Mars
Hill
Wildlife
Management Area (WMA)
Management Plan
Ecosystem Management
[ENVR 4050 K01, GEOG 4050 K01]
GROUP MEMBERS:
Melinda Kin
Leah Montsion
Riley Unger
Chris Hay
Karen Price
University of Manitoba
Clayton H Riddell
Faculty of Environment, Earth and Resources
Department of Environment and Geography
Table of Contents
Executive Summary ................................................................................................................. 3
Acknowledgments.................................................................................................................... 4
Part One: Mars Hill’s Role as a Wildlife Management Area .................................... 5
1.1 Site Description.............................................................................................................. 5
1.2 Ecology and the Species at Risk .............................................................................. 5
1.3 Primary and secondary stakeholders .................................................................. 6
1.4 Economic activities and traditional uses for the Wildlife Management
Area ............................................................................................................................................ 7
Part Two: Management Strategy Overview, Goals and Objective ....................... 9
2.1 Vision.................................................................................................................................. 9
2.2 Boundary distinction ................................................................................................... 9
2.3 Goals and Objectives ................................................................................................. 10
Natural Values Management ..................................................................... 10
Human Uses Management ......................................................................... 10
Part Three: Management Implementation and Measurements ........................ 10
3.1 Implementation and Measurements indicators............................................ 10
3.2 Funding Options ......................................................................................................... 21
Appendix ................................................................................................................................... 23
References ................................................................................................................................ 25
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Executive Summary
The purpose of this document is to propose a management strategy for the Mars Hill Wildlife
Management Area. The long-term vision for this management plans are to primarily maintain and
improve ecological integrity of the wildlife management area while facilitating compatible human
uses. Currently there is no management strategy in place, and the province of Manitoba has so far
implemented a default ‘management plan’ according to ICUN IV protection category. Because of
the lack of a clear management strategy; certain human elements have taken advantage of the
WMA which poses a risk to the ecological integrity to the WMA.
The following proposal is divided into 3 parts:
Mars Hill’s role as a Wildlife Management Area
This section provides a description of the Mars Hill Wildlife Area and lists the various ecological,
social and environmental attribute associated with the WMA. This section provides a factual and
scientific background for the WMA. Relevant stakeholders and their concerns can be found in this
section. Lastly economic activities and traditional uses for the WMA are listed here.
Management Strategy Overview, Goals and Objective
The proposal’s management goals and objectives are listed in this section. Areas of concern range
from natural ecological concerns to how the recreational use of the WMA should be accomplished
or balanced.
Natural Value goals focus mainly on biodiversity and wildlife protection. Most notably, this
proposal will focus on the monitoring and assessment of the species at risk; Eastern Whip-poorwill (Antrostomus vociferus) and American Bugseed (Corispermum americanum). Overall the plan
will aim to improve overall habitat quality for all the species that reside within the WMA, through
protection strategies or attempting to reduce ecological threats.
The human use goals are more diverse. The goals cover issues and concerns that range from
stakeholders considerations, to how the space should be used and to who should be allowed to
use it and lastly, introducing the prohibition of certain undesirable behaviours and activities that
occurs within the WMA.
Management Implementation and Measurements
This section comprises the majority of this document. A significant portion of this section is
dedicated to outlining and detailing the management plan’s goals and objectives. Furthermore this
section explores how the desired goals and objectives could be achieved and most importantly,
how to measure the changes to determine if management plan has made a positive contribution to
the ecological integrity to the Mars Hill WMA. Lastly this document will consider some funding
options to cover many of the costs that will be associated with the many proposed changes.
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Acknowledgments
The authors of this document would like to give full recognition to the following people
who have been essential in contributing valuable input to the contents of this document:
 Erin McCance; University of Manitoba
 C-Jae Breiter: University of Manitoba
 Peggy Kasuba; Founder; Mars Hill Forest Alliance
 Dennis Brannen; Biologist; Manitoba Conservation and Water Stewardship
 Carolyn Litnott; Recreation Chair; Manitoba Horse Council
This management plan is the result of a collaborative group effort. Throughout the term,
each group member has focused on what individual strengths we can offer to the plan and
have worked together on summaries and presentations as well as the final management
plan proposal. More detailed information outlining each group member’s roles during this
process is listed below:

Melinda Kin: Economic activities and traditional uses of the WMA, All-Terrain
Vehicle (ATVs) goals, objectives, measures and implementation strategy, and the
assembly/organization of final document

Leah Montsion: Introduction, species at risk table, ecology section (wildlife),
protection of species at risk (goal, objective, implementation, grants), elimination
of illicit and nuisance activities (goals, objectives and implementations)

Riley Unger: Stakeholder section (goals, objectives and implementation)

Christopher Hay: Outlining WMA boundary and buffer zone (map/ boundaries),
vegetation/non-wildlife components for ecology (goal, objective, implementation)

Karen Price: Implementation/Modification of trail system within the WMA section,
elimination of illicit and nuisance activities (illegal dumping section) and
assembly/organization of final presentation.
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Part One: Mars Hill’s Role as a Wildlife Management Area
The Mars Hill Wildlife Management Area is an IUCN Category IV area, meaning that habitat and
species management are the top priorities. This categorization ensures that specific species or
habitats within the management area receive continuous protection compared to the natural land
surrounding it (ICUN 2013).
This management plan was created in 2013 as part of the Ecosystem Management course at the
University of Manitoba. The creation of our objectives was guided by the overall idea of
maintaining ecological integrity and facilitating compatible human uses. This plan will discuss
important stakeholders and the history of the area. The plan will outline a vision for the area, and
accomplish it with goals that include: increasing knowledge and management of biodiversity,
protecting species at risk, monitoring for invasive species, increasing stakeholder involvement,
implementing new trails, controlling motorized vehicle activity, eliminating illicit activities and
finally improving management of authorized activities.
