PRESERVING THE MIND – INDEX Preface – Ten Steps Toward Prevention of Dementias Introduction – Medications and Scientific Advancements Reflections How to Use This Reference Guide Abbreviations and Symbols Terms and Concepts A to Z: 1. 5HT6 receptors, 5HT7 receptors, and neurocognitive enhancement 2. acetaminophen and stress 3. acetylcholine (Ach) – the memory neurotransmitter 4. acetylcholine (Ach) – the memory neurotransmitter 5. AchEIs (acetylcholinesterase inhibitors) and acetylcholine receptors 6. AchM – drugs that increase AchM with resulting side effects 7. active lifestyle and cognition 8. addiction and dementia 9. adenosine 10. adrenal cortex 11. adrenal medulla 12. adrenergic 13. adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) 14. advanced phase sleep syndrome 15. affective disorders and Alzheimer’s disease 16. afferent neuron 17. age-associated memory impairment (AAMI) 18. age demographics in the USA – changes over time 19. aging and antiaging maneuvers 20. aging and metabolic changes 21. aging of Americans 22. aging with a superbrain 23. agitation and Alzheimer’s disease 24. agitation and medication 25. agonist 26. AIDS and dementia 27. alcohol addictions: treatments tried 28. alcohol and dementia 29. alcohol consumption has the following effects: 30. alcohol dependency and life expectancy 31. alcoholism, depression, anxiety, and dementia 32. aluminum and AD (Alzheimer’s disease) 33. Alzheimer’s dementia (AD) 34. Alzheimer’s dementia (AD) and Abeta fragments 35. Alzheimer’s dementia (AD) and early changes in brain chemistry 36. Alzheimer’s dementia and histone deacetylase (HDAC) 37. 38. 39. 40. 41. 42. 43. 44. 45. 46. 47. 48. 49. 50. 51. 52. 53. 54. 55. 56. 57. 58. 59. 60. 61. 62. 63. 64. 65. 66. 67. 68. 69. 70. 71. 72. 73. 74. 75. 76. 77. 78. 79. 80. 81. 82. Alzheimer’s dementia and PET scan Alzheimer’s dementia – anti-amyloid drugs Alzheimer’s dementia – behavior treatment Alzheimer’s dementia – details Alzheimer’s dementia – donepezil (Aricept) versus memantine (Namenda) Alzheimer’s dementia drugs – boom and bust drugs Alzheimer’s dementia – drugs details Alzheimer’s dementia drugs – history Alzheimer’s dementia functioning questions Alzheimer’s dementia – medication considerations Alzheimer’s dementia – progressive symptoms showing decline of brain function Alzheimer’s dementia – purpose Alzheimer’s dementia – questions for helpers Alzheimer’s dementia – stages Alzheimer’s dementia – summary of hypothetical drug treatments based on 12 theoretical causes of AD Alzheimer’s dementia – treatments and tools tried: from simple to complex from speculation to research, from over-the-counter (OTC) and lifestyle changes to research; from early cognitive delay (ECD) to AD Alzheimer’s disease (AD) and depression Alzheimer’s disease (AD) and hepatic metabolism Alzheimer’s disease (AD) and intranasal insulin therapy Alzheimer’s disease (AD) and neuroimaging brain abnormalities Alzheimer’s disease (AD) and the parietal lobes Alzheimer’s disease (AD) biomarkers Alzheimer’s disease (AD), comorbidities(coexisting disorders), and drug cautions Alzheimer’s disease (AD) – cost Alzheimer’s disease (AD) – future treatment hopes Alzheimer’s disease (AD) – list of drugs tried or to be tried Alzheimer’s disease (AD) – late versus early onset Alzheimer’s disease (AD), medications, and the P450 Alzheimer’s disease (AD) – prodromal blood test and MRI changes Alzheimer’s disease (AD) – Rx with high dose donepezil or memantine Alzheimer’s disease (AD) – specific details Alzheimer’s disease (AD) – stages of decline Alzheimer’s disease (AD) – the risk factors Alzheimer’s disease (AD) – treatments tried Alzheimer’s disease – methods of detection Alzheimer’s disease – progression Alzheimer’s disease projection Alzheimer’s disease – tips for caregivers Alzheimer’s drugs – nuances of interest Alzheimer’s risk factors Ambien (zolpidem)and insomnia in Alzheimer’s disease anatomy of memory animal agents of diseases with psychiatric symptoms, possible cognitive dysfunction, and other medical symptoms anticholinergic drugs and Alzheimer’s disease anticholinergics – drugs with anticholinergic properties; dangers in those with Alzheimer’s disease antidepressants and neurogenesis 83. 84. 85. 86. 87. 88. 89. 90. 91. 92. 93. 94. 95. 96. 97. 98. 99. 