SUPPLEMENTAL MATERIAL
Table S- 1. Detection limits (DL) of 63 volatile organic compounds that were tested in this study.
DL
Compound
DL
CAS No.
Compound
CAS No.
µg/m3
Propylene
115-07-1
DL
Compound
CAS No.
µg /m3
8 2-Butanone (MEK)
µg /m3
78-93-3
10 Dibromochloromethane
124-48-1
40
cis-1,2Freon-12
75-71-8
20 Dichloroethylene
156-59-2
20 Methyl Isobutyl Ketone
108-10-1
80
Chloromethane
74-87-3
20 n-Hexane
110-54-3
20 Methyl Butyl Ketone
591-78-6
80
Freon-14
75-73-0
30 Ethyl Acetate
141-78-6
20 1,2-Dibromoethane
106-93-4
40
Vinyl Chloride
75-01-4
10 Chloroform
67-66-3
20 Tetrachloroethylene
127-18-4
30
1,3-Butadiene
106-99-0
10 Tetrahydrofuran
109-99-9
20 Chlorobenzene
108-90-7
20
Bromomethane
74-83-9
20 1,2-Dichloroethane
107-06-2
20 Ethylbenzene
100-41-4
20
Chloroethane
75-00-3
10 1,1,1-Trichloroethane
71-55-6
30 Bromoform
75-25-2
50
108-38Vinyl Bromide
593-60-2
20 Cyclohexane
110-82-7
20 m/p-xylene
3/106-42-3
40
Freon-11
75-69-4
30 Carbon Tetrachloride
56-23-5
30 Styrene
100-42-5
20
Isopropyl alcohol
67-63-0
20 Benzene
71-43-2
20 o-xylene
95-47-6
20
Acetone
67-64-1
10 1,4-Dioxane
123-91-1
70 1,1,2,2-Tetrachloroethane
79-34-5
30
2,2,41,1-Dichloroethene
75-35-4
20 Trimethylpentane
540-84-1
20 4-Ethyltoluene
622-96-8
20
Methylene Chloride
75-09-2
20 n-Heptane
142-82-5
20 1,3,5-Trimethylbenzene
108-67-8
20
Freon-113
76-13-1
40 1,2-Dichloropropane
78-87-5
20 1,2,4-Trimethylbenzene
95-63-6
20
Allyl Chloride
107-05-1
20 Trichloroethylene
79-01-6
30 1,3-Dichlorobenzene
541-73-1
30
75-27-4
30 Benzyl Chloride
100-44-7
30
10061-01-5
20 1,4-Dichlorobenzene
106-46-7
30
95-50-1
30
Bromodichlorometha
Carbon Disulfide
75-15-0
Trans-1,2Dichloroethene
20 ne
cis-1,3-
156-60-5
Methyl Tert-Butyl
20 Dichloropropene
trans-1,3-
20
Ether
1634-04-4
20 Dichloropropene
10061-02-6
1,2-Dichlorobenzene
1,1-Dichloroethene
75-35-4
20 1,1,2-Trichloroethane
79-00-5
30 1,2,4-Trichlorobenzene
120-82-1
40
Vinyl acetate
108-05-4
20 Toluene
108-88-3
20 Hexachloro-1,3-Butadiene
87-68-3
50
Table S- 2. Temperature and RH outdoors and in sampling apartments from 2004 to 2006
Indoors
Outdoors
Rainy day
Year and dates
N
Mean Min Max Standard deviation N Mean
Temperature (oC)
10/12/2004-10/13/2004 17
23.3
22.3 24.1
0.5
3
15.4
None
10/24/2005-10/27/2005 17
22.6
20.9 24.6
1.0
3
8.7
10/24, 25, 26
11/14/2006-11/16/2006 17
23.7
22.5 24.7
0.6
2
15.8
11/14, 16
10/12/2004-10/13/2004 17
43.6
37.2 52.3
4.5
3
63.6
None
10/24/2005-10/27/2005 17
35.9
27.3 46.3
4.2
3
78.9
10/24, 25, 26
11/14/2006-11/16/2006 17
56.4
44.3 67.5
5.7
2
83.0
11/14, 16
Relative humidity (%)
Table S- 3. CO2 and CO levels in the apartments.