1.1 Site Description
Mars Hill Wildlife Management Area (WMA) is a designated conservation area currently managed
by Manitoba Conservation, with full public access. It is located approximately 70 kilometers
northeast of Winnipeg and has an area of 3,315 hectares (Manitoba Conservation 2013).
The Mars Hill WMA is classified as an end-moraine ridge and is a unique area in the region, being
hilly and elevated above the surrounding Agassiz clay plain. Vegetation is not well rooted, and the
area itself is environmentally sensitive due to its light, sandy soil. The Mars Hill WMA consists of a
few scattered bog areas across the lowland, open meadows containing an abundance of
wildflowers, as well as tall-grass prairie grassland areas. Mars Hill is home to numerous mammal
species. Ecologically, this WMA provides important habitat for large mammals and is recognized
as one of the top birding sites in Manitoba.
1.2 Ecology and the Species at Risk
There are a number of different community types in the WMA (Appendix B). Mixedwood forest
make up the majority of the land cover, with aspen and jack pine forests covering most of the
remaining areas. Black spruce is represented only in a small, low-lying area near the Libau Bog
border. Grasslands make up a small total area and are scattered throughout the WMA in fragments
of varying quality (McMahon et al., 2000).
This WMA provides important habitat for mammals such as; White-tailed deer, black beer and
wolves (a more compressive list can be found in Appendix B). The WMA is recognized as being
one of the top birding sites in Manitoba due to the fact that a variety of Neotropical birds that
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migrate, nest and raise their young in the area. There are seventy-eight different bird species
found within the wildlife area, and the Migratory Bird Treaty Act legally protects two of the
species found (McMahon et al., 2000).
It has been confirmed that two species at risk currently reside in the WMA. These species are of
interest because their habitats require special management action that will be addressed further
in management proposal.
Eastern Whip-poor-will (Antrostomus vociferus)
 IUCN Red List: Least Concern
 COSEWIC: Threatened
 Manitoba Endangered Species Act: Threatened status
American Bugseed (Corispermum americanum)
 S2 imperilled status in Manitoba
1.3 Primary and secondary stakeholders
Below is a list of stakeholders, whom have interests, issues and concerns with regards to the
Wildlife Management area.
Primary Stakeholders
Brokenhead Reserve
Use the WMA for hunting, and collection medicinal plants with the occasionally use for
ceremonial purposes.
Brokenhead Riders All-Terrain Vehicle Club
Area is extensively used for off-road vehicle use, and recreational use.
Brokenhead Trail Blazers Snowmobile Club
Area is extensively used as part of a popular snowmobile trail network
Local Residents (from nearby Beausejour, Lac Du Bonnet and Selkirk Communities)
Many people use the area for recreation. Also, there has been concern over damage done to
farmer’s fields when ATV riders drive to the area.
Manitoba Conservation
Are the official managers of the Mars Hill WMA. As part of its ‘Protected Areas Initiative’,
Manitoba Conservation’s goal is to balance the environmental, social, and economic needs of
the area.
Mars Hill Forest Alliance (MHFA)
A conservation group that wants to protect the forest in Mars Hill. MHFA are particularly
concerned with damage caused by ATV’s.
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Secondary Stakeholders
Brokenhead Fish & Game Association
125 members use the area for hunting and fishing. ATVs are used to remove their kill from
the landscape, but the slow pace with which they drive insignificantly impacts the WMA.
Manitoba Horse Council
Horse owners use the WMA for; trail riding, equine conditioning, preparation for
competitions, competitions and fun activities.
Mars Sand Hills Golf Course and Resort
Local business that is dependent upon the tourism to the region.
Sandhill Pines Campground & RV Park
Local business that is dependent upon the tourism generated by the WMA.
The Department of National Defense
Uses the area for survival and winter camping training programs
Trails Manitoba
The 110 km Red River North Trail crosses through Mars Sand Hills.
Rural Municipality of Brokenhead
Local community that may have a vested interest in the WMA
1.4 Economic activities and traditional uses for the Wildlife
Management Area
The WMA has historically been identified as a space for both conservation and recreational
enjoyment. Prior to 1990, the area was classified as an ‘extensive recreational area and mineral
extraction area’. In the early 1980s recreational use of the land began and in the late 1990s the
WMA was established (McMahon et al., 2000).
According to the Use of Wildlife Lands Regulation [77/99] section 23.1 of
The Wildlife Act [C.C.S.M .c. W130]:
23.1 Mars Hill Wildlife Management Area
No person shall engage in
(a) Hydro-electric exploration or development;
(b) Logging or commercial forest harvesting;
(c) Mineral exploration or extraction; or
(d) Any other activity that significantly and adversely affects habitat;
[I]n the following portions of the Mars Hill Wildlife Management Area;
(e) in Township 14, Range 7 East and being the north half of Section 19, the north half of
the north half of the southwest quarter, the northwest quarter and the east half of Section
20, legal subdivision 15 and the northwest quarter of Section 21, the south half of the
north half and the south half of Section 29, and the east half of Section 30;
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Other historical economic activities include (McMahon et al., 2000):
Commercial activities
 Agriculture
Historically, agricultural operations proved to be ineffective and economically unproductive. The
natural features, of the WMA are agriculturally incompatible. The poor soil quality is ‘loose’, and
lacks the necessary nutrients needed to sustain a profitable crop harvest. Furthermore there is
insufficient moisture retention capacity within the WMA. The few available small water collection
sites function as ‘watering holes’ for residing wildlife species but does not function as an essential
ecological service. A significant ‘water body’ resides in the Northwestern section of the area in the
form of a ‘peat bog complex’. However this bog should be regarded as an unreliable source for
agricultural irrigation or (drinking) water purification intentions (Tyler, 1988).
