Butt, K. R. (1991) The Effects of temperature on the intensive production of Lumbricus terrestris L. (Oligochaeta: Lumbricidae). Pedobiologia 35 , 257-264.
Butt K. R., Frederickson, J. and Morris, R. M. (1992) The Intensive production of Lumbricus terrestris L. for soil amelioration. Soil Biology & Biochemistry 24 , 1321-1325.
Butt, K. R. (1993) Reproduction and growth of three deep burrowing earthworms
(Lumbricidae) in laboratory culture in order to assess production for soil restoration. Biology and Fertility of Soils 16 , 135-138.
Butt, K. R. (1993) Utilisation of solid paper-mill sludge and spent brewery yeast as a feed for soil-dwelling earthworms. Bioresource Technology 44 , 105-108.
Butt, K. R., Frederickson, J. and Morris, R. M. (1993) Investigations of an earthworm inoculation experiment, London Borough of Hillingdon. Waste Planning7 , 9-12.
Butt, K. R., Frederickson, J. and Morris, R. M. (1994) Effect of earthworm density on the growth and reproduction of Lumbricus terrestris L. (Oligochaeta: Lumbricidae) in culture.
Pedobiologia 38 , 254-261.
Butt, K. R., Frederickson, J. and Morris, R. M. (1994) The life cycle of the earthworm
Lumbricus terrestris L. (Oligochaeta: Lumbricidae) in culture. European Journal of Soil Biology
30 , 49-54.
Butt, K. R. and Frederickson, J. (1995) Earthworm cultivation and soil-inoculation: a practical technique for land restoration. Journal of Practical Ecology and Conservation 1 , 14-19.
Butt, K .R., Frederickson, J. and Morris, R. M. (1995) An earthworm cultivation and soilinoculation technique for land restoration. Ecological Engineering 4 , 1-9.
Butt, K. R., Frederickson, J. and Morris, R. M. (1997) The Earthworm Inoculation Unit (EIU) technique, an integrated system for cultivation and soil-inoculation of earthworms. Soil Biology
& Biochemistry 29 , 251-257.
Frederickson, J., Butt, K. R., Morris, R. M. and Daniel, C. (1997) Combining vermiculture with traditional green waste composting systems. Soil Biology & Biochemistry 29 , 725-730.
Nuutinen, V. and Butt, K. R. (1997) Pre-mating behaviour of the earthworm Lumbricus terrestris L. Soil Biology & Biochemistry 29 , 307-308.
Butt, K. R. (1997) Reproduction and growth of the earthworm Allolobophora chlorotica
(Savigny, 1826) in controlled environments. Pedobiologia 41 , 362-367 .
Nuutinen, V. and Butt, K. R. (1997) The mating behaviour of the earthworm Lumbricus terrestris L. (Oligochaeta: Lumbricidae). J. of Zoology (London) 242 , 783-798.
Kostecka, J. and Butt, K. R. (1997) Nat ure Conservation and “Woodland Restoration” programme on the island of Rum in Scotland. Zeszyty Naukowe 1 , 21-26.
Butt, K. R. and Nuutinen, V. (1998) Reproduction of the earthworm Lumbricus terrestris Linne after the first mating. Canadian J. of Zoology 76 , 104-109.
Butt, K. R. (1998) Interactions between selected earthworm species: A preliminary, laboratorybased study. Applied Soil Ecology 9 , 75-79.

Butt, K. R. (1998) Earthworms as agents in soil restoration: The UK experience to date. p
529. In: Fox, H. R., Moore, H. M. and McIntosh, A. D. (Eds) Land Reclamation: Achieving
Sustainable Benefits . Balkema, Rotterdam.
Dover, J. W., Butt, K.R. and Pearson, D. (1998). Nodes and linear sections of field boundaries: plant species richness, soil nutrients and boundary width. In: J. W. Dover & R. G.
H. Bunce (Editors ) Key Concepts in LandscapeEcology , IALE (UK), Preston. pp. 347-350.
Butt, K. R. (1998) Inoculation of Earthworms into Reclaimed Soils: Experiences from the UK.
