ONTARIO FIRE COLLEGE TFPS LESSON PLAN
DATE:
INSTRUCTOR:
TOTAL TIME:

Cognitive learning: 2 hours

Psychomotor learning: 3.5 hours
LEARNING OUTCOME(S):

The learner will be able to:

List conditions requiring respiratory protection.
ESTIMATED TIME:

Explain ways that smoke harms the body.

Describe the effects of oxygen deficiency and toxic gases on the human body.

List the legal requirement(s) for use of self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA).

Describe the limitations of SCBA.

Identify the physical requirements of an individual wearing an SCBA.

Describe methods for conserving air at the emergency scene.

Identify the common types of SCBA used in the fire service.

Name the components of the SCBA used in the fire service.

Given a specific piece of equipment, list and describe various tools as well as inspection and cleaning methods used to return the equipment back to service.

Given manufacturer recommendations, departmental guidelines, tools, and cleaning materials, demonstrate the ability to properly clean, inspect, and service tools and equipment.

Identify the donning procedures for an SCBA.

Demonstrate the ability to don an SCBA and activate the system within 1 minute.

Identify the proper uses of SCBA.
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ONTARIO FIRE COLLEGE TFPS LESSON PLAN

Demonstrate proper breathing techniques while wearing an SCBA.

Demonstrate the ability to maneuver through restricted passages while wearing an SCBA.

List the five steps that can lead to an organized rapid escape.

List the three steps that should be taken when entrapment occurs.

Explain emergency procedures that responders take when an air supply is depleted.

Given a situation and specified SCBA malfunction, list self-preservation and emergency actions.

Given a situation involving a specified SCBA malfunction, demonstrate self-preservation and emergency actions.

Demonstrate rescue techniques for locating and removing a downed firefighter with a functioning SCBA.

Demonstrate rescue techniques for locating and removing a downed firefighter with a malfunctioning SCBA.

List and describe proper use of cleaning solvents.
 Describe the proper manufacturers’ or departments’ procedures for tool and equipment cleaning.

Demonstrate proper exchange of an SCBA air cylinder.

Demonstrate air conservation techniques.

