Supplemental Table 1
Self-Forgiveness and Outcomes Associated with Psychological Well-being
Study
Outcome Measure
Measure of Self-Forgiveness
r
Ahadi and Ariapooran (2009)
Beck Depression Inventory-II (Beck et al., 1996)
Trait Self-Forgivingness
(Walker & Gorsuch, 2002)
.29
Avery (2008)
Overall psychological distress from the Medical Outcome Study-36 (Ware et al., 1994)
HFS
.33
Bugay and Demir (2010)
Satisfaction with Life Scale (Diener, Emmons, Larson, & Griffin, 1985)
HFS
.21
HFS
.26
Coates (1997)
Aggregate of depression from the Multiple Affect Adjective Checklist (Zuckerman & Lubin, 1965), trait MFS
anxiety from the Multiple Affect Adjective Checklist (Zuckerman & Lubin, 1965), and psychological wellbeing from the Profile of Adaptation to Life Scale (Ellsworth, 1979)
.62
Copeland (2007)
Overall psychological distress from the Health Related Quality of Life (Center for Disease Control, 2002) MFS
.45
Cornock (2008; Study 1)
Aggregate the Beck Depression Inventory-II (Beck et al., 1996) and the Perceived Stress Scale (Cohen et
al., 1983)
Aggregate of MFS and HFS
.52
Cornock (2008; Study 2)
Aggregate of the Beck Depression Inventory-II (Beck et al., 1996) and the Perceived Stress Scale (Cohen et Aggregate of MFS and HFS
al., 1983)
.46
Datu (2013)
Subjective Happiness Scale (Lyubomirsky & Lepper, 1999)
HFS
.39
HFS
.23
Bugay, Demir, and Delevi (2012) Satisfaction with Life Scale (Diener et al., 1985)
Deane, Wootton, Hsu, and Kelly Aggregate of psychological well-being from the Life Engagement Test (Scheier et al., 2006) and overall
(2012)
psychological distress from the Depression, Anxiety and Stress Scale–21 (Lovibond et al, 1995)
Exline, Yali, and Lobel (1999)
Aggregate of the Beck Depression Inventory (Beck, Ward, Mendelsohn, Moch, & Erbaugh, 1961) and the Single item (own)
Beck Anxiety Inventory (Beck et al., 1988)
.21
Fisher and Exline (2006)
Psychological well-being (created own scale)
Aggregate of MFS, HFS,
and Multidimensional
Forgiveness Scale (Tangney
et al., 1999)
.49
Friedman et al. (2010)
Depression from the Profile of Mood States-Short Form (Shacham, 1983)
MFS
.58
Galindo (2002)
Aggregate of anxiety and depression from the Profile of Mood States (McNair, Lorr, & Droppleman, 1971) MFS
.41
Hanna (2012)
Aggregate of depression (own scale) and anxiety symptoms (own scale)
HFS
.49
Hansen (2013)
Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale (Radloff, 1977)
HFS
.44
Hill and Allemand (2010)
Psychological Well-Being Scale (Ryff & Keyes, 1995)
Trait Self-Forgivingness
(adapted after Krause &
Ellison, 2003)
.20
Hirsch, Webb, and Jeglic (2011) Beck Depression Inventory-II (Beck et al., 1996)
BMMRS
.36
Hirsch, Webb, and Jeglic (2012) Beck Depression Inventory-II (Beck et al., 1996)
BMMRS
.30
Ingersoll-Dayton, Torges, and
Krause (2010)
Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale (Radloff, 1977)
Single item (own)
.11
Jacinto (2007)
Psychological well-being from the General Health Questionaire-5 (Goldberg, 1972)
Trait Self-Forgivingness
(own scale)
.38
Jeter, Walker, Webb, Hirsch, and Aggregate of the Beck Hopelessness Inventory (Beck & Steer, 1988) and state anxiety from the Life Events BMMRS
Jeglic (2014)
Scale
.27
Kilian (2005)
Depression from the Personality Assessment Inventory (Morey, 1996)
MFS
.37
King (2010)
Aggregate of the Trauma Symptom Checklist-40 (Elliot & Briere, 1992) and overall psychological distress MFS
from the Mental Symptoms RAND-36 (RAND, 2007)
.64
Lawler-Row (2010)
Aggregate of the Beck Depression Inventory (Beck, Ward, Mendelson, Mock, & Erbaugh, 1961) and the
Satisfaction with Life Scale (Diener et al.,1985)
BMMRS
.21
Lyons, Deane, Caputi, and Kelly Psychological well-being from the Life Engagement Test (Scheier et al., 2006)
