?
Dividing Ethnicities Among More Than One State
6.
When the British ended colonial control of South Asia in 1947, how was the region divided politically, and how was the region divided ethnically
(religiously)?
Answer #’s 7-13 regarding Forced Migration
7.
How many people found themselves on the “wrong side of the boundary” in the
1940s?

8.
How many Muslims migrated from India to West Pakistan (Pakistan, today)?
9.
How many Muslims migrated to East Pakistan (Bangladesh, today)?
10.
How many Hindus migrated from East and West Pakistan into India?
11.
What happened to many of the refugees as they traveled?
12.
Why is the region of Kashmir a problem?
13.
Note the following regions on the map below:
India
Pakistan
Bangladesh
Jammu & Kashmir
Sri Lanka
Nepal
Butan
Myanmar
China
Afghanistan

Sinhalese & Tamil in Sri Lanka Case Study
14.
Complete the chart that compares the two ethnicities of Sri Lanka in terms of language and religion.
Ethnic Group and % Language (family, etc.) Religion Where?
15.
How has violence between these two groups (which goes back 2,000 years) been suppressed during the past 300 years?
16.
What occurred in 1948?
17.
Which group is unhappy? Why?
18.
Annotate the map of the religious-ethnic geography of the island of Ceylon, the country of Sri Lanka.

Chapter 7 Learning Guide – Ethnicity
Key Issue 4 – What is Ethnic Cleansing?
Pgs. 229 – 235
1.
Define ethnic cleansing:
2.
How is ethnic cleansing different than normal warfare?
Ethnic Cleansing in Europe
3.
List the countries of the Balkan Peninsula.
4.
List important/interesting facts regarding the creation of the post-WWI country of Yugoslavia.
5.
Regarding the Yugoslav refrain that was common during the rule of Josip Tito, identify the following of Yugoslavia’s:
FIVE NATIONALITIES…
FOUR LANGUAGES…
THREE RELIGIONS…
TWO ALPHABETS…
6.
What ethno-political problems did the country face after the death of Tito in the
80s and the fall of Communism in the 90s?
7.
Why did Serbs and Croats in Bosnia (aka Bosnia-Herzegovina) ethnically cleanse themselves of Bosnia Muslims?

8.
What was agreed upon at the accords signed between these rival ethnicities in
Dayton, Ohio in 1996?
9.
Who got the best deal? Who got the worst deal? Explain.
Regarding the region of Kosovo, answer #’s 10-13.
10.
What country controlled Kosovo?
11.
What ethnic group lives in Kosovo (and %)?
12.
With the breakup of Yugoslavia, what began to happen in Kosovo?
13.
How did the U.S. and U.N. respond?
14.
Define balkanized:
15.
Define balkanization:
16.
If peace comes to the Balkan Peninsula in the next few years, why will it be “in a tragic way” according to the author of the textbook?

Ethnic Cleansing in Central Africa
17.
Give the historical background of the two rival groups in Central Africa’s countries of Rwanda and Burundi.
Hutus Tutsis
18. What is the situation in Rwanda and Burundi today?

Chapter 7 Learning Guide – Ethnicity
Key Issue 1 – Where Are Ethnicities Distributed?
Pgs. 206 - 217
Distribution of Ethnicities Within the United States
1.
Define ethnicity:
Identity with a group of people who share the cultural traditions of a
homeland or hearth.
2.
Define race:
Identity with a group of people who share a biological ancestor
3.
In the chart below identify America’s four ethnic groups (other than “white”). Give their percentage of total U.S. population and shade in 4 colors the areas on the map in which they are clustered.
Ethnic Group
Hispanics (Latinos)
% of U.S. Population
15%
African-American
Asian American
American Indian
13%
4%
1%
4.
What is the major Hispanic group in the U.S.?
Mexican
5.
What are the major Asian groups in the U.S?
Chinese, Filipino, Indian, Korean & Vietnamese