Identify methods rescuers can use to minimize the psychological effects they may experience while operating in limited visibility.
APPLICABLE SECTION 21 GUIDANCE NOTES & SAFETY NOTE
Remember as the T/F you are a supervisor for this work period and will observe and enforce all appropriate health and safety measures for you lesson participants.
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ONTARIO FIRE COLLEGE
NOTE(S) #
04-09
PRESENTATION
LESSON OUTLINE
GUIDANCE NOTE NAME / SAFETY NOTE
Respiratory Protection
TFPS LESSON PLAN
ESTIMATED TIME:
TEACHING AIDS
A.
Failure to use the SCBA properly can result in injury or death.
B.
Respiratory system is extremely vulnerable.
C.
Fire departments must have a mask rule.
D.
Wear and use SCBA in IDLH atmosphere.
E.
SCBA is necessary even during exterior defensive operations.
F.
Any inhaled toxic gas can directly cause disease of the lung tissue.
G.
One in 12 firefighters is injured in the line of duty each year.
H.
Smoke inhalation accounts for 18 percent of fatalities .
1.
1.
2.
INTRODUCTION
21 percent of fireground injuries
CONDITIONS REQUIRING RESPIRATORY PROTECTION
A.
Oxygen deficiency
B.
High temperatures
C.
Smoke or by-products of combustion
D.
Toxic environments
E.
Oxygen-deficient environments
Fire consumes oxygen. a) Produces toxic gases b) Displaces or dilutes oxygen
Oxygen concentrations below 19.5 percent are oxygen-deficient
Slide 2 - 4
Estimated Time: 10 minutes
Slide 5
Estimated Time: 15 minute s
Page 180
Slide 6 & 7
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ONTARIO FIRE COLLEGE TFPS LESSON PLAN
3.
a) b) c)
F.
1.
2.
3.
a) b) c)
4.
G.
1.
2.
3.
4.
a) b) c) d) atmospheres.
Affects on the human body
Muscular impairment
Mental confusion
Death
Elevated temperatures
Respiratory system sensitive to temperature
Air temperatures as low as 74°C (165°F) can cause death within one minute.
Inhaling gases causes:
Pulmonary edema
Asphyxiation
Long-term damage
Temperatures in structure fire reach 540° to 1,300°C (1,000° to
2,400°F) a) One unprotected breath will cause death or severe damage to respiratory system.
Smoke
Unburned products of combustion, particles of carbon, tar, associated gases
Large amounts of gases due to use of plastics
Inhalation of small amounts may be fatal.
Four causes of damage by smoke
Asphyxiation
Chemical irritation
Chemical asphyxiation
Any combination of these
Slide 9
Slide 8
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ONTARIO FIRE COLLEGE
EFFECTS OF TOXIC GASES AND TOXIC ENVIRONMENTS
A.
Combustion produces toxic gases and irritants.
1.
Affect short- and long-term health
B.
When combustion products combine, they may form lethal toxins.
C.
Some common gases affect circulatory system.
D.
Commercial occupancies may produce additional toxins.
1.
Requires higher level of protection
E.
Carbon monoxide
1.
Produced in great quantity during combustion process: one of the most lethal gases found in a fire
2.
3.
4.
Colorless and odourless, always present
Found in homes with defective furnaces, clogged chimneys
CO attaches to red blood cells and prevents oxygen from bonding with hemoglobin.
Effects are compounded through repeated exposure. 5.
F.
Hydrogen cyanide
1.
Colorless and produced by combustion of natural materials as well as synthetics
2.
Can be present long before ignition temperature of material is reached a) Off-gassing or quantitative decomposition
3.
Difficult to detect in the body a) Very short half-life
4.
Significantly compounded when combined with carbon monoxide
TFPS LESSON PLAN
Slide 10 - 12
Estimated Time: 10 minutes
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ONTARIO FIRE COLLEGE TFPS LESSON PLAN
A.
1.
B.
C.
1.
a) b)
2.
a)
3.
a)
LEGAL REQUIREMENTS FOR SELF-CONTAINED
BREATHING APPARATUS USE
Common sense: use SCBA on every fire scene
Start to finish
Regulations developed for SCBA use
Organizations established regulations and standards
Many Provincial Health and Safety regulations identify CSA Z94.4-02 as the minimum requirement for the selection CSA Z94.4, Sec 5.7.
Establishes standards for all entries into IDLH atmospheres
CSA Z94.4-02 references structural firefighting
6.3.2.4.2 IDLH Atmospheres
Minimum service time of 15 min, shall be used for entry into IDLH atmospheres
6.3.2.4.3 Escape from IDLH Atmospheres
Fire departments are responsible for providing a safe, healthy work environment. b) Fighters have a duty to understand and follow regulations and operating
D.
1.
2.
3.
a) b) procedures.
NFPA 1500: Standard on Fire Department Occupational Safety and
Health Program
Authority having jurisdiction (AHJ) must adopt the standard for the fire department.
Workplace Safety and Health
Three additional standards
NFPA 1404: minimum requirements for protection programs
NFPA 1981: design and performance criteria
Slide 13
Estimated Time: 5 minutes
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ONTARIO FIRE COLLEGE c) NFPA 1982: standards on PASS
LIMITATIONS OF SELF-CONTAINED BREATHING
APPARATUS
A.
Understand limitations to use unit effectively and safely.
B.
Limitations of the SCBA unit itself
1.
Size, weight, air supply
C.
Psychological limitations of the user
D.
SCBA design and size
1.
SCBA units add weight and bulk to PPE.
2.
SCBA cylinder consumed more quickly than length of time rated for. a) Limits advance into building b) More frequent crew rotations
3.
Other concerns a) Restricted visibility b) Added weight and bulk c) Firefighter’s voice muffled d) Limited air quantity
E.
Limitations of the SCBA user
1.
Physical, mental, emotional state cause usage problems a) Physical limitations: added weight and bulk b) Psychological limitations
(1) Lack of confidence in SCBA unit
(2) Physical stress and anxiety
(3) Emotional conditions
2.
Air supply management a) Must understand air consumption rates b) Individual point of no return
TFPS LESSON PLAN
Slide 14 - 17
Estimated Time: 15 minutes
Page 187
Slide 18 & 19
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ONTARIO FIRE COLLEGE c) Heads up display (HUD) d) 10-10-10 rule
3.
Various methods of breathing take experimentation on the part of the firefighter. a) Use normal breaths and exhale slowly. b) Never hold breath. c) Controlled breathing is most efficient use of air.
TYPES OF SELF-CONTAINED BREATHING APPARATUS
A.
Two types of SCBA
1.
Open-circuit SCBA a) Exhaled air is vented to outside atmosphere. b) Most common
2.
Closed-circuit SCBA a) Exhaled air stays in the system for filtering, cleaning, circulation. b) Sometimes used for specialized rescue incidents
B.
Open-circuit self-contained breathing apparatus
1.
Designed and built in accordance with NIOSH and NFPA standards
2.
Four basic assembly components a) Backpack and harness b) Cylinder c) Regulator
TFPS LESSON PLAN
Slide 20
Estimated Time: 15 minutes
Page 189
Slide 21
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ONTARIO FIRE COLLEGE
2.
3.
4.
d) Face piece assembly
C.
Closed-circuit self-contained breathing apparatus
1.
Not used for firefighting operations
