Microbiology Exam #4-Fall 2010
Name________________
Multiple choice. Choose the best answer (2 points each)
1._____Dilation of blood vessels enhances this process which brings immune cells into
the surrounding tissues to fight infection: a) chemotaxis; b) phagosome formation;
c) phagolysosome formation; d) daipedesis; e) degranulation.
2. _____ Which of the following is least related to the action of phagocytic cells?
a) oxygen dependent killing; b) acid hydrolases; c) “respiratory burst”; d) pyrogens;
e) phagolysosome formation.
3.______Inability to form an attack complex which could lyse bacterial pathogens in
your body could be due to a genetic defect that resulted in the inability to produce:
a) histamine; b) pyrogens; c) complement proteins; d) vasoactive amines; e) cytokines.
4. _____The terms lectin, alternative, and classical are associated with this second line of
defense: a) interferon; b) inflammation; c) Toll-like receptors; d) complement;
e) phagocytosis.
5. _____These cell surface molecules are found on the surface of phagocytic cells and
look for PAMPS on other cells: a) MHC I; b) MHC II; c) CD receptors; d) T-cell
receptor; e) TLR (Toll-like-receptors).
6. ____ These substances interact with your hypothalamus and stimulate the defense
mechanism of fever: a) endorphins; b) pathogen associated molecular patterns;
c) vasoactive amines; d) interferons; e) pyrogens.
7. _____Alpha and beta forms of this stimulate neighboring cells to produce antiviral
proteins, resulting in the inhibition of viral replication: a) interferon; b) complement;
c) chemokines; d) cytokines; e) bradykinin.
8._____Which of the following is not true of inflammation? a) it may cause a disease
state; b) it is part of your third line of defense; c) it results in specific signs;
d) vasoactive amines play an important role in this process; e) b and d.
9._____This substance is released from degranulated mast cells and basophils, causes
blood vessel dilation, and is responsible for many of the symptoms associated with
inflammation: a) interferon; b) histamine; c) complement; d) chemokines; e) interlukin I
10.______The most abundant of the granulocytes, it's generally the first leukocyte to
respond during the inflammatory response: a) macrophages; b) monocyte; c) Tlymphocyte; d) B-lymphocyte; e) neutrophil.
11._____Human tissue specific antigens (that are part of a cell's surface) that
differ in their structure from individual to individual: a) cortisol; b) histamines;
c) gamma globulins; d) multi-histocompatibility proteins; e) lymphokines.
12._____Transplant rejection is a result of: a) MHC I incompatability; b) the action of Tcytotoxic cells; c) antibodies that form against the transplanted tissue; d) a and b;
e) b and c.
13._____Which of the following is not associated with light chain B-cell receptors?
a) kappa chains; b) lambda chains, c) variable genes; d) diversity genes; e) joining genes.
14. _____According the Clonal Selection Hypothesis: a) an antigen determines which of
many potential lymphocytes are stimulated to divide; b) all lymphocytes have the same
B-receptor; c) lymphocytes that respond to alloantigens will undergo apoptosis;
d) antigen binding to a committed but immature lymphocyte will cause gene shuffling to
occur; e) immature B-lymphocytes migrate from the bone marrow to a lymph node after
they have been challenged by a specific antigen.
15._____People who suffer from allergic reactions to costume jewelry have skin proteins
with a large molecular weight that bind to the copper metal forming an immunogenic
complex. In this case the skin proteins serve as a(n): a) T-dependent antigen;
b) T-independent antigen; c) hapten; d) antigen presenting cell; e) chemokine.
16. _____The same antigen is found on Group A Streptococcus and the tissue of heart
valve. This type of antigen is referred to as: a) an alloantigen; b) an autoantigen;
c) a T-dependent antigen; d) a T-independent antigen; e) a heterophile antigen.
17. _____ This portion of an antibody molecule determines the effector function of the
antibody and defines which class the antibody belongs to: a) kappa chain; b) light chain;
c) Toll-like receptor; d) Fc region; e) lambda chain.
18._____ As memory cells become activated by antigen, antibody class switching
typically occurs. The class switching involves: a) IGMIGA; b) IGGIGM;
c) IGAIGG; d) IGMIGG; e)IGDIGE.
19._____Opsonins are antibodies that: a) increase diapedesis; b) initiate the complement
cascade; c) enhance phagocytosis; d) a and b are correct; e) all of the above are correct.
20._____Which of the following terms is not associated with B-lymphocytes?
a) committed to a specific antigen; b) plasma cells; c) cell-mediated immunity;
d) antibody secretion; e) “educated” in the bone marrow.