6.
Provide an example to illustrate that African-Americans or Hispanics in the U.S. are more urbanized.
African-Americans make up 85% of the Detroit population but only 7% of the rest of Michigan. Hispanics make up 25% of New York City’s population but only account for 1/16 th of the population for the state of New York.
7.
Complete the chart below to summarize the historic migration patterns of African-
Americans.
Migration from Africa Migration to the North Migration Within Cities
(ghetto)
Forced migration to
American colonies in
1700s as slaves thru triangular trade
Emigrating from South to
North after WWI & WWII to get factory jobs
African-Americans were clustered in ghettos or housing projects within a city
In 1950s densities were high & neighborhoods began to expand in 1970s
Differentiating Ethnicity & Race
In the terms of the concept of race…
8.
What is the “problem” with the way the U.S. Census Bureau defines “Asian”?
It lumps together people from different Asian countries
9.
What is the difference between “African-American” and “black”?
African-American identifies a group of people with extensive cultural
tradition. Black is just a term that denotes dark skin
10.
How does the U.S. Census Bureau consider Hispanic/Latino?
Hispanic & Latino aren’t considered races. So, they aren’t on the census.
Hispanics can select white, black or other
11.
What is racism?
The belief that race is the primary cause of human traits and capacities and
that racial differences produce an inherent superiority of a particular race
Describe the following concepts dealing with the geography of race (#s 12 – 14).
12.
“Separate But Equal”
Discouraged special interaction and kept blacks and whites in separate
neighborhoods through restrictive covenants
13.
“White Flight”
Instead of integrating, whites fled areas that anticipated black immigrating
into

14.
“Blockbusting”
Neighborhoods would change from all white to all black due to unscrupulous
real estate practices
Case Study in Division By Race South Africa (Complete the case study as organized below)
15.
Define apartheid:
Physical separation of different races into different geographic areas
16.
Explain the key components of the apartheid system:
Based on race a legal status was determined: where one could live, go to
school, work, own land, vote, etc.
17.
Complete the following timeline of South African history and annotate the map of 10 homelands.
1652 – Apartheid system began when Dutch settled in Cape
Town; people known as
Afrikaners
1795 – Britain seized the Dutch colony & controlled S. Africa’s gov’t until mid 20 th century
1948 – Afrikaners gained control when their Nationalist Party won elections when colonial rule in
Africa was being replaced; reinstated Apartheid law & forced 99% of S. Africa’s black population into 10 homelands
1991 – Apartheid was repealed & the African National Congress legalized; leader Nelson Mandela released from jail
1994 – All South Africans permitted to vote; Nelson
Mandela became 1 st black president of S. Africa

Chapter 7 Learning Guide – Ethnicity
Key Issue 2 – Why Have Ethnicities Been Transformed Into Nationalities?
Pgs. 217 – 224
Rise of Nationalities
1. Define nationality:
Identity with a group of people who share a legal attachment & personal allegiance to a particular country
2.
Though they are very similar, use the chart below to show how nationality differs from ethnicity.
Ethnicity Nationality
- Shared values such as religion, language & material culture
- Identifies groups with distinct ancestry & cultural traditions, i.e.
Polish Americans
- Shared values such as voting, getting a passport, performing civic duties
- Identifies citizens of a country, i.e. people of the United States
3.
Define self-determination:
Concept that ethnicities have the right to govern themselves
4.
Define nation-state:
A state whose territory is occupied by a particular ethnicity that has been
transformed into a nationality
5.
Why is Denmark a fairly good example of a nation-state?
Territory occupied by Danish ethnicity closely corresponds to the state of
Denmark: shared sense of unity; nearly all speak same language; nearly all
Danish speakers live in Denmark
6.
Two regions of Denmark prevent the country from being a “perfect” nation-state.
List and describe them in the chart below
Region: Faeroe Islands
Denmark’s Non-Danish Regions
Region: Greenland
Description: Speak Faeroese; not attached to mainland Denmark; 21 islands ruled by Denmark for last 600 years
Description: 88% Inuit people;
Greenland controls their own domestic affairs; official language is Greenlandic