(2011)
HFS
.34
Macaskill (2012a)
Aggregate of the Short Depression-Happiness Scale (Joseph et al., 2004) and the Satisfaction with Life
Scale (Diener et al., 1985)
MFS
.64
Macaskill (2012b; Study 1)
Satisfaction with Life Scale (Diener et al., 1985)
MFS
.33
Macaskill (2012b; Study 2)
Aggregate of the Satisfaction with Life Scale (Diener et al., 1985) and the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory
(Spielberger, Gorsuch, & Lushene, 1970)
MFS
.52
Maltby, Macaskill, and Day
(2001)
Aggregate of depression from the General Health Questionnaire (Goldberg & Williams, 1991) and state
anxiety from the General Health Questionnaire (Goldberg & Williams 1991)
MFS
.27
Marsden (2011)
Aggregate of state anxiety and traumatic stress from the Trauma Symptom Checklist (Elliot, 1992)
MFS
.17
Martin (2008; community)
Aggregate of the Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale (Radloff, 1977), the Rosenberg Self- Self-Forgiveness Scale
Esteem Scale (Rosenberg, 1965), and the Satisfaction with Life Scale (Diener et al., 1985)
(Wahkinney & DeShea,
2003)
.36
Martin (2008; undergraduates)
Aggregate of the Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale (Radloff, 1977), the Rosenberg Self- Self-Forgiveness Scale
Esteem Scale, (Rosenberg, 1965), and the Satisfaction with Life Scale (Diener et al., 1985)
(Wahkinney & DeShea,
2003)
.29
Mistler (2012)
Satisfaction with Life Scale (Diener et al., 1985)
HFS
.42
Nsamenang, Webb, Cukrowicz,
and Hirsch (2013)
Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale (Radloff, 1977)
BMMRS
.48
Randall (2012)
Geriatric Depression Scale—Short Form (Sheikh & Yesavage, 1986)
HFS
.37
Rippentrop (2004)
Overall psychological distress from the Medical Outcome Study-36 (Ware et al., 1994)
BMMRS
.47
Rohde-Brown (2005)
Aggregate of the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale (Radloff, 1977) and state anxiety from SSF
the Fisher Divorce Adjustment Scale (Fisher, 1978)
.29
Romero, Kalidas, Elledge, Chang, Aggregate of psychological well-being from the Functional Assessment of Chronic Illness Therapy (Cella, MFS
Liscum and Friedman (2006)
1997) and depression from the Profile of Mood States (Shacham, 1983)
.47
Ross, Kendall, Matters, Wrobel
and Rye (2004)
Aggregate of Depression and Anxiety facets from the NEO-PI-R (Costa & McCrae, 1992)
.57
Schwartzenberger (2011)
Aggregate of the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale (Radloff, 1977) and the Beck Anxiety HFS
Inventory (Beck et al., 1988)
.22
Snyder and Heinze (2005)
Traumatic Stress from the Revised Civilian Mississippi Scale for PTSD (Norris & Perilla, 1996)
.74
Factor Combining MFS and
HFS
HFS
Sternthal, Williams, Musick, and Aggregate of Psychological Well-being (own scale), Depression from the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Single item (own)
Buck (2010)
Depression Scale (Radloff, 1977), and the Anxiety Symptoms (Hopkins Symptoms Checklist, 1974)
.18
Svalina and Webb (2011)
Overall psychological distress from the Medical Outcomes Study Short Form-12 (Ware et al., 1996)
BMMRS
.44
Swanson (2011)
Satisfaction with Life Scale (Diener et al., 1985)
HFS
.40
Terzino (2011; Study 2,
intrapersonal offenses)
Aggregate of the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (Spielberger et al.,1970) and the Center for Epidemiologic Aggregate of HFS, MFS,
Studies Depression Scale (Radloff, 1977)
and a single item (Hall &
Fincham, 2008)
.42
Terzino (2011; Study 1,
interpersonal offenses)
Aggregate of the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (Spielberger et al.,1970), the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory Aggregate of HFS, MFS,