 Forestry
Commercial opportunities are few and restricted within the WMA. The area is dominated by
‘Softwood’ tree species. Effectively the WMA could only support local subsistence forestry
activities to meet local demands.
 Mining
Mining and gravel extractive activities had historically taken place within the area. In 1988, the
area was classified as an ‘Extensive Recreational Are and Mineral Extraction Area”. Several
depleted gravel pits in the WMA have been rehabilitated, while others continue to be mined. At
present there are 13 gravel extraction areas that have undergone a natural rehabilitation process.
 Manitoba Hydro
Currently there are hydro transmission lines located in the southern sector of the WMA. These
transmission lines are part of the Manitoba Hydro Pointe du Bois generation station operations
located on the Winnipeg River. The Mars Hill WMA is also part of the environmental assessment
area for the Pointe du Bois Spillway Replacement Project.
 Hunting, trapping and gathering
Traditional economic activities of hunting, trapping of wildlife and gathering of plants and berries
are permitted within the WMA. Popular game include; wild boar, deer, moose and grouse. The
hunting of certain species (At Risk or Threatened) is restricted as permitted per provincial
legislation; The Wildlife Act or federal hunting regulations.
Recreational activities
 Walking/Hiking/Trails/Skiing
The WMA offers an extensive network of seasonal trails and bush road. The WMA presents an
opportunity to connect with nature, bird watching, learn and observe natural processes or
experience an educational environmental space in the summer and fall seasons. In the winter and
early spring seasons; cross country skiing occurs within the WMA trail network
 Equestrian trails
Equestrian riders have historically used the area for horse riding. Prior to the area’s designation
as a WMA, the area was extensively used as a popular horse trail.
 Motorised vehicle usage
When motorised vehicles were first introduced to the commercial market in the 1970s and 1980s,
it was never conceived nor considered that these vehicles would have a significant impact within
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the WMA. Snowmobiling is still a popular activity within the area. The introduction and increased
popularity of All-Terrain-Vehicles (ATVs) has since placed an ecological pressure within the WMA
(Broatch 2011).
Part Two: Management Strategy Overview, Goals and Objective
2.1 Vision
Mars Hill WMA was established to maintain its unique diversity of wildlife and has a history of
human usage. Therefore the long-term vision for the management plans is to primarily maintain
and improve ecological integrity of the wildlife management area, and secondarily facilitate
compatible human uses.
2.2 Boundary distinction
This management plan is based on two boundaries: the WMA area of jurisdiction (34km 2) and a
wider management boundary (126km2) (as found in Appendix A). The wider buffer of
approximately two miles contains adjacent continuous wild lands, including the Mars Sand Hills
Resort and Golf Course, Libau Bog Ecological Reserve, and a privately owned campground area.
There are several reasons why the buffer area only includes lands of natural vegetation and why
the buffer is two miles wide. The landscape of the area surrounding the WMA consists mostly of
either croplands or land retained in a more natural state (for cattle grazing or private values).
These uses are fairly easy to distinguish using satellite imagery. While croplands management
may be related to some of our plans (eg. invasive species control), they largely are not involved as
much as natural lands (which would have similar wildlife habitat to that within the WMA and face
similar management concerns such as trail usage and off-road vehicle damage). The buffer width
of two miles encapsulates as much non-WMA land that is natural to the east and west (before
hitting croplands). This two-mile boundary was then similarly applied to the north and south
(where natural lands extend much further) as cut-off to create an area that is realistic to manage
with the resources needed for our plans.
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2.3 Goals and Objectives
Natural Values Management
Goal 1: Increase knowledge of biodiversity present in the WMA.
Goal 2: Protect species at risk by improving habitat quality and decreasing threats
Goal 3: Monitor for invasive species and prevent their spread into the WMA
Human Uses Management
Goal 4: Increase stakeholder involvement
Goal 5: Implementation/Modification of trail system within the WMA
Goal 6: Control motorized vehicle activity in the WMA
Goal 7: Elimination of illicit and nuisance activities
Goal 8: Improve management of authorized activities and encourage sustainable uses
Part Three: Management Implementation and Measurements
3.1 Implementation and Measurements indicators
Goal 1: Increase knowledge of biodiversity present in the WMA
1.1 Sub-Goal: Improve and increase records of species present in the WMA
(a) Objective: Complete and ensure organized records exist of birds, mammals, and
vascular plants.
(b) Objective: Begin compiling records of other organisms (such as fungi, insects, and
nonvascular plants).
Implementation
Both objectives (a) and (b) will be carried out with little to no funding required. Mars Hill
Forest Alliance (MHFA) will use partnerships with taxonomic experts through museums and
universities and use traditional knowledge through Brokenhead First Nation and nature hobby
groups to document species records. MHFA will coordinate these volunteers and process resulting
data into organized lists.
Measuring Success
Objective (a) is already mostly completed through MHFA and their partnerships as well as
through baseline documentation (such as McMahon & Gifford 2000). Data simply needs to be
brought together, organized, and referenced (and some remaining data still collected). Objective
(b) only requires the initiation of some data collection on lesser known groups and so is easy to
meet as long as list(s) are started. These objectives should be met within three years of
implementation, after which new objectives may be created.
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Goal 2: Protect species at risk by improving habitat quality and decreasing threats
2.1 Sub-Goal: Focus on the status of the Eastern Whip-poor-will
Mars Hill WMA is an island of biodiversity; therefore one of our goals is to protect species at
risk by improving habitat quality and decreasing threats. We plan to implement this with a
monitoring program, as well as a cleanup program. The Eastern Whip-poor-will (Caprimulgus
vociferus) resides in the area, and currently its habitat is being used as a garbage and hazardous
waste dump site by locals, and as a practice range for firearm target shooting (Kasuba, pers. comm.).