7.
Shade and label Denmark and her territories on this map of the North Atlantic region.
8.
What is nationalism?
Loyalty and devotion to a nationality
9.
How do nations and states foster it?
Promoting symbols such as flags and songs
10.
What are centripetal forces?
Attitudes that unify people and enhance support for a state
Multinational States
11.
What is a multiethnic state? Give an example.
A state that contains more than one ethnicity – United States
12.
What is a multinational state? Describe in detail how the United Kingdom is an example.
A state that contains two or more ethnic groups with traditions of selfdetermination that agrees to coexist peacefully by recognizing each other as distinct nationalities.
U.K. has 4 main nationalities – England, Scotland, Wales & N. Ireland. They have some ethnic differences but very different historical experiences. Wales
& Scotland merged into England, and when Ireland broke away from England,
N. Ireland chose to remain under British rule.

13.
When the Soviet Union dissolved into 15 countries in the 1990s, the new countries were based on ethnicities. Other than Russia, they can be divided into 4 groups based on their location. Complete the chart below to indicate the countries in each group. NOTE: Be sure to look at the map on pg. 220 to familiarize yourself with the location of these countries.
Baltic Region
(3 states)
Eastern Europe
(3 states)
Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania
Belarus, Moldova, Ukraine
Central Asia
(5 states)
Caucusus
(3 states)
Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan,
Uzbekistan
Azerbaijan, Armenia, Georgia
14.
Note the major religion and language of each of the Baltic States.
Estonia – Lutheran & speak a Uralic language related to Finnish
Lithuania – Catholic & speak a language in the Balto-Slavic branch
Latvia – Lutheran with Catholic minority – speak a language in the Balto-Slavic
branch
15.
The ethnic divisions among the Eastern European states are blurred for what reasons?
Because they speak similar East Slavic languages & all are mostly Orthodox
Christians
16.
What did the majority of Moldovans want when they gained independence? Who opposed this?
To reunify with Romania; the Ukrainian & Russian ethnicities in Moldova
opposed reunification with Romania
17.
What religions and languages are most common in the Central Asian countries?
Population is mostly Muslim practicing Islam and speak Altaic languages
18.
Have there been ethnic problems in Central Asia? If so, where? If not, why not?
In Tajikistan tensions between Tajiks & Uzbeks where fighting has left 15% of the population homeless
In Kazakhstan tensions between Kazakhs & Russians, but they have been able
to coexist peacefully
19.
How many different nationalities (ethnicities) are found in the country of Russia?
39

20.
Why are independence movements flourishing among these groups?
Russia is unwilling to suppress the movements forcibly
21.
Russia has resisted the independence movement in Chechnya for what TWO reasons?
Russia doesn’t want other ethnicities to start movements & because Chechnya
has large petroleum deposits
22.
In the Caucusus region, there have been many problems with the new nations and ethnicities. Summarize the main problems and note specifics of regions and peoples for each.
Azeris (Azerbaijan)
Georgians (Georgia)
- Western part of Azerbaijan is separated from the rest of the country by Armenian land.
- Azeris are also located in Iran
- Many ethnicities – Georgian, Azeri, Armenian, Russian, etc.
- Abkhazia & S. Ossetia are recognized by Russia as 2 independent states & they operate as though independent of Georgia
Armenians (Armenia) - 98% of population is Armenia
- Battled over boundaries with Azeris
- Nagorno-Karabakh is Armenia but with an Azerbaijan
boundary
23.
Using Figure 7-19, what’s the main problem with the Caucusus region?
Territory occupied by ethnicities doesn’t match the boundaries of states
Revival of Ethnic Identity
24.
How did Communists suppress the issues of ethnicity and nationalism? (Give several examples)
Use of centripetal forces; use of Russian language; minimized organized
religion
25.
With the fall of Communist governments in the 1990s, what kinds of problems have arisen in what places? Why?
Problems occurred in the Balkans (Soviet Union, Yugoslavia, Czechoslovakia) where nation-states could not be outlined peacefully. These countries were dismantled because minority ethnicities opposed dominance by majority
ethnicities.