100. 101. 102. 103. 104. 105. 106. 107. 108. 109. 110. 111. 112. 113. 114. 115. 116. 117. 118. 119. 120. 121. 122. 123. 124. 125. 126. 127. 128. 129. 130. 131. 132. 133. antidepressants, neurotransmitter purity, and dementia antidepressants—SSRIs, neurotransmitters, the P450, and dementia antihistamines antihistamines and dementia antioxidants tried in Alzheimer’s disease (AD) antipain medications, TENS unit, and dementia antipsychotics in dementia anxiety—acute and chronic: biochemistry, anatomy, and dementia anxiety and dementia anxiety, BDNF, and hippocampal volume, and cognition anxiety medications: categories, dementia apathy and Alzheimer’s disease apathy, dopaminergic drugs and cognition ApoE defects and AD (Alzheimer’s disease) apolipoprotein Ee4 allele (ApoE4) ASHD (arteriosclerotic heart disease), stress, and dementia aspirin (ASA) atherosclerosis, dementia, and laboratory findings arthrosclerosis in carotid arteries atherosclerosis in major intracranial arteries atrial fibrillation (AF) and cognitive impairment atypical neuroleptics – off-label use autoimmune diseases, stress, and Alzheimer’s disease autonomic nervous system, beta blockers, and dementia axon Axona baby boomers BDNF (bran-derived neurotropic factor) behavioral memory technique benzodiazepines, addiction, and dementia benzodiazepines—possible contraindication, use in dementia bereavement and dementia best medicine in psychiatry biomarkers for Alzheimer’s disease(AD) bipolar disorder and age bipolar disorder (BP) and cognitive impairment black box warning and dementia blood-brain barrier (BBB) brain and dementia brain areas and dementia brain areas – brain stem brain areas – cerebral hemispheres, four lobes brain areas – diencephalon brain areas – limbic system brain lesions presenting as dementia brain, order, and cognition brain parts and dementia brain parts, brain damage, and mental disorders brain parts, cognition, and emotions brain tumors and psychiatric drugs B vitamin prescription products and Alzheimer’s disease 134. 135. 136. 137. 138. 139. 140. 141. 142. 143. 144. 145. 146. 147. 148. 149. 150. 151. 152. 153. 154. 155. 156. 157. 158. 159. 160. 161. 162. 163. 164. 165. 166. 167. 168. 169. 170. 171. 172. 173. 174. 175. 176. 177. 178. 179. 180. 181. 182. 183. B vitamins caffeine (1, 3, 5-trimethylxanthine)and increased cognition question cancer and dementia cardiovascular disorders (CVD), psychiatric disorders, aspirin, and dementia causes of decreased cognitive functioning in the elderly central nervous system (CNS) and dementia cerebrum and dementia Cerefolin NAC (L-methylfolate [6 (s)-5 MTHF] [Metafolin], methylcobalamin, Nacetylcysteine): nuances of interest in dementia chemical neurotransmission choice cholesterol drugs cholinesterase inhibitors and memantine drug interaction cognition and alcohol cognition and growth hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH) cognition and sleep cognition (decreased) and insomnia cognition, depression, and dementia cognitive – behavioral therapy in early cognitive delay cognitive decline – types with increased age cognitive delay – mini mental screening form cognitive delay – tests for evaluating cognitive dysfunction in the elderly – various etiologies cognitive evaluation tools cognitive functioning tests cognitive enhancement and neurotechnology cognitive impairment mild (mild cognitive impairment) cognitive impairment not dementia (CIND) cognitive impairment of normal aging cognitive impairment of vascular origin (vascular cognitive impairment) cognitive screening questions for dementia: yes or no answers common pathways and cognitive impairment compliance in dementia and other disorders confirmation bias, placebo effect, and Alzheimer’s disease conflict in dementia confusion and dementia constipation in dementia and other disorders coronary artery disease (CAD) coronary artery disease (CAD) risk factors CREB protein (cyclic AMP response element binding protein) and dementia Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD) cytokines and dementia DAT scan decade of the brain decision making and increasing age deep brain stimulation (DBS) history and Alzheimer’s disease delirium delirium and anticholinergic toxicity delirium and dementia compared delirium – psychiatric treatments tried delirium – symptom alert 184. 