Year and date
N
Median
Minimum
Maximum
CO2 (ppm)
10/28/2003
17
436
405
895
10/13/2004
17
536
441
733
10/25/2005
17
485
423
587
11/14/2006
17
554
468
689
10/24/2007
17
561
456
750
10/28/2003
17
0.9
0.4
1.5
10/13/2004
17
1.5
1.1
2.2
10/25/2005
17
0.9
0.2
1.8
11/14/2006
17
1.4
1.0
2.8
10/24/2007
17
1.2
0.7
1.6
CO (ppm)
Table S- 4. Median PM10 and PM2.5 concentrations.
Outdoors
Indoors (µg/m3)
(µg/m3)
Year
N
Min
25th
50th
75th
percentil
percentil
percentil
e
e
e
Max
N
Median
PM10
2003
20
<1
<1
<1
<1
2
3
8
2004
17
<1
1
3
6
10
3
17
2005
18
<1
<1
<1
1
22
4
5
2006
17
<1
1
3
16
34
1
23
2007
17
<1
1
2
4
28
-
-
All years
89
<1
<1
1
3
34
11
8
PM2.5
2004
17
<1
<1
<1
1
3
3
3
2005
18
<1
<1
<1
<1
1
4
1
2006
17
<1
<1
1
6
15
1
6
2007
17
<1
<1
<1
<1
7
-
-
All
69
years
<1
<1
<1
1
15
8
1
Table S- 5. TVOC concentrations including and excluding acetone, isopropyl alcohol
and ethyl acetate (µg/m3).
Location
N
Min1
In the apartments
85
<10 (< 10)2
130 (20)
350 (216)
2340 (2330)
Hallway
15
40 (<10)
90 (30)
396 (314)
500 (500)
Supply air
33
20 (<10)
130 (30)
412 (216)
26000 (960)
Outdoor air
9
< 10 (<10)
70 (20)
494 (376)
1550 (1520)
Median
90th percentile
1. Data in parentheses exclude acetone, isopropyl alcohol and ethyl acetate.
2. 10 indicate that all VOCs were below reporting detection limit.
Max
Table S- 6. Concentrations of detected VOCs and possible sources (µg/m3).
N of
Compounds
1
1
N
Median
th
1
90 percentile
Chro
Cancer
nic
-based
REL
exposur
2
e conc.3
1
Maximum
detected1
Sources [1]
Household and consumer products
(i.e., cleaning agents, insecticides,
Acetone
85 (33/9)
83 (31/8)
60 (50/30)
150 (120/50)
700 (210/70)
NA4
NA
cosmetic products); building products
(i.e., paints, adhesives, particleboard)
Household and consumer products
Isopropyl alcohol
85 (33/9)
47 (13/3)
20 (<20/<20)
60 (60/70)
760 (210/110)
7000
NA (i.e., cleaning agents); building
products (i.e., coatings, particleboard)
Household and consumer products
(i.e., shoe polish, hair spray, incense);
Toluene
85 (33/9)
38 (19/4)
<20 (20/<20)
80 (140/<20) 180 (220/1390)
300
NA cooking; building products (i.e., paint,
adhesives, carpets, particleboard);
electronic devices (i.e., printers,
computers); gasoline emissions from
outdoors
m/p-Xylene
85 (33/9)
7 (3/0)
<40 (<40/<40)
<40 (40/<40)
280 (250/<40)
700
NA Household and consumer products
(i.e., cleaning agents, shoe polish,
incense); cooking; building products
o-Xylene
85 (33/9)
6 (2/0)
<20 (<20/<20)
<20 (<20/<20)
100 (120/<20)
700
NA
(i.e. table printers); gasoline emissions
from outdoors
Household and consumer products
Carbon disulfide
85 (33/9)
5 (2/0)
<20 (<20/<20)
<20 (<20/<20)
160 (150/<20)
800
NA
(i.e., insecticides)
Building products (i.e., paints,
n-Hexane
85 (33/9)
5 (4/1)
<20 (<20/<20)
<20 (<20/<20)
70 (40/130)
7000
NA
adhesives)
1,2,4-
Building products (i.e., paints);
85 (33/9)
5 (3/0)
<20 (<20/<20)
<20 (<20/<20)
40 (190/<20)
NA
NA
Trimethylbenzene
gasoline emissions from outdoors
Building products (i.e., coatings,
Methyl ethyl ketone
85 (33/9)
3 (3/0)
<10 (<10/<10)
<10 (<10/<10)
70 (20/<10)
NA
NA
particleboard)
Ethyl acetate
Household and consumer products
85 (33/9)
3 (1/0)
<20 (<20/<20)
<20 (<20/<20)
60 (20/<20)
NA
NA
(i.e., cleaning agents, insecticides,