(Spielberger et al.,1970), and the Depression from the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale and a single item (Hall &
(Radloff, 1977)
Fincham, 2008)
.31
Terzino (2011; Study 1,
intrapersonal offenses)
Aggregate of the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (Spielberger et al.,1970) and the Center for Epidemiologic Aggregate of HFS, MFS,
Studies Depression Scale (Radloff, 1977)
and a single item (Hall &
Fincham, 2008)
.34
Terzino (2011; Study 2,
interpersonal offenses)
Aggregate of the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (Spielberger et al.,1970) and the Center for Epidemiologic Aggregate of HFS, MFS,
Studies Depression Scale (Radloff, 1977)
and a single item (Hall &
Fincham, 2008)
.07
Thompson et al. (2005)
Aggregate of the Satisfaction with Life Scale (Diener et al., 1985), the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory
(Spielberger et al.,1970), and the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale (Radloff, 1977)
HFS
.42
Toussaint (2009)
Satisfaction with Life Scale (Diener et al., 1985)
HFS
.48
Toussaint, Williams, Musick, and Depression from the Composite International Diagnostic Interview (Kessler, Andrews, Mroczek, Ustun, & Self-forgiveness (own scale)
Everson-Rose (2008)
Wittchen, 1998) and two other items (Everson et al., 1996)
.36
Walker and Gorsuch (2002)
Trait anxiety from the International Personality Item Pool (Goldberg, 2000)
Trait Self-Forgivingness
(adapted McCullough et al.,
1997)
.44
Webb and Brewer (2010)
Overall psychological distress from the Mental Health Status (Ware, Kosinski, & Keller, 1996)
BMMRS
.40
Webb et. al (2012)
Overall psychological distress from the Medical Outcomes Study Short Form-12 (Ware et al., 1996)
BMMRS
.40
HFS
.36
Webb, Colburn, Heisler, Call, and Aggregate of Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale (Radloff, 1977) and the Psychological
Chickering (2008)
Maltreatment Inventory (Engels & Moisan, 1994)
Webb, Hirsch, Visser, and Brewer Overall psychological distress from the Depression Anxiety Stress Scale (Lovibond & Lovibond, 1995) and BMMRS
(2013)
the Medical Outcomes Study Short Form-12 (Ware et al., 1996)
.31
Webb, Robinson and Brower
(2009)
Aggregate of anxiety, depression, and overall psychological distress from the Brief Symptom Inventory
(Derogatis & Melisaratos, 1983)
BMMRS
.42
Webb, Robinson, Brower and
Zucker (2006)
Purpose in Life Scale (Crumbaugh & Maholick, 1964)
BMMRS
.33
Webb, Toussaint, Kalpakjian and Satisfaction with Life Scale (Diener et al.,1985)
Tate (2010)
Trait Self-Forgivingness
(Toussaint, 2001)
.28
Weinberg (2013; partners of
trauma survivors)
Traumatic stress from the PTSD Symptom Scale-Self Report (Foa, Riggs, Dancu, & Rothbaum, 1993)
HFS
.27
Weinberg (2013; trauma
survivors)
Traumatic stress from the PTSD Symptom Scale-Self Report (Foa et al., 1993)
HFS
.49
Witvliet, Phipps, Feldman, and
Beckham (2004)
Aggregate of the Davidson Trauma Scale (Davidson et al., 1997), the Mississippi Scale for CombatRelated PTSD (Keane, Caddell, & Taylor, 1988), the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (Spielberger et
al.,1970), the Beck Depression Inventory (Beck, Ward, Mendelsohn, Moch, & Erbaugh, 1961)
MFS
.21
Wohl, DeShea and Wahkinney
(2008)
Aggregate of the Satisfaction with Life Scale (Diener et al., 1985) and the Beck Depression Inventory
(Beck, 1972)
SFS
.31
Yalcin (2013)
Satisfaction with Life Scale (Diener et al., 1985)
HFS
.27
Notes. BMMRS = Single Item from Brief Multi-dimensional Measure of Religiousness and Spirituality (Fetzer Institute, 2003); HFS = Heartland Forgiveness Scale (Thompson et
al., 2005); MFS = Mauger Forgiveness Scale (Mauger et al., 1992); SSF = State Self Forgiveness (Wahkinney et al., 2001)