(a) Objective: Monitoring Program
Management strategies will restore existing natural features in the Eastern Whip-poorwill’s habitat, so that it meets its requirements for breeding and habitation. An objective for this will
be a monitoring program, to ensure that people do not continue to degrade the area.
Implementation
To ensure that illicit activities and illegal dumping are not occurring in the area and
degrading the Eastern Whip-poor-will’s habitat, as well as scaring away top predators, natural
resource officer will sporadically monitor the area, whom are already funded by the Manitoba
Provincial Government.
The management of wildlife within the Mars Hill WMA, particularly for the species at risk,
will be carried out in close collaboration with Manitoba Conservation and Water Stewardship’s
Wildlife Branch whose mandate is to protect wildlife resources while ensuring the conservation of
species and ecosystems. We will also consult with the Mars Hill Forest Alliance, as well as other key
stakeholders when there are broader implications.
To effectively monitor the Wildlife Management Area, an approach that contributes to
habitat recovery and control of unauthorized activities will be carried out. Specific monitoring
needs are as follows:
- Monitor distribution and abundance of the main species at risk, specifically the Eastern
whip-poor will.
- Monitor the distribution and extent of the top predators in the WMA, and track population
size by species over time
- Monitor for invasive species in the 13 gravel pit areas, as well as for purple loosestrife in
the Libau Bog
- Monitor the trails to ensure people are not going off-course
- Monitor the area, in select locations, to ensure no illegal target practice is occurring
Measuring Success
To measure success, a monitoring program will be conducted sporadically for at least ten
days from May to early-June at designated location near this habitat. We will record the number of
fines assessed for illicit activities to determine whether this is still occurring or not. Sightings of the
Eastern whip-poor-will as well as top predators such as wolves will be recorded to determine
whether the bird is still residing in its preferred habitat, and whether the range of the top predators
are shifting.
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(b) Objective: Cleanup habitat and protect from further litter
Cleaning up the habitat, as well as protecting it from further litter is also a key objective in
this plan. This will improve habitat quality and restore its natural features.
Implementation:
Restoration and management of important habitats for the wildlife within Mars Hill is a
main goal of the management plan. This can be achieved by implementing a new trail system that
would improve degraded habitat throughout the area. By implementing a new trail system and
reducing its density throughout the WMA, motorized vehicles will be travelling throughout less of
the area leaving fewer habitat areas to degrade and pollute with litter. The banning of illegal target
shooting will also be implemented, due to the excessive amounts of empty shell casings and litter
found where people are practicing. This will protect the area from further litter, as well as reduce
noise pollution from the extensive amount of shooting.
Measuring Success
Success will be measured by setting specific dates in which the objective should be
completed. For example, the habitat of the Eastern whip-poor-will will be cleaned up of all garbage
and litter by October 2014.
2.2 Sub-Goal: Manage old gravel pit areas for american bugseed (Corispermum americanum).
(a) Objective: Old gravel pits where American bugseed are present should maintain a low
level of disturbance (eg. from motorized vehicles) and should not be revegetated.
American bugseed is a herbaceous vascular plant that requires open, sandy areas for
habitat, such as decommissioned gravel pits (Robson 2010). Surprisingly, such habitat is rare and
decreasing. This plant plays an important role in stabilizing soils and is imperilled in Manitoba and
much of south/ central Canada.
Implementation
To maintain its habitat, the bugseed actually requires a small amount of disturbance.
Motorized vehicle trails will be planned to have access to some of the decommissioned gravel pits to
maintain disturbance of these sites. Plans to revegetate decommissioned gravel pits may still be
beneficial but would require further discussion with stakeholders and careful consideration given
the potential losses of American bugseed habitat.
Measuring Success
This objective will be considered a success if motorized vehicles are successfully given trail
access to at least some of the gravel pits and if evidence of motorized vehicle use is found in these
areas. There is concern about creating too much disturbance, which will be addressed in the
motorized vehicles goal section.
(b) Objective: Document presences with photos and GPS points and make the mines branch
of Manitoba government aware of its presence (in case if further mining is planned).
Implementation
Mars Hill Forest Alliance will undertake this objective as part of a number of ecological
monitoring programs they already conduct or will be conducting (eg. while monitoring for invasive
species in gravel pits). This objective should be completed annually, and a short report should be
compiled to submit to the mines branch within one year of implementation. Thereafter further
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reports do not need to be submitted unless if plans to continue mining are undertaken (in which
case action regarding presences of this species must be discussed and undertaken).
Measuring Success
This objective will be considered met if complete records of this species are collected from
all 13 gravel pits annually and an initial report is submitted to the mines branch. Future
management plans can use these records to attempt to increase abundance or reduce losses.
Goal 3: Monitor for invasive species and prevent their spread into the WMA
3.1 Sub-Goal: Monitor for invasive species in sensitive areas and across the WMA
(a) Objective: Check each of 13 gravel pit areas for presence of invasive plant species
annually.
Implementation
Mars Hill Forest Alliance will undertake this objective (similarly to conducting American
bugseed surveys) in consultation with the Invasive Species Council of Manitoba.
Measuring Success
The focus of this objective is to mainly record presences (GPS and photo) and prevent
spread (for example through the removing flowering heads) until the best method of removal is
determined (future management plans). Therefore success is only measured by if the extent of
monitoring is met.
(b) Objective: Check for presence of purple loosestrife in Libau Bog at least once per year
during flowering season.