Chapter 7 Learning Guide – Ethnicity
Key Issue 3 – Why Do Ethnicities Clash?
Pgs. 224 – 229
Ethnic Competition to Dominate Nationality
1.
Make notes on major issues in each of these ethnic conflicts as well as shade and annotate the map as necessary.
Case Study: Africa
Ethiopia & Eritrea
- Eritrea given to
Ethiopia after WWII
- Eritrean legislature dissolved & use of
Tigrinya language banned
- Eritrea rebelled in 30 year fight & gained independence in 1993 but still disputed border
- Eritrea has Christians
& Muslims and 2 ethnic groups (Tigrinya &
Tigre)
- Ethiopia is multiethnic 2 major groups: Amharas
(Christians) & Oromo
(Muslim fundamentalists)
Sudan
- Arab-Muslim gov’t in north & other ethnicities in south, west & east
- S: black Christians & animists (war with
North resulted in forming South Sudan)
- W: black Muslims in Darfur fought with
North (U.N. considered rapes & murders by Sudanese gov’t genocide)
- E: many ethnicities fought gov’t with support from Eritrea over disbursement of oil
Somalia
- Mostly Sunni Muslims that speak Somali
- Population is divided among several clans & sub-clans
- Declared independent states of
Somaliland (N), Puntland (NE), Galmudug
(center), Southwestern Somalia (S)
- Islamic militias took control in 2000s

Case Study Lebanon
2.
Read “Ethnic Competition in Lebanon” and complete the case study by listing the religions of Lebanon and annotating them on the map provided (use map pg. 226).
Religions of Lebanon
Maronite
Greek Orthodox
Shiite Muslims
Sunni Muslims
Druze Muslims
3.
How did Lebanon’s 1943 constitution seek to solve the religion problem?
Each religion was to be represented in the Chamber of Deputies
The president…
Maronite Christians
The premier…
Sunni Muslims
The speaker of the chamber of deputies…
Shiite Muslims
The foreign minister…
Greek Orthodox Christian
4.
How has the make-up of the population changed since 1943?
Muslims are the majority now, not Christians
5.
What happened in 1975? How has it been resolved?
A civil war where each religion established a militia to protect its territory.
Each religion received half of the seats in parliament.

Dividing Ethnicities Among More Than One State
6.
When the British ended colonial control of South Asia in 1947, how was the region divided politically, and how was the region divided ethnically (religiously)?
The land was divided into 2 countries: India & Pakistan, and they were
religiously divided Hindu (India) & Muslim (Pakistan)
Answer #’s 7-13 regarding Forced Migration
7.
How many people found themselves on the “wrong side of the boundary” in the
1940s?
17 million people
8.
How many Muslims migrated from India to West Pakistan (Pakistan, today)?
6 million
9.
How many Muslims migrated to East Pakistan (Bangladesh, today)?
1 million
10.
How many Hindus migrated from East and West Pakistan into India?
9.5 million
11.
What happened to many of the refugees as they traveled?
Killed by rival religious members
12.
Why is the region of Kashmir a problem?
Pakistan & India never agreed on a boundary line

13.
Note the following regions on the map below:
India
Pakistan
Bangladesh
Jammu & Kashmir
Sri Lanka
Nepal
Butan
Myanmar
China
Afghanistan
Sinhalese & Tamil in Sri Lanka Case Study
14.
Complete the chart that compares the two ethnicities of Sri Lanka in terms of language and religion.
Ethnic Group and % Language (family, etc.) Religion
Sinhalese 82%
Tamil 14%
Indo-European family & Indo-
Iranian branch
Dravidian family
Buddhism
Hindu
Where?
Southern Sri
Lanka
Northern Sri
Lanka
15.
How has violence between these two groups (which goes back 2,000 years) been suppressed during the past 300 years?
Because they were under European control
16.
What occurred in 1948?
Sri Lanka became independent
17.
Which group is unhappy? Why?
Tamil because Sinhalese dominate the gov’t, military, commerce & Tamil feel
their ethnic identity is jeopardized.