cosmetic products); building products
(i.e., coatings, adhesives)
Household and consumer products
Methylene chloride
85 (33/9)
2 (1/0)
<20 (<20/<20)
<20 (<20/<20)
20 (20/<20)
400
10
(i.e., hair spray, incense)
Cooking; building products (i.e.,
paints, adhesives, carpets); electronic
Ethylbenzene
85 (33/9)
2 (2/0)
<20 (<20/<20)
<20 (<20/<20)
50 (50/<20)
2000
4
devices (i.e., printers); gasoline
emissions from outdoors
Household and consumer products
(i.e., incense); building products (i.e.,
Styrene
85 (33/9)
2 (1/0)
<20 (<20/<20)
<20 (<20/<20)
2200 (30/<20)
900
NA
adhesives, carpets); electronic devices
(i.e., printers)
Household and consumer products (i.e,
n-Heptane
85 (33/9)
1 (0/0)
<20 (<20/<20)
<20 (<20/<20)
30(<20/<20)
NA
NA insecticides, cosmetic products);
building products (i.e., paints)
Methyl tert-butyl
Fuel additive to improve combustion
85 (33/9)
Ether
0 (2/0)
<20 (<20/<20)
<20 (<20/<20)
<20 (40/<20)
8000
300
in vehicle motors
Building products (i.e., paints,
Cyclohexane
85 (33/9)
1 (0/0)
<20 (<20/<20)
<20 (<20/<20)
100 (<20/<20)
NA
NA
adhesives)
Household and consumer products
Trichloroethylene
85 (33/9)
1 (0/0)
<30 (<30/<30)
<30 (<30/<30)
210 (<30/<30)
600
5 (i.e., drycleaned clothes, spot
removers, fabric/ leather cleaners)
Building products (i.e., paints, carpets,
4-Ethyltoluene
85 (33/9)
0 (1/0)
<20 (<20/<20)
<20 (<20/<20)
<20 (30/<20)
NA
NA
particleboard)
Building products (i.e., paints,
Propylene
85 (33/9)
0 (1/0)
<8 (<8/<8)
<8 (<8/<8)
<8 (12/<8)
3000
NA
adhesives, carpets)
Methyl isobutyl
85 (33/9)
1 (0/0)
<80 (<80/<80)
<80 (<80/<80)
150 (<80/<80)
NA
NA Building products (i.e., adhesives)
ketone
Household and consumer products
Tetrachloroethylene
85 (33/9)
1 (0/0)
<30 (<30/<30)
<30 (<30/<30)
100 (<30/<30)
35
1.69 (i.e., dry cleaned clothes, spot
removers, fabric/ leather cleaners)
1. Levels detected in indoor air followed in parentheses by levels detected in the supply air/outdoor air.
2. Chronic RELs were from the California Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assessment (OEHHA).[2]
3. Cancer-based exposure concentrations were calculated using available cancer unit risk estimates (UREs). The risk corresponded to a lifetime incremental
risk of one in 105 assuming 70 years of continous exposure.[3]
4. NA: Not available.
Table S- 7. Toluene concentrations in indoor air in other studies (µg/m3).
Number
Studies
of
Median Mean 90th % References
samples
This building, 2003
17
70
76.5
170
This study
This building, 2004-2007
68
< 20
< 20
110
This study
NYC TEACH (winter)
36
Suburban and rural NJ
100
13
60.8
RIOPA-NJ
182
9.7
13
MA
100
7.6
42.5
[4]
17.7
[5]
[6]
[7]
Table S- 8. Formaldehyde concentrations in sampled apartments (ppb).
Year
N
Min
25th
Median
75th
Max
2003
17
<10
<10
<10
<10
30
2004
17
10
10
10
20
30
2005
17
<7
<7
<7
8
95
2006
17
1
4
6
7
24
2007
17
5
16
37
82
350
Table S- 9. Comparison of formaldehyde concentrations to other studies (ppb).
Studies
N
Median
This building, 2003 - 2006
68
< 10
This building, 2007
17
37
RIOPA, apartments
67
16
RIOPA, overall
353
16.3
NHEXAS, Arizona
189
17.1
NYC TEACH
38
Mean
69
90th
95th
Max
Reference
20
95
This study
198
350
This study
[8]
[9]
26.4
37.4
9.8
332
[10]
[4]
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