Implementation
Brokenhead First Nation and Manitoba Conservation will be the stakeholders involved in
undertaking this survey as they are most involved in management of this site. The bog is outside of
the WMA and has limited access, so monitoring is minimal and only to find purple loosestrife before
it becomes established. As with objective (a), further management should this invasive species be
found must be considered in consultation with Invasive Species Council of Manitoba.
Measuring Success
Success will be measured by whether or not either of these stakeholders has annually
visited the bog and maintained records of their monitoring (whether purple loosestrife is found or
not is irrelevant to meeting this objective).
(c) Objective: Monitor trails and generally across the WMA through incidental observations
from visitors.
Implementation
Manitoba Conservation must be aware of potential invasive species while conducting their
activities in the WMA and when communicating with other stakeholders who use the site Manitoba
Conservation must include communications about whether invasive species have been seen.
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Measuring Success
Success will be measured by whether Manitoba Conservation staff on the site are able to
identify potential invasive species (Canada thistle, purple loosestrife, leafy spurge) and by whether
stakeholder communications include questions regarding invasive species observations.
3.2 Sub-Goal: Prevent spread of invasive species into WMA from outside areas
(a) Objective: Increase awareness with nearby landowners of invasive species in the area
and how best to manage them.
Implementation
Manitoba Conservation, with help and resources from Invasive Species Council Manitoba,
will be responsible to send pamphlets on invasive species that may enter the WMA (Canada thistle,
purple loosestrife, leafy spurge) to all landowners within the buffer area of this plan. This must only
be done once, within two years of implementation of the plan. Again, stakeholder communications
should include a portion regarding invasive species awareness.
Measuring Success
Success will be measured by whether the pamphlets are mailed out or not to each
landowner in the buffer, as well as by whether or not stakeholder communications included
mention of invasive species that potentially may enter the WMA.
Goal 4: Increase Stakeholder Involvement
To increase stakeholder engagement in Mars Hill WMA, all stakeholders will be involves in
the management of the area whenever possible. This area is designed for multiple uses and all
stakeholders in the area are important. With each stakeholder having diverse ideas and opinions,
to effectively manage the Mars Hill WMA, it is important to understand the opinion of
stakeholders in the area.
(a) Objective: Conduct Annual Meeting’s for Stakeholders
To ensure that the diverse stakeholders of the Mars Hill WMA support our management
objectives, their involvement in this process is crucial. A major weakness of the current
management of Mars Hill WMA is that stakeholder engagement in the area is extremely low. There
are no annual meeting held for stakeholders in Mars Hill HMA and they have not been involved
since early 2012, when some groups with interests in the area were invited to take part in the
consultation process regarding trails for motorized vehicle use.
Implementation
To better understand the points of view of unique stakeholders, annual meetings will be
held. These meeting will ensure that stakeholders remain up to date on management of the area
and it will help clarify our management plan. At these annual meetings, representatives for each
primary stakeholder group will be invited; these invitees include: the RM of Brokenhead, the
Brokenhead Reserve, the Broken Head ATV club, Manitoba Conservation, Local Residents,
Brokenhead Trialblazers Snowmobile Club and the Mars Hill Forest Alliance.
(b) Objective: Construct focus groups for consultation
For big issues, like prohibiting certain activities or uses of the area, focus groups will be
used for consultation purposes.
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Implementation
These focus groups will be composed of individuals or organizations directly affected by
the issues being consulted on. These groups will be smaller and more personal than the groups
involved in the annual meeting for the Mars Hill WMA. By involving a smaller group,
communication and cooperation will be greatly improved. Stakeholders invited to be part of these
focus groups will be encouraged to express ideas and opinions, giving valuable input on often
difficult decisions. This approach will help us understand the complexities of the area and act as a
brainstorming session for solutions.
Measuring Success
To measure our progress on stakeholder engagement in Mars Hill WMA, surveys will be
distributed to stakeholders annually. These surveys will ask participants to outline how they or
their organization: use the area, the frequency of this use, how important the area is to them, the
importance of specific issues involving the area, satisfaction with current management and how
they would like to see this management improved.
Goal 5: Implementation/Modification of trail system within the WMA
5.1 Sub-Goal: Set a modified trail density
The reduction in trail density within the WMA would assist in proper use of the recreational
activities within the area and benefit biological integrity.
(a) Objective: Set a density of trails to 0.6km/km2 and eliminate dead-end trails
Implementation:
The Government of Manitoba has recently implemented the preliminary stages of a
reduction in trail density to 1-1.5km/km2. It has been noted that any density higher than
0.6km/km2 has a negative effect on habitat (Manitoba Conservation, 2012). The implementation of a reduced
trail density to 0.6km/km2 would include new research and organization of present trail maps to
find the best use of space and length of trail in kilometers. Additionally, trail areas with dead ends
within this new density will be closed and restored with native plants and vegetation suitable to the
area. Funding for this project will be from the Manitoba Provincial Government. The
implementation of their new trails system is still in its early stages, so some funding from that
implementation can be used for this modified system.
Measuring Success
After a reduction in density is completed, monitoring the growth of plant species in areas of
recently dead-end trails will be used to measure the stabilization or increase in biological diversity
This will be done by using the inventory of biological species and current levels of diversity within
the WMA and comparing them to the changes occurring during an ongoing recording period.
5.2 Sub-Goal: Create trails specifically designated for different recreational users
One of the major issues surrounding trail use in Mars Hill WMA is the conflict among recreational
users. The solution to this dilemma is to create trails specifically designated for different types of
recreational users (McMahon & Gifford, 2000).