185. 186. 187. 188. 189. 190. 191. 192. 193. 194. 195. 196. 197. 198. 199. 200. 201. 202. 203. 204. 205. 206. 207. 208. 209. 210. 211. 212. 213. 214. 215. 216. 217. 218. 219. 220. 221. 222. 223. 224. 225. 226. 227. 228. 229. 230. 231. 232. 233. 234. delirium—symptoms, causes, and treatments; distinguishing features for dementia delusion dementia dementia (Alzheimer’s type) – a list of drugs tried dementia (Alzheimer’s type) and PET scan dementia—Alzheimer’s type with depression dementia and agitation dementia and antidepressant discontinuation dementia and antipsychotics (SGAs) dementia, cholinesterase inhibitors, and antipsychotics dementia cost dementia – Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease/CJD specifics dementia – endocrine causes dementia—diagnosis, evaluation, differential, causes, treatments dementia – greatest risk factor dementia – HIV (human immunodeficiency virus) specifics dementia – Huntington’s disease specifics dementia – Lewy body disease (LBD) specifics dementia – nondrug intervention dementia – normal pressure hydrocephalus (NPH) dementia, nursing home residences, and other common diseases dementia – Parkinson’s disease (PD) specifics dementia – (Pick’s disease/frontotemporal) specifics dementia prevalence dementia – rapidly progressive, a differential dementias – anatomical areas involved dementias due to infectious protein (prion) dementias – frequency order dementias – summary dementias – symptoms compared, all have decreased memory dementias – types and percentage dementia – sundowning dementia – symptoms, types, treatments dementia test – Folstein MMSE dementia – vascular specifics dementia versus delirium dementia – vitamin deficiencies – causes dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB) verses AD (Alzheimer’s disease) 18 dementias – symptom differential dendrites depression and 5-HTTLPR (serotonin transporter promoter region) depression and Alzheimer’s disease (AD) depression and BDNF levels and cognition depression and cognitive treatment considerations in seniors depression and dementia depression and dementia late in life depression and dementia risk depression – atypical symptoms depression – cognitive difficulties depression, dementia, and hippocampal volume depression, dementia and natural products 235. 236. 237. 238. 239. 240. 241. 242. 243. 244. 245. 246. 247. 248. 249. 250. 251. 252. 253. 254. 255. 256. 257. 258. 259. 260. 261. 262. 263. 264. 265. 266. 267. 268. 269. 270. 271. 272. 273. 274. 275. 276. 277. 278. 279. 280. 281. 282. 283. 284. 285. depression, glutamate antagonists, dementia, and glutamate partial agonists depression, heart disease, and Alzheimer’s disease depression – medical conditions such as Alzheimer’s disease depression, old age and Alzheimer’s disease (AD) depression, the elderly, and vascular disease diarrhea in dementia differential, all have decreased memory disability – dementia disability form for dementia and other psychiatric maladies discouragement and early cognitive delay disease on the increase and decrease domestic violence (personal and other terrorism/POT) donepezil (Aricept)and Alzheimer’s disease dopamine (D) and apathy effects of dementia dopamine receptor agonists and precursors Down syndrome and AD (Alzheimer’s disease) drug drug clearance drug development phases drug distribution drug half-life drug receptor drugs of abuse in order of probable use with effects on cognition drugs of abuse in the elderly – symptoms of alcohol withdrawal drugs of abuse in the elderly – symptoms of heroin abuse drugs of abuse in the elderly – symptoms of opioid withdrawal drugs of abuse – medical and cognitive complications drugs of abuse: TWEAK test – do you as a senior have an alcohol problem? drugs in development – top 10 areas in 2009 drugs – top ten prescribed by psychiatrists in 2006 dry mouth in the elderly DSM (Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders) – publication dates early cognitive delay avoidance early cognitive delay avoidance with diet early cognitive delay avoidance with exercise early cognitive delay (ECD) early cognitive delay (ECD) – conversion rate to dementia early cognitive delay (ECD) – details early cognitive impairment (ECI) – progression ECT (electroconvulsive therapy) complaints elderly elderly and psychiatric problems electrocardiogram (ECG or EKG) electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) electroencephalogram (EEG) erroneous beliefs and memory decline erroneous beliefs to be challenged in old age European Consortium on Dementia (EURODEM) – risk factors for AD evidence-based medicine (EBM) – a critique extended preclinical phase often precedes AD (Alzheimer’s disease) extrapyramidal side effects of neuroleptics (EPS) 286. 