Table S1. Overview of the parameter values implemented in the bioluminescence-oxygen model. Model Parameter Value Unit Reference Luciferin oxidation (living cells) mol olc / (mol luc · s) Fitted (Fig. 2E) kcat (catalytic rate constant, CRC) 1.1 x 10-3 kcat,21,1 (CRC, 21% O2) 1 - kcat21,2 (CRC, 21% O2) 1.01 x 10-1 - kcat,0 (CRC, 0% O2) 6 x 10-3 - I21,1 (exponential decay constant, 21% O2) -180 s-1 Measured (Fig. 2E) I21,2 -27 s-1 Measured (Fig. 2E) I0 (exponential decay constant, 0% O2) -3 s-1 Measured (Fig. 2E) kd,Dluc (luciferin decay constant) 4.83 x 10-6 s-1 Ignowski et al. [20] Γ (Molecular crowding factor) 1.5 - Fitted (Fig. 2E) κ21 (transition threshold, 21% O2) 0.1 - Fitted (Fig. 2E) κ0 (transition threshold, 0% O2) 15 - Fitted (Fig. 2E) † Luciferin oxidation (recombinant luciferase) kcat (catalytic rate constant, CRC) 1.12 x 10 -1 mol olc / (mol luc · s) Fitted (Fig. 2A,B) kcat,21 (CRC, 21% O2) 1 - kcat0 (CRC, 0% O2) 0.18 - S21 60 - Measured (Fig. 2A,B) -3948 s-1 Measured (Fig. 2A,B) I21 (exponential decay constant, 21% O2) S0 (exponential decay constant, 0% O2) I0 382 - -1452 - Km,21 (Michaelis constant, 21% O2) 4.26 x 10 Km,0 (Michaelis constant, 0% O2) 9.38 x 10 -2 -1 Measured (Fig. 2A,B) mol m mol m -3 -3 Measured (Fig. 2A,B) Measured (Fig. 2A,B) Luciferin diffusion DDluc,A (diffusivity in agarose) 9.27 x 10-10 m2 s-1 Measured (Fig. S2) DDluc,w (diffusivity in DMEM) 1.00 x 10-9 m2 s-1 Measured (Fig. S2) DDluc,m (diffusivity in cell memebrane) 8 x 10-11 m2 s-1 Fitted (Fig. 2E) λc (thickness cell membrane) 4 x 10-9 m Ignowski et al. [20] Ac (Surface area cell membrane) 3.14 x 10-10 m2 10 μm sphere Luciferase production -23 ks,luc (luciferase synthesis rate) 7.64 x 10 kd,luc (luciferase decay constant) 8.33 x 10 -5 -1 -1 mol cell s Calculated for constitutive promotor (i.e. equals kd,luc · cluc) Ignowski et al. [20] -1 s Light production RLU (recombinant luciferase) RLU (living cells) 1.38 x 10 1.38 x 10 -1 -2 -1 -2 7 p s cm / (mol olc) 7 p s cm / (mol olc) Measured (Fig. 2A,B) Oxygen diffusion -9 DO2,w (diffusivity in water) 3 x 10 DO2,a (diffusivity in agarose) 1 x 10 -9 m s 2 -1 Demol et al. [49] 2 -1 Hulst et al. [45] m s Note: †olc, oxyluciferin complex.