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(a) Objective: Create a trail system for both motorized and non-motorized uses
Implementation:
If trails are being used for more than one type of user, the trail must be compatible of all
users. Trails compatible for their intended purpose can be accomplished by creating two types of
trails: motorized and non-motorized (British Columbia Ministry of Forests, 2001) Outlined below
are the recommended users for motorized and non-motorized trails (British Columbia Ministry of Forests, 2001):
Motorized uses include:
● Motorbikes
● ATVs (All Terrain Vehicles)
● ORVs (Off Road Vehicles)
● Snowmobiles
Non-motorized uses include:
● Hiking, Walking, Interpretive
● Horse
● Bicycle
● Ski
Before trail implementation occurs, the areas where trail may be implemented must be
investigated and inventoried. An assessment of carrying capacity of potential trails and their
limitations must be evaluated. As it is important because it allows focus on the amount of use as
well as designating the amount of people able to use the trail areas (British Columbia Ministry of Forests, 2001).
For example, non-motorized recreational uses would allow for a single-track trail, while wider
trails will be used for motorized trails. Trails must also be placed away from sensitive areas such
as the Wolverine Hills or dangerous areas such as gravel pits. Implementation of two types of
trails would also aid in the equal opportunity of all types of recreational activities to exist within
the WMA with safety of users as a priority.
NOTE: It has been noted that the existing snowman trail in the area does not pose as a threat and
is not an issue for stakeholders (Lintott 2012). Therefore, the trail will continue to exist as it presently
occurs in the WMA.
Measuring Success
Success will be measured in two ways:
1) Stakeholder involvement: Annual surveys for main stakeholder groups who use the areas
regularly. It will be important to acknowledge all groups have opportunity to use trails for their
recreational activities in ways that maximize their enjoyment while more importantly ensuring
minimal degradation is caused by use of trail areas within the WMA. Surveys can be completed
during stakeholder meetings.
2) Similar to the measured success used in the reduction of trail density and dead-end trails,
monitoring the growth of plant species in areas of two types of trails will be used to measure the
stabilization or increase in biological diversity within the WMA. This will be done by using the
inventory of biological species and current levels of diversity within the WMA and comparing
them to the changes occurring during an ongoing recording period. Completion of this objective
will contribute to Goal 1 of this management plan.
16
(b) Objective: Increase signage on all types of trails and assess first-offence warnings for
those not abiding by the trail
Implementation:
Stakeholders interested in keeping usable trails in the area will be contacted for support in
implementing other signage for trail use specific to their trail system. The appropriate stakeholder
groups that will be contact are:
● Brokenhead Riders ATV Club
● Manitoba Conservation
● Brokenhead Trail Blazers Snowmobile
● Mars Hill Forest Alliance
Club
● Manitoba Horse Council
● Trails Manitoba
An increase in the signs posted throughout the WMA stating the specific use of trails will be
implemented. This can be in the form of informational maps, interpretive displays (for walking
trails), and general signs prohibiting the use of certain types of activities. Initially, camera
surveillance will be installed to monitor trail areas to make sure designated trails are used by
certain recreational users. During this time, a Natural Resources Officer will be scheduled to
monitor the area sporadically.
Measuring Success
After the 6 months of implementation, if some areas trail areas are found to be more
susceptible to unauthorized use (as found by camera surveillance and first-offence warnings),
Natural Resource Officers will monitor these areas more closely and distribute fines for
unauthorized use of trails.
5.3 Sub-Goal: Maintain trail areas/previously used trail areas
This includes newly implemented trails (based on this management plan), trails still in use, and
trails no longer in use.
(a) Objective: Maintenance of existing trails
Implementation:
Maintenance of trail areas can be completed with the assistance of local recreational users and
stakeholder groups who have shown interest in doing so. Contacted user groups will be:
● Brokenhead Riders ATV Club
● Brokenhead Trail Blazers Snowmobile Club
● Trails Manitoba
● Manitoba Conservation
● Mars Hill Forest Alliance
Plants species will be planted along trail areas to reduce widening of trails. This will be completed
at the same time each year.
Measuring Success
Success will be measured by recording growth found along trail areas. This can be
completed each year and will be adaptively maintained as needed.
17
(b) Objective: Reclamation of areas no longer used as trails
Implementation:
Areas no longer used as trails will be reclaimed by planting suitable species and
maintaining the area closely during the first year of growth. Reclamation can be completed with
the assistance of local recreational users and stakeholder groups such who have shown interest in
doing so and are previously stated in section 5.3(a).
Measuring Success
Success will be measured by recording growth found in reclaimed areas. This can be
completed each year and will be adaptively maintained as needed.
Goal 6: Control motorized vehicle activity in the WMA
Motorised vehicle usage has increased significantly in recent years. Increased on and off
trail use has led to serious environmental damage. Furthermore there have been community
concerns that ATV users are taking advantage of the trail network and because of the lack of
enforcement measures; have significantly degraded off trail areas. The following suggested
measures will exclude the use of ATV for hunting, trapping and gathering purposes unless stated
otherwise.
(a) Objective: Regulate and reduce the number of recreational ATV users of the WMA
Implementation:
Ban all forms of ATV races, rally or derbies. Establish a mandatory land use permit or a
land use fee for the short term period (of 1-2 years). Like many other Canadian provinces,
Manitoba should work towards establishing a permit system for all ATVs within the province.
Permits would need to be renewed either yearly or seasonally. Prices for permits could be
progressive according to the activity intended for the ATV. Permits should be carried at all times
within the WMA; in particular the registration number should always be visible. Permits would
(a) increase revenue, (b) assist with trail maintenance, (c) decrease ridership numbers and (d)
keep track of who uses the trails.