287. 288. 289. 290. 291. 292. 293. 294. 295. 296. 297. 298. 299. 300. 301. 302. 303. 304. 305. 306. 307. 308. 309. 310. 311. 312. 313. 314. 315. 316. 317. 318. 319. 320. 321. 322. 323. 324. 325. 326. 327. 328. 329. 330. 331. 332. 333. 334. 335. extrapyramidal symptoms (EPS) FDA approved drugs for AD fear and dementia first-pass effect of a drug folic acid deficiency folic acid level tests in dementia folic acid metabolite: mechanisms of action in dementia, depression and neuropathy free radicals and dementia frontotemporal dementia (FTD) versus depression functional assessment – minor to major problem in several areas future of psychiatry: six trends with dementia and other mental disorders generic drugs generic drugs versus brand name drugs genes and Alzheimer’s disease genetic and molecular targets for new psychiatric drug development in dementia and other mental disorders genetics – the basics ginkgo biloba glucose regulation, cognitive decline, and AD (Alzheimer’s disease) glutamate – a memory neurotransmitter glutamate antagonists and partial agonists glutamate in various disorders and memory issues grief grief, fatigue and dementia hallucinations, delusions, and dementia happiness infections herpes infection HIV – associated dementia HIV drugs HIV (human immunodeficiency virus) infection HIV – neurocognitive impairment lending to dementia HIV prevalence and dementia HIV tests human agency and dementia Huntington’s dementia triad Huntington’s disease (HD) Huntington’s disease (HD) and pridopidine Huntington’s disease (HD) – dementia hyperparathyroidism hypertension and dementia – early treatment with calcium channel blockers hypothalamic/pituitary/adrenal axis (HPA) imagination inflammation and psychiatric disorders (AD, BP, MDD) inflammation, depression, and Alzheimer’s disease insomnia and dementia insomnia and dementia – interesting data insomnia, chloral hydrate, and the elderly insomnia codes – International Classification of Diseases (ICD) insomnia – costs insomnia, dementia, new hypnotics, and novel hypnotics insomnia, dementia, other mental disorders, neurochemistry, and neurocircuitry 336. 337. 338. 339. 340. 341. 342. 343. 344. 345. 346. 347. 348. 349. 350. 351. 352. 353. 354. 355. 356. 357. 358. 359. 360. 361. 362. 363. 364. 365. 366. 367. 368. 369. 370. 371. 372. 373. 374. 375. 376. 377. 378. 379. 380. 381. 382. 383. 384. 385. 386. insomnia – details of interest insomnia, diphenhydramine, and dementia insomnia: pharmacologic treatments—GABA and other neurotransmitter subunits insomnia – prevalence, the cost, the details, the types, the evaluation, the treatments insomnia – RLS (restless legs syndrome) versus PLMS (periodic leg movements in sleep) involuntary emotional expressive disorder (IEED)and Alzheimer’s disease ketamine and memory loss kindling, Alzheimer’s disease, and other mental disorders knowledge laboratory values: selected ones of interest in psychopharmacology and dementia laughter and cognition in seniors laxatives and dementia lipids and heart disease L-methylfolate and AD L-methylfolate (B9), methylcobalamin (B12), acetylcysteine magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and dementia marijuana, decreased cognition, many other details medical diseases (liver, kidney) and psychiatric medications medical diseases – most frequent in the USA in order medical disorders – most disabling medication and noncompliance Mediterranean dietary pattern (MDP) melancholia and dementia melatonin melatonin and Alzheimer’s disease memantine (Namenda), NMDA antagonism, and (AD) Alzheimer’s disease membranes memory memory and sedative-hypnotics memory and slow-wave sleep memory changes memory improvement questions and exercises memory, neurotransmitters, brain anatomy, and psychopharmacology memory (recent and remote) in