21._____When in its life cycle does a B cell first exhibit its particular surface antibody?
a) after the memory cell giving rise to it divides; b)before it ever encounters an antigen;
c) after it encounters several antigens; d) after it encounters a single antigen; e) before
the stem cell giving rise to it divides.
22._____Which of the following is an example of positive feedback in the immune
system? a) Memory cells proliferate and produce antibodies; b) Cytotoxic cells release
substances that attract macrophages;c) Cells release a cytokine that stimulates these cells
to divide and release more of the cytokine; d) Large antigens with many repeating
antigenic determinant sites can stimulate B cells without the aid of T cells; e) Both a and
b are examples of positive feedback in the immune system.
23._____In which of the following ways do B plasma cells differ from the
B-lymphocytes from which they arise? a) they are able to secrete antibody;
b) they have a more extensive endoplasmic reticulum; c) they lack membrane
receptors for antigens; d)a and b; e) all of the above.
24._____Patching and capping of antigen-antibody complexes is an important initial
event in antigen presentation by these cells: a) macrophages; b) T-lymphocytes;
c) B-lymphocytes; d) stem cells; e) T-killer cells.
25._____The binding of an antigen presenting macrophage to a T-helper cell
stimulates the macrophage to: a) divide; b) produce IL-I; c) produce ILII; d) become MHC class II restricted; e) shuffle its antibody producing genes.
26._____Which of the following statements about cortisols is false? a) they are
used to treat chronic inflammation; b) they can be used as immunosuppressive drugs
following transplant surgery; c) they are produced by the adrenal glands when a person is
under stress; d) they are natural opiates produced when you exercise heavily; e) more
than one of the above.
27._____ Interlukin II is a lymphokine produced by: a) T-helper cells;
b) B-lymphocytes; c) macrophages; d) plasma cells; e) T-cytotoxic cells.
28._____ Which of the following statements are false: a) B-lymphocytes cannot directly
bind free antigen; b) the binding of macrophages and T-helpers causes macrophages to
produce Interlukin I; c) T-helper cells cannot directly bind free antigen; d) Interlukin II
stimulates the division of T-helper cells and T-cytotoxic cells.
29._____ Hydrolysis of para-nitrophenyl phosphate by phosphatase is an important step
in: a) activation of B lymphocytes to produce antibody; b) killing virus infected host
cells by T-killer cells; c) the ELISA test; d) the complement fixation test; e) the
Ouchterlony technique.
30._____ HAT medium is important in: a) the complement fixation test; b) the
Ouchterlony precipitation test; c) the production of monoclonal antibodies; d) the
ELISA test
31._____ At the conclusion of the complement fixation test, the technician observes
whether: a) red blood cells undergo lysis; b) precipitates of toxin form; c) phagocytosis
increases in rate; d) lymph nodes of the patient swell; e) animals live or die.
32._____ The identification of a virus in a tissue sample using purified antibodies (that
react with that antigen in a specific fashion) is referred to as: a) complement fixation;
b) the Ouchterlony technique; c) serotyping; d) an ELISA test; e) viral hemagluttination.
33. _____Treatment of breast cancer with the drug Herceptin relies on this type of
technology: a) antibody induced cell toxicity; b) killing by oxidation; c) monoclonal
antibodies; d) the complement cascade; e) perforin and granzymes.
34. (3 points each). Agree or disagree with the following statements
A. The four signs of inflammation can be attributed to the action of chemicals produced
following tissue damage that interact with blood vessels.
B. If Paul Ehrlich could be raised from the dead, he would probably “toast” the
discovery of monoclonal antibodies.
C. IG-E antibodies are involved in allergic reactions.
Bonus (3 points).
What is the relationship between NOD proteins and PAMPS?
35. (9 points) Referring to the structure of antibody molecules and the genes that code for
antibodies, explain the process by which stem cells give rise to a population of billions of
different types of B-lymphocytes, each which produces a unique antibody (realizing that
stem cells have less than 400 total genes that code for antibody molecules).
36. (8 points) Describe the sequence of events and the outcomes that occur when a Blymphocyte presents an antigen to a T-helper cell, which has already been activated by a
macrophage. Describe the cellular, chemical, and receptor interactions that take place
and the results of those interactions.
37. (8 points) Describe the consequences to the immune response if foreign antigens
associated with a virulent pathogen do not successfully challenge B lymphocytes to
produce antibody (what antibody mediated pathogen elimination mechanisms are
compromised if this happens).