A clear and concise enforcement strategy must be created. According to The Wildlife Act
Natural Resource Officers (NROs) have the authority to influence the behaviours within the
WMA. Enforcement efforts (physical site checks) should be then focused to the times when
offences would most likely occur; for example when weather conditions are bright, sunny and
dry. NROs should be allowed to issue harsh fines and penalties for the first offence and
subsequently increase in severity for repeat offenders. However imprisonment should be used as
a last resort, or avoided completely.
Measuring Success
Monitor the number of complaints regarding the presence of ATVS within the WMA. Pay
particular attention to the people that are making those complaints. If the number of distinct
complaints rises then a re-assessment of the recreational use of ATVs needs to be revisited.
Another consideration to take into account is to assess the changes in the number of permits
issued.
(b) Objective: Reduce and remediate visible ATV damages to trail network and visible ATV
damages to off trail network
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Implementation:
Permanently divert all motorized activity (All-Vehicle-Terrain and Snowmobile) away
from known ecological sensitive areas (immediately). Load these are areas onto public trail maps
and provide maps of “safe” trail areas. Restrict motor vehicle access to trails and habitats that are
currently threatened by ATV damage. Visibly access trail conditions and divert all motorised
activity (All-Vehicle-Terrain and Snowmobile) away from damaged areas. Open up trails when
conditions have been restored or rehabilitated (Manitoba Conservation 2013).
If there is significant moisture or saturation levels within the network (for example after
a sustained period of rain) close the trail network to recreational ATV users (excludes hunters
and trappers). Lowering the speed to; approximately 40 km/hours within the trail network and
to 30km/hours for all ATVS off trail, will help lessen the impact the damages from ATVs. Speeds
can be monitored and recorded with the use of LIDAR (Light Detection and Ranging) technology
or radar guns. The switching to more accurate, cost effective technology should happen as soon
it is financially feasible.
Measuring Success
Visibly assess on and off trail conditions particularly during the drier seasons. Evaluate
and compare the number of trails closed as a result of ATV damages against the number of trails
opened as a result of the absent presence of ATV use. Monitor and assess the changes in the
damages to the species that are found along the trial network. Damages should lessen over time.
Goal 7: Elimination of Illicit and Nuisance Activities
The quality of habitat for many wildlife species in Mars Hill is degrading due to excessive
human usage. Another goal of the management plan is to control and eliminate the illicit and
nuisance activities occurring within Mars Hill. One of the biggest issues occurring in Mars Hill
today is the fact that people are using the area for extensive target practice and leaving extreme
amounts of litter and empty shell casings throughout the WMA.
Cougar, lynx, wolf and coyote all reside within the Mars Hill WMA. These animals are top
predators that provide population control and food for smaller animals. Manitoba Conservation
has recently expressed concern that wolves and other top predators have begun to avoid the east
side of the WMA due to the excessive noise pollution by target shooting and ATV vehicles.
(a) Objective: Put Up Signs Stating Target Shooting Ban
As of this management plan, target practicing will be completely banned from occurring
anywhere in the Mars Hill WMA. The Provincial Government owns the unoccupied crown land in
Mars Hill; therefore, a ban on target practice is achievable.
Implementation:
Signs will be posted throughout the WMA stating the new ban.
Measuring Success
The reduction in litter, leftover empty shell casings, and complaints by local residents will
help us measure success of the shooting ban within the first year. We will record all of these in
intervals from when the ban was posted starting from one month after, three months after, six
months after, and then one year.
19
(b) Objective: Post a Natural Resources Officer in the WMA 40 days per year to enforce
with fines
Implementation:
Legislation will be put forward to make target practice illegal in the area, and people will
be harshly fined if they are caught shooting. A natural resources officer will be scheduled to
monitor the area sporadically. These officers are already funded by the Manitoba Provincial
Government and are allowed to assess fines to individuals conducting prohibited behavior.
Measuring Success
Success will be measured by comparing the amount of fines assessed in the first month of
applying this law, to the amount of fines assessed three months after, six months after, and a year
after.
7.1 Sub-Goal: Stricter fines and enforcement for illegal dumping
(a) Objective: Increase signage stating the illegal activity
Implementation:
Before implementation, volunteers will clear the WMA area of litter. This should be done
until all litter is cleared. Volunteers from the local area, various interested environmental groups
and green teams will be contacted for assistance. An increase in the signs posted throughout the
WMA stating the ban will be implemented. Signage along the highway will be especially
important to ensure dumping does not occur on the side of the road where vehicles can easily
dump unwanted litter without driving into the WMA.
Measuring Success
Once cleared of litter, the area will be recorded for the amount of litter and complaints
from local residents found in intervals similar to the above stated target-shooting ban (one month
after, three months after, six months after, and then one year).
Goal 8: Improve management of authorized activities and encourage sustainable uses
8.1 Sub-Goal: Improve current management of woodcutting.
Firewood collection occurs (in the south end of the WMA) on a local and small scale within the
WMA.
(a) Objective: Assess the current woodcutting regulations and consider changing them, in
consultation with local landowners involved in woodcutting activities.
(b) Objective: Assess the quality of current signage and replace or add new signs as
needed to clarify regulations and locations of designated areas.
Implementation
Both of the above objectives will be undertaken by Manitoba Conservation and should be
met within three years of implementation of this report. Communications with local landowners
involved in woodcutting is key to determining the directions needed in this area.
Measuring Success
The purpose of this objective is simply to assess regulations and the need for signage.
Therefore success will be determined by whether or not woodcutting stakeholders were
communicated with and whether MB Conservation and stakeholders together have taken part in
making a decision regarding next steps in terms of regulation and signage.
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8.2 Sub-Goal: Create a web page
(a) Objective: Create a web page for the WMA to encourage sustainable uses and include
accessible information regarding regulations and other information.