Alzheimer’s disease (AD) memory techniques memory types memory storage memory, words, and knowledge mental disorders (National Comorbidity Study Replication) mental illness – causes (genes + epigenetic influences + choices) in dementia metabolism and “first-pas” effect metabolism of drugs Metanx (L-methylfolate 2.8 mg + pyridoxal 0.5 phosphate 2.5 mg + methylcobalamin 2 mg) metformin and cognition methylphenidate and apathy of AD (Alzheimer’s disease) mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and Alzheimer’s dementia (AD) mild cognitive impairment (MCI) – early cognitive delay milieu therapy and dementia Minirth Diet molecular site of action of drugs mood 387. 388. 389. 390. 391. 392. 393. 394. 395. 396. 397. 398. 399. 400. 401. 402. 403. 404. 405. 406. 407. 408. 409. 410. 411. 412. 413. 414. 415. 416. 417. 418. 419. 420. 421. 422. 423. 424. 425. 426. 427. 428. 429. 430. 431. 432. 433. mood changes – medical causes mood stabilizers and pregnancy risks moral treatment history motivation in Alzheimer’s disease MS (multiple sclerosis) drugs multiple sclerosis (MS) and dementia multiple sclerosis (MS) in children – MRI changes at disease onset multiple sclerosis (MS) – nuances of interest multiple sclerosis (MS) – pathologies muscle relaxants in dementia and other medical disorders nacebo NAC (N-acetyl cysteine) and cognition NAC (N-acetyl cysteine) details Namenda XR (memantine HCl extended release capsules and Alzheimer’s disease) natural products – a medley, some with positive cognition enhancing effects natural products of interest in mental health, in cognition, and in memory enhancement natural products – possibly good for health and enhanced cognition natural products – the need natural products—top selling natural products in recent past natural products touted to increase cognition natural products with significant dangers nervous tissue and dementia neurocognitive disorder and DSM5 (Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders – Edition V) neurogenesis and increased cognition neuroimaging of psychiatric issues including Alzheimer’s disease neuroleptics and the elderly neurological examination neurological examinations – details neurological test considerations in movement disorders (sometimes seen in dementias) neuron and dementia neuropathic pain and Alzheimer’s disease neuroplasticity, neurogenesis, and neurocircuitry neuroplasticity – nuances of interest neurotransmitter abnormalities in AD (Alzheimer’s disease) neurotransmitters neurotransmitters – the details in Alzheimer’s disease and more neurotransmitters, receptors, and neuronal function in Alzheimer’s disease and other mental disorders nicotine addiction – neurotransmitters and treatments NMDA (N-methyl-D-aspartate) nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs)and the elderly nonsteroidal medications, GI (gastrointestinal), and CV (cardiovascular) risks from least risks to most risks nostalgia and early cognitive delay (ECD) Nuedexta (dextromethorphan hydrobromide 20 mg, quinidine sulfate 10 mg) and Alzheimer’s disease nutritional deficiencies causing dementia obesity obesity – an addiction or not obesity and binge eating 434. 435. 436. 437. 438. 439. 440. 441. 442. 443. 444. 445. 446. 447. 448. 449. 450. 451. 452. 453. 454. 455. 456. 457. 458. 459. 460. 461. 462. 463. 464. 465. 466. 467. 468. 469. 470. 471. 472. 473. 474. 475. 476. 477. 478. 479. 480. 481. 482. 483. 484. obesity and body mass index (BMI) obesity and cognitive decline obesity and dementia – other nuances of interest obesity, depression, dementia, and food addiction obesity on the increase – Alzheimer’s disease comorbidity obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) and later dementia obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) – cognitive dysfunction obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) – future possible dementia: nuances of interest old age, bereavement, depression, stress, and dementia omega-3 fatty acids (ω-3 fatty acids)and memory omega-3 fatty acids (eicosapentaenoic acid or EPA and docosahexaenoic acid or DHA) – sources omega-3 fatty acids (FAs) – specifics opiates, pain, psychiatry, abuse, and dementia – the details opioids and dementia opioid types opioid use complications including cognitive delay opium