In: Kostecka, J. (Ed.) III Poli sh National Colloquium Rzeszow 1998 “Ecological and Economic importance of Earthworms” pp 125 - 132.
Butt, K. R. (1999) Effects of thermally dried sewage granules on earthworms and vegetation during pot and field trials. Bioresource Technology 67 , 149-154.
Butt, K. R. (1999) Inoculation of Earthworms into Reclaimed Soils: The UK Experience. Land
Degradation and Development 10 , 565-575.
Kostecka, J. and Butt, K. R. (1999) Monitoring soil biota populations: One of the contributory factors within the environmental preservation programme at Manchester Airport. Zeszyty
Naukowe 2 , 53-60.
Butt, K. R., Frederickson, J. and Lowe, C. N. (1999) Colonisation, survival and spread of earthworms on a partially restored landfill site. Pedobiologia 43 , 684-690.
Butt, K. R., Shipitalo, M. J., Bohlen, P. J., Edwards, W. M. and Parmelee, R. W.(1999)
Earthworm Communities of experimental watersheds in Ohio USA. Pedobiologia 43 , 713-719.
Bain, S. O., Butt, K. R. and Morris, R. M. (1999) Survival and reproduction of Lumbricus terrestris L. in colliery spoil and sewage sludge. Pedobiologia 43 , 729-734.
Shipitalo, M. J. and Butt, K. R. (1999) Occupancy and geometrical properties of Lumbricus terrestris L. burrows affecting infiltration. Pedobiologia 43 , 782-794.
Lowe, C. N. and Butt, K. R. (1999) Interspecific interactions between earthworms: A laboratory-based investigation. Pedobiologia 43 , 808-817.
Butt, K. R. (2000) Earthworms of the Malham Tarn Estate (Yorkshire Dales National Park)
Field Studies 9 , 701-710.
Horwood, J. A. and Butt, K. R. (2000) Changes within oribatid mite communities associated with Scots pine regeneration. Web Ecology 1 , 76-81.
Kostecka, J. and Butt, K. R. (2001) Monitoring of earthworm populations during restoration of landfill sites: sustainable development of soil fauna (Experiences from Great Britain). Zeszyty
Naukowe 372 , 23-30.
Butt, K. R. and Kostecka, J. (2001) The Earthworms of Wistman’s Wood, Dartmoor. Bulletin of the Devon Invertebrate Forum 7 , 13-17.
Kostecka, J. and Butt, K. R. (2001) Ecology of the earthworm Allolobophora carpathica from field and laboratory studies. European Journal of Soil Biology 37 , 255-258.
Butt, K. R. (2002) Depth of cocoon deposition by three earthworm species in mesocosms.
European Journal of Soil Biol ogy 38 , 151-153.
Lowe, C. N. and Butt, K. R. (2002) Influence of organic matter on earthworm production and behaviour: a laboratory-based approach with applications for soil restoration. European
Journal of Soil Biol ogy 38 , 173-176.

Lowe, C. N. and Butt, K. R. (2002) Growth of hatchling earthworms in the presence of adults:
Interactions in laboratory culture. Biology and Fertility of Soils 35 , 204-209.
Nuutinen, V., Butt, K. R. and Shipitalo, M. J. (2002) Interaction of drainage technician and ecosystem engineer on a clay field: the earthworm burrow route of water to tiles. In: Pietola, L.
& Esala, M. (eds.). Maa, josta elämme. II Maaperätieteiden päivien laajennetut abstraktit. Pro
Terra 15/2002: 78-80.
Lowe, C. N., and Butt, K. R. (2003) Influence of food particle size on inter- and intra-specific interactions of Allolobophora chlorotica (Savigny) and Lumbricus terrestris (L.). Pedobiologia
47 , 574-577.
Butt, K. R., Nuutinen, V., Sirén, T. (2003) Resource distribution and surface activity of adult
Lumbricus terrestris L. in an experimental system. Pedobiologia 47 , 548-553.
Butt, K. R., Lowe, C. N. and Walmsley, T. (2003) Development of Earthworm Communities in
Translocated Grasslands at Manchester Airport, UK. Pedobiologia 47 , 788-791.