This objective will help to make the public and stakeholders aware of the multiple uses the WMA
sustains and regulations regarding uses. Some other areas such as ecological reserves in
Manitoba already have web-pages established.
Implementation
Manitoba Conservation will be responsible to create a web page accessible under their
current WMA web pages. It should include the information outlined above, such as a link to the
current FAQ regarding new changes in trail regulations. This web page should be publicly
accessible within one year of the implementation of this plan.
Measuring Success
The objective will be met simply by whether a web page is up and running within one
year. Future management plans may strive to improve and add to the web-page (such as updates
on research conducted in the area and changes in regulations).
3.2 Funding Options
Goal 1: Increase knowledge of biodiversity present in the WMA.
Goal 1 can be funded with little to no funding required. Other management efforts can be
coordinated through local volunteerism efforts, nature hobby groups and with the assistance of
the Mars Hill Forest Alliance. Traditional area knowledge is collected and recorded through
Brokenhead First Nation oral socio-cultural traditions.
Goal 2: Protect species at risk by improving habitat quality and decreasing threats
Volunteers from; schools; universities, museums, nature organizations, key stakeholders
and members of the Mars Hill Forest Alliance could assist with habitat cleanup. For additional
funding, there are many grants to apply for, that will assist in funding the cleanup efforts of the
Mars Hill Wildlife Management Area. The grants that are available are:
1) From the Government of Manitoba:
a. Manitoba Sustainability Initiatives Fund
b. Sustainable Development Innovations Fund, specifically the Waste Reduction
and Pollution Prevention (WRAPP) Fund,
2) From the Government of Canada:
a. Environment Canada – The Green Source
b. EcoAction Community Funding Program
3) From Non-Government Organizations:
a. Manitoba Hydro Forest Enhancement Program
b. Friends of the Environment Community Fund
c. Green Municipal Fund
d. Shell Environmental Fund
e. Manitoba Eco-Network
f. Canadian Environmental Grantmakers’ Network
g. Manitoba Community Services Council
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Goal 3: Monitor for invasive species and prevent their spread into the WMA
Partnerships between Mars Hill Forest Alliance, Manitoba Conservation and the Brokenhead
First Nations could support with continuous site assessment, data collection, and monitoring and
general inventory records. Manitoba Conservation could inform and engage with the public
about the dangers invasive species present to local environments. These informational sessions
could be conducted as part of existing educational and informational programs.
Goal 4: Increase stakeholder involvement
To fund consultation and engagement meetings, local residents and other stakeholder
groups, specifically Manitoba Conservation and the RM of Brokenhead, will be asked for small
donations to help cover expenses. Residents of the local community, or a community-minded
person could donate office space, equipment and potentially even staff to assist with the meeting.
Meetings could be held at community centers in nearby communities. These spaces could be
rented at a more cost effective price.
Goal 5: Implementation/Modification of trail system within the WMA
Funding or resources from Mars Hill Forest Alliance and volunteers could assist with
identifying trail density issues or dead-end trails; monitor the growth of plant species and assist
with the collection and inventory of residing species.
Natural Resource Officers (NROs) are already funded by the Manitoba Provincial
Government. These officers have the authority to issue warnings, fines and penalties.
Furthermore provincial government could assist by drafting legislation that outlines heavy fines
and penalties for the unauthorized uses of the trails.
Goal 6: Control motorized vehicle activity in the WMA
The permit system; in the interim and long term, generates necessary funds needed to
implement many of the strategies listed in this plan. Fines also provide another revenue
opportunity. An initial investment would be needed to cover the costs of buying tracking
equipment (LIDAR speed gun/RADAR). These costs could be covered either by the provincial
government (Manitoba Conservation) or from donations from grassroots fundraising efforts.
Equipment donations could also be used begin the initial issuing and collection of fines and
penalties.
Goal 7: Elimination of illicit and nuisance activities
Funding is already provided by the Manitoba Provincial Government. Further funds can
be generated through the issuing of fines to individuals conducting prohibited behavior.
Additional efforts; such as labour needed to post signs could easily be done by Manitoba
Conservation employees and Natural Resource Officers.
Goal 8: Improve management of authorized activities and encourage sustainable uses
Manitoba Conservation can help with public and stakeholder awareness. Either by
directly engaging with the public and stakeholders or hosting a website that encourages the
sustainable uses of the resources available within the WMA. This website could provide the
necessary and accessible information regarding regulations or activities.
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Appendix
A: Map of the Mars Hill Wildlife Management Area with delineated
boundaries, borders and buffer zones.
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B. Plant and Mammal Species that are found within the WMA
Approximate relative areas of community types found in the Mars Hill WMA
A list of native mammal species (unless indicated otherwise) found within the WMA
all year round.
House mouse
American badger
Masked shrew
American red squirrel
(Introduced)
American black bear
Muskrat
Pygmy shrew
American mink
Meadow vole
Arctic shrew
Eastern chipmunk
Big brown bat
Deer mouse
Water shrew
Thirteen-lined ground
squirrel
Hoary bat
Northern bog lemming
Least weasel
Prairie vole
Little brown myotis
Northern flying
squirrel
Myotis septentrionalis
Groundhog
Racoon
Southern red-backed
vole
Snowshoe hare
Northern River Otter
Siver-haired bat
Eastern heather vole
Bobcat
Eastern gray squirrel
Star nosed mole
Coyote
Grey Wolf
Red fox
Pekan
Pygmy shrew
Short-tailed weasel
Striped skunk
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Meadow jumping
mouse
Northern short tailed
shrew
North American
porcupine
North American
Beaver
Masked Shrew
Canadian Lynx
Least chipmunk
Eastern gray squirrel
Meadow jumping
mouse
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