history osteoporosis, dementia, and depression oxidative stress and increased aging P450 isoenzyme substrates, inhibitors, and inducers – drug metabolizing P450 metabolic enzyme system – note the (*) for Alzheimer’s disease drugs pain: chronic – in the elderly pain, chronic pain, central nervous system (CNS) pain states pain – dates of prominent opioid pain medications pain – medication choices pain perception, 5HT, and NE spinal pathways pain, pleasure, and the brain pain – selected drugs and TENS units pain types Parkinson dementia causes Parkinsonism or Parkinson’s disease (PD) Parkinsonism, psychiatric disorders, L-dopa, and other treatments of Parkinsonism Parkinson’s disease (PD) – nuances partition coefficient people of psychology and psychiatry – their concepts in memory periodic limb movements during sleep (PLMS) and the elderly peripheral neuropathy (PN) peripheral nervous system (PNS) diagram personality and dementia phantom pain pharmacodynamics pharmacogenomics, Alzheimer’s disease, and much more pharmacokinetic terms and Alzheimer’s disease pharmacology resistance – causes of medication resistance phosphatidylserine photographic memory Pick’s disease (PiD) dementia pineal gland pituitary gland placebo placebo response and the µ-opioid system 485. 486. 487. 488. 489. 490. 491. 492. 493. 494. 495. 496. 497. 498. 499. 500. 501. 502. 503. 504. 505. 506. 507. 508. 509. 510. 511. 512. 513. 514. 515. 516. 517. 518. 519. 520. 521. 522. 523. 524. 525. 526. 527. 528. 529. 530. 531. 532. 533. 534. plasma protein binding of drugs polypharmacy and Alzheimer’s disease polysomnography (PSG) positron emission tomography (PET) and dementia potency potency versus efficacy of drugs prevalence of chronic medical illnesses prognosis in Alzheimer’s disease pseudobulbar affect (PBA) in Alzheimer’s disease: overview and treatments pseudomentia psychiatric assessments in the near future psychiatric diagnosis in the future for dementia psychiatric drugs, the cytochrome P450 enzymes, and Alzheimer’s disease drugs psychiatric manifestations of AD (Alzheimer’s disease) psychiatric medications – helping or hurting memory psychiatric medications – liquid formulations in various disorders including Alzheimer’s disease drugs psychiatrist and Alzheimer’s disease psychiatry and the public psychologist psychopharmacology and dementia psychopharmacology: basic principles in drugs for dementia and comorbid (coexisting) disorders psychopharmacology – drug dosing nuances, doses tried psychosis and dementias psychosis – laboratory considerations psychostimulants psychotherapy – changes in brain structure and increased cognition psychotherapy in dementias and other psychiatric disorders psychotherapy – SPT (supportive psychotherapy) psychotic processes and dementias psychotic symptoms from medical diseases and Alzheimer’s disease (AD) psychiatry QT prolongation on EKG in the elderly quetiapine (Seroquel) ramelteon (Rozerem) in dementia regret Remeron (mirtazipine) REM sleep behavior disorder (RBD) renal disease and psychiatric issues resilience and dementia resources for the elderly restless legs syndrome (RLS) and periodic limb movements (PLM) in Alzheimer’s disease restless legs syndrome (RLS) in the elderly restless legs syndrome (RLS) – nuances of interest restless legs syndrome (RLS), the elderly, and the brain reticular activating system (RAS) retirement, old age, and early cognitive delay Risperdol (risperidone) and dementia rivastigmine (Exelon) and Parkinson’s dementia (PD) routes of drug administration with examples sad affect in early cognitive delay (ECD) 535. 536. 537. 538. 539. 540. 541. 542. 543. 544. 545. 546. 547. 548. 549. 550. 551. 552. 553. 554. 555. 556. 557. 558. 559. 560. 561. 562. 563. 564. 565. 566. 567. 568. 569. 570. 571. 572. 573. 574. 575. 576. 577. 578. 579. 580. 581. 582. 583. 584. 