18.
Annotate the map of the religious-ethnic geography of the island of Ceylon, the country of Sri Lanka.

Chapter 7 Learning Guide – Ethnicity
Key Issue 4 – What is Ethnic Cleansing?
Pgs. 229 – 235
1.
Define ethnic cleansing:
When a more powerful ethnic groups forcibly removes a less powerful ethnic
group in order to create an ethnically homogeneous region
2.
How is ethnic cleansing different than normal warfare?
Removal of ever member of the ethnicity: men & women; children & adults;
frail/elderly & strong youth
Ethnic Cleansing in Europe
3.
List the countries of the Balkan Peninsula.
Albania, Bulgaria, Greece, Romania, former Yugoslavia
4.
List important/interesting facts regarding the creation of the post-WWI country of
Yugoslavia.
- Yugoslavia was created by the Allies to unite several Balkan ethnicities because they spoke similar south Slavic languages
- “Yugo” - Slavic for south
- Josip Broz Tito governed for 27 years
5.
Regarding the Yugoslav refrain that was common during the rule of Josip Tito, identify the following of Yugoslavia’s:
FIVE NATIONALITIES…
Croats, Macedonians, Montenegrans, Serbs & Slovenes
FOUR LANGUAGES…
Croatian, Macedonia, Serbian & Slovene (Montenegrans speak Serbian)
THREE RELIGIONS…
Catholic in North, Orthodox in East & Islam in South
TWO ALPHABETS…
Roman Alphabet (Croatian/Slovene) & Cyrillic (Macedonian/Serbian)
6.
What ethno-political problems did the country face after the death of Tito in the 80s and the fall of Communism in the 90s?
The creation of independent countries where territories didn’t match the
nationality
7.
Why did Serbs and Croats in Bosnia (aka Bosnia-Herzegovina) ethnically cleanse themselves of Bosnia Muslims?
To justify their case from breaking away from Bosnia. Ensured they were
better candidates to join with Serbia & Croatia.

8.
What was agreed upon at the accords signed between these rival ethnicities in
Dayton, Ohio in 1996?
Bosnian Serbs got ½ the land; Bosnia Croats got ¼ of the land; Bosnian
Muslims got ¼ of land
9.
Who got the best deal? Who got the worst deal? Explain.
Bosnia Serbs got the best deal because they got the most land with only 1/3 of the population.
Bosnian Muslims for the worst deal because they only got 25% of the land
even though they made up 50% of the population
Regarding the region of Kosovo, answer #’s 10-13.
10.
What country controlled Kosovo?
Serbia
11.
What ethnic group lives in Kosovo (and %)?
Albanians (90%)
12.
With the breakup of Yugoslavia, what began to happen in Kosovo?
Serbia began to ethnically cleanse Albanian majority
13.
How did the U.S. and U.N. respond?
Launched an air attack on Serbia
14.
Define balkanized:
Description of small geographic areas that couldn’t be organized into stable
states because of the many ethnicities with antagonisms toward each other
15.
Define balkanization:
Process where a state breaks down through conflicts among its ethnicities
16.
If peace comes to the Balkan Peninsula in the next few years, why will it be “in a tragic way” according to the author of the textbook?
Because ethnic cleansing would have worked by forced killing or migration to
create ethnic homogeneity

Ethnic Cleansing in Central Africa
17.
Give the historical background of the two rival groups in Central Africa’s countries of Rwanda and Burundi.
Hutus
- 85% of population
- Farmers in Rwanda & Burundi
Tutsis
- 15% of population
- Cattle herders who migrated to
- Gained control in 1962 & began to ethnically cleanse Tutsi in 1994
Rwanda & Burundi
- Took control & made Hutus their serfs
- Counter-attack and cleansed Hutus
18. What is the situation in Rwanda and Burundi today?
Rwanda & Burundi remain calm; most refugees have returned to the countries; democratic elections have been held