Most common use: hazardous materials incidents
Air supplies range from 30 minutes to four hours.
Contain cylinder, filter system, regulator, and valves
5.
Clean and filter exhaled breath and add oxygen. a) Air supply duration based on filtering/cleaning and oxygen capacity of unit
D.
Open-circuit supplied air respirators
1.
Open-circuit supplied air respirators (SARs) a) Also called airline respirators b) Remote air supply
2.
Commonly used for hazardous materials incidents a) Confined space rescues
3.
Long-duration air supply with mobility and agility
4.
SCBA escape unit with five to ten minutes
2.
DONNING AND DOFFING SELF-CONTAINED BREATHING
APPARATUS
A.
Most common donning procedures
1.
Seat-mounted position in the apparatus
Side compartment on the apparatus
3.
Storage case
B.
Refer to manufacturers’ instructions
C.
General considerations
1.
2.
Operational safety checks must be performed
Conducted on a daily or regular basis
TFPS LESSON PLAN
Slide 22 & 23
Estimated Time: 20 minutes
Page 200
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ONTARIO FIRE COLLEGE a) Immediately prior to using the SCBA unit
3.
If any component does not operate properly or is damaged, unit taken out of service immediately
D.
Storage case
1.
Two methods to don units stored in their cases a) Over the head b) Coat
2.
3.
Choice is a matter of personal preference and training.
Refer to donning instructions for the particular SCBA unit.
E.
Seat-mounted apparatus
1.
Allows for quick donning
2.
Unit readily available for regular inspection
Three important safety requirements 3.
a) Storing of the face piece b) Donning the unit while vehicle is moving c) Checking the cylinder gauge
4.
5.
Never don while vehicle is in motion.
Check gauge before response or use the buddy system.
F.
Compartment or side-mounted apparatus
1.
2.
3.
Similar to seat-mounted position except firefighter is standing
If mount bracket wrong height, use “coat” method.
Follow donning methods for particular mounting style.
G.
Donning the SCBA face piece
1.
Most SCBA face pieces donned in a similar manner a) Difference in style of head straps, regulator location
2.
3.
Essential to protect firefighter from toxic gases
Firefighter must be fitted for the face piece to be used with a particular manufacturer’s SCBA.
TFPS LESSON PLAN
Slide 24
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ONTARIO FIRE COLLEGE
4.
Prohibit anything that may interfere with proper fit and seal of face piece. a) Examples: eye glasses, beards, sideburns
H.
Removing/doffing the SCBA unit
1.
Generally to remove SCBA, donning procedure is reversed.
3.
4.
5.
2.
If awaiting another assignment, remove face piece. a) Allow normal breathing, conserve air.
Do not wear the mask without air flowing into it.
Regulator or face piece must not be contaminated.
After assignment complete, report to rehabilitation.
1.
2.
SELF-CONTAINED BREATHING APPARATUS OPERATION
AND EMERGENCY PROCEDURES
A.
Fire departments must establish respiratory protection programs.
B.
Firefighters must be proficient in the safe use of SCBA.
Donning and doffing procedures
Individual limitations
3.
Limitations of SCBA unit
C.
Safe use of SCBA
1.
Essential to firefighter survival
SCBA unit and protective equipment add weight and bulk. 2.
a) Increased exertion and loss of body fluids
3.
Firefighters must be aware of symptoms of heat stress. a) Be aware of own limitations and abilities.
TFPS LESSON PLAN
Slide 25
Slide 26
Estimated Time: 15 minutes
Page 208
Slide 27
Slide 28
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ONTARIO FIRE COLLEGE
D.
Operating in a hostile environment
1.
General rules a) Check in with accountability officer when entering or exiting. b) Remain low, check the environment and conditions. c) Never remove the face piece, maintain an awareness of location. d) Ventilate as you advance if it does not spread fire. e) Check for outside openings. f) Maintain direct contact with other team members. g) Never enter a hostile environment alone.
E.
Restricted openings
1.
Probe tight spot with a tool.
2.
Be sure conditions on other side of obstacle are safe.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Shift pack to left side.
“Swim” through obstacle backwards.
“Forward dive” technique
Do not remove SCBA unless absolutely necessary.
F.
Emergency procedures
1.
Emergency procedures exist to assist a firefighter in safe escape from hazard.
2.
Remain calm, rely on training and knowledge.
3.
4.
Never remove the face piece of the SCBA.
Standard emergency check procedure stressed
5.
If entangled, do not pull forward. a) Use wire cutters to cut one wire at a time. b)
“Swim” method
TFPS LESSON PLAN
Slide 29 & 30
Slide 30 & 31
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ONTARIO FIRE COLLEGE
INSPECTION AND MAINTENANCE OF SELF-CONTAINED
BREATHING APPARATUS
A.
Inspection on daily or regular basis
B.
Always follow manufacturer’s instructions.
C.
Procedures in this chapter may differ from the recommendation.
D.
Daily maintenance
1.
SCBA units should be checked daily.
2.
If used during emergency scene or training exercise, the unit should be serviced in same manner.
3.
Follow 10-step inspection procedure.
E.
Monthly maintenance
1.
Monthly SCBA check contains all elements of the daily check. a) Adds several checks of mechanics of system
2.
Irregularities noted and repaired or pull SCBA from service
F.
Annual and biannual maintenance
1.
2.
NIOSH and SCBA manufacturers require different functional tests of
SCBA units.
Only manufacturer’s authorized or trained service personnel shall conduct these tests.
3.
Firefighters should refer to the instructions for the SCBA units used.
G.
Changing SCBA cylinders
1.
Cylinders changed after use, following local SOPs
2.
Cylinder 90 percent full could mean loss of two to five minutes of air
TFPS LESSON PLAN
Slide 33
Slide 35
Estimated Time:
10 minutes
Page 205
Demonstrate daily inspection (explain this is to be done before donning)
Slide 34
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ONTARIO FIRE COLLEGE TFPS LESSON PLAN a) Could make the difference in successful exit
3.
4.
supply.
Follow 12-step replacement procedure
Additional steps for two-person SCBA cylinder replacement
H.
Servicing SCBA cylinders
1.
Cylinder serviced when below full a) Air source must be tested and certified. b) All cylinders must have a current hydrostatic test date. c) All fill stations must have fragmentation containment devices. d) All manufacturers’ recommendations should be followed. e) Fill rate may vary.
2.
Cascade system
Compressor/purifier system
LESSONS LEARNED
A.
SCBA unit is to a firefighter what a weapon is to a soldier.
B.
No substitute for proper SCBA training
1.
Continued practice and advanced training necessary
C.
Prevent failures: Thoroughly inspect and test SCBA function as often as possible.
Slide 36 & 37
Slide 38
Estimated Time: 5 minutes
D.
Firefighters must be prepared to go in harm’s way .
1.
Be knowledgeable and proficient in use of SCBA.
SUMMARY:

SCBA is one of the most important items of PPE that firefighters have available to them.

An increase in safety regulations and improvements in design and construction of SCBA have greatly increased their safety and reliability.
TEACHING AIDS
Page 14

ONTARIO FIRE COLLEGE TFPS LESSON PLAN

An SCBA has limitations, and increases the limitations and demands on the firefighter’s physical conditioning.

The firefighter must be familiar and comfortable with the use, emergency procedures, inspection, and maintenance of an SCBA.

The firefighter must be proficient in the proper and rapid procedures for donning and doffing SCBA.
ANY QUESTIONS? OR AREAS YOU WISH ME TO REVIEW?
APPLICATION & TEST:
Clelebration of Knowledge before next Session
ASSIGNMENT:
Read Chapter 5 Pages 180 to 214 of Essentials of Fire Fighting 5 th Edition
ESTIMATED TIME:
25Mins
REFERENCE MATERIALS:

Essentials of Fire Fighting 5 th Edition
 Canadian Firefighter’s Handbook:
Firefighting and Emergency Response .

Individual manufacturers’ operating instructions for assigned breathing apparatus

NFPA 1500, Standard on Fire
Department Occupational Safety and
Health Program, National Fire Protection
Association, Quincy, MA, 2007
TRAINING AIDS REQUIRED:

Instructional outline

Required references

Recommended references (if applicable)

PowerPoint presentation

Equipment required to run PowerPoint presentation

PowerPoint presenter

Chalkboard/whiteboard or easel pad

Chalk or markers
Page 15

ONTARIO FIRE COLLEGE TFPS LESSON PLAN

NFPA 1404, Standard for a Fire

SCBA with spare cylinder
Department SCBA Program, National Fire

PASS device
Protection Association, Quincy, MA, 2006

NFPA 1981, Standard on Open-Circuit
SCBA for the Fire Service, National Fire
Protection Association, Quincy, MA, 2007
Page 16