585. Saint John’s wort (hypericum perforatum) SAMe – mechanisms of action in Alzheimer’s disease (AD) SAMe (S-adenosyl-L-methionine) and Alzheimer’s disease (AD) Savella (milnacipran) and pain in the elderly schizophrenia, relapses, and brain volume science scientific research – possible flaws in Alzheimer’s disease research sedative-hypnotics – nuances of interest sedative-hypnotics, opioids, and smoking in older Americans selective serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs) and the elderly selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRI) and the elderly selegiline (Eldepryl) serotonin-dopamine antagonists (SDA’s—atypical neuroleptics) serotonin/norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor (SNRI) seven steps to preserving memory sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) and decreased cognition side effects of drugs with antidepressant effects side effects of psychiatric medications signal transduction sleep sleep and noise sleep apnea sleep apnea and cognition sleep cycles sleep disordered breathing (SDB) and comorbid dementia sleepiness (excessive daytime sleepiness or EDS) sleep hygiene sleep latency sleep questions sleep stages, medications, and various factors sleep, wakefulness –brain nuclei and neurotransmitters sleepiness in daytime – a summary of prevalence, causes, and treatments SNRIs – mechanisms of action soma somatic nervous system somatization special populations SSRI antidepressants and gastrointestinal (GI) bleed SSRI discontinuation syndrome SSRIs and bone loss SSRIs and gastrointestinal (GI) bleeding statins, decreased cholesterol, and depression statistics steroids stimulants and Alzheimer’s disease stress stress and decreased memory stress and eventual effects on the body stress and mental disorders stress chart – how Alzheimer’s disease develops stress circuitry and decreased memory 586. 587. 588. 589. 590. 591. 592. 593. 594. 595. 596. 597. 598. 599. 600. 601. 602. 603. 604. 605. 606. 607. 608. 609. 610. 611. 612. 613. 614. 615. 616. 617. 618. 619. 620. 621. 622. 623. 624. 625. 626. 627. 628. 629. 630. 631. 632. 633. 634. 635. 636. stroke stroke and statins stroke, atherosclerosis, and vascular dementia (VD) stroke, depression and dementia stroke – possible benefits of psychiatric drugs stroke – stress substance abuse – nuances of interest substance P (SP) substance use disorder treatments and dementia avoidance suicide and cholesterol suicide and old age suicide and psychopharmacology sympathetic nervous system symptoms of psychiatric disorders –acronym learning devices symptoms – self-rating report synapse syncope systemic lupus erythematosis (SLE) T3 and receptor numbers TBIs and axonal injury TBI (traumatic brain injury) and insomnia Rx telemedicine telemental health telepsychiatry and Alzheimer’s disease tension headaches testosterone therapeutic alliance aids therapeutic index (TI) thiamine (B1) deficiency – causes TMS – mechanisms of action tobacco tolerance toxins causing dementia traditional categories of psychiatric drugs traumatic brain injury (TBI) traumatic brain injury (TBI) and dementia traumatic brain injury (TBI) – nuances of interest traumatic brain injury (TBI) – possible symptoms traumatic brain injury (TBI) – treatments tried trazodone (Desyrel) trazadone – insomnia treatment resistance tremors Ultram (tramadol) valproate (Depakote, Depakene) valproate – drug interactions valproic acid (Depakote) vascular dementia vayacog vegetative patients and awareness vertigo 637. 638. 639. 640. 641. 642. 643. 644. 645. 646. 647. 648. 649. 650. 651. 652. 653. vitamin D vitamin D, cognitive dysfunction, depression, and AD (Alzheimer’s disease) vitamin D – nuances of interest vitamins volume of distribution (VD) wake system of the brain warnings white matter disorder causes Wilson’s disease wisdom wisdom circuitry withdrawal worry – seven steps to fighting worry zaleplon (Sonata) Zanaflex (tizanidine hydrochloride) Zoloft (sertraline) Zolpidem (Ambien) Appendix A – Vocabulary Word Exercises for Memory Enhancement Vocabulary Words (A to Z) Appendix B – Knowledge Exercises for Memory Enhancement Knowledge Tests for Super Agers Pre-Test History I History II Historical Ages History – Famous People History of Ideas Explorers Dynasties Government Documents Amendments to the United States Constitution Pictures on Coins and Bills World Geography Literature Music Art and Architecture Concepts for Chemistry Biology Neurology and Psychiatry Concepts from Physics Psychology and Memory Improvement English Math Concepts from Physics and Math Reasoning Exercises Judgment Concepts and Exercises Math Exercised Conceptual and Abstract Thinking Exercises Knowledge Review Test Bibliography About the Author