Nuutinen, V. and Butt, K. R. (2003) Interaction of Lumbricus terrestris L. burrows with field subdrains. Pedobiologia 47 , 578-581.
Lowe, C. N. and Butt, K. R. (2003) Inoculation of earthworms into reclaimed soils: Experiences from Britain. In Proceedings Sardinia 2003, Ninth International Waste Management and
Landfill Symposium, Cagliari, Italy 6-10 October.
Gilchrist, P., Gilbert, J. and Butt, K. R. (2003) Burning Issues: lessons from natural regeneration after wildfire. Proceedings of 18 th Conference of IEEM: Upland Ecology, Tourism and Access, Buxton, 2003.
Butt, K. R., Lowe, C. N. and Walmsley, T. (2003) Monitoring earthworm communities in translocated grasslands affected by the construction of Runway 2 at Manchester Airport. North
West Geography 3/2, 1-6.
Butt, K. R., Lowe, C. N., Frederickson, J. and Moffat, A. J. (2004) The development of sustainable earthworm populations at Calvert Landfill Site UK. Land Degradation and
Development 15 , 27-36.
Shipitalo, M. J., Nuutinen, V. and Butt, K. R. (2004) Interaction of earthworm burrows and cracks in a clayey, subsurface-drained soil. Applied Soil Ecology 26 ,209-217.
Butt, K. R. (2004) The reintroduction of the European beaver to Britain: The position in 2004.
Zeszyty Naukowe 5 , 85-90.
Butt, K. R. and Lowe, C. N. (2004) Anthropic influences on earthworm distribution, Rum
National Nature Reserve, Scotland. European Journal of Soil Biolog y 40 , 63-72.
Lowe, C. N. and Butt, K. R. (2004) Use of composted green waste (CGW) to improve landfill cap quality through the agency of earthworms. pp 853-861. In: Proceedings of 3rd Biennial
Conference on: Integrated Waste Management and Pollution Control, Policy and Practice
Research and Solutions.
Butt, K. R. (2004) Earthworms. pp 200-203 In: Wildlife of Lancashire . (Eds.) M. Edmunds, T.
Micham, G. Morries. Carnegie Publishing, Cambridge.
Nuutinen, V. and Butt, K. R. (2005) Homing behaviour of the earthworm Lumbricus terrestris
L. in the laboratory. Soil Biology and Biochemistry 37 , 805-807.

Nuutinen, V., Nieminen, M. & Butt, K. R. (2005) Earthworm inoculation in remediation of structurally deteriorated filed soils [in Finnish]. In: Siimes, K. et al. (eds.). Maaperän vuorovaikutukset. III Maaperätieteiden päivien laajennetut abstraktit. Pro Terra No. 22, p. 70.
Butt, K. R. (2005) Composted green waste as a feedstock for Eisenia fetida : Effects of compost age on biological indices. Zeszyty Naukowe 6 , 15-19.
Butt, K. R. and Nuutinen, V. (2005) The Dawn of the Dew worm. Biologist 52 (4) 218-223.
Lowe, C. N. and Butt, K. R. (2005) Culture techniques for soil dwelling earthworms: A review.
Pedobiologia 49 , 401-413.
Lowe, C.N
., Butt, K.R. & Hough, F. (2005) Waste Management in Isolated Communities: The
Isle of Rum Scotland. Proceedings Sardinia 2005, Tenth Int. Waste Manag. and Landfill
Symp. abstract pp 947.
Butt, K.R., Holden, A. J. & Lowe, C.N. (2005) Compost Characterisation with a focus on heavy metals and a biological indicator. Proceedings Sardinia 2005, Tenth Int. Waste Manag. and
Landfill Symp. abstract pp 761.
Butt, K. R., Nieminen, M. A., Sirén, T., Ketoja, E. and Nuutinen, V. (2005) Population and behavioural level responses of arable soil earthworms to boardmill sludge application. Biology and Fertility of Soils 42 , 163-167.
Butt, K. R. (2006) “Earthworms” Biological Sciences Review 18 (3), 14-17.
Baker, G.H., Brown, G., Butt, K. Curry, J. P. and Scullion, J. (2006) Introduced earthworms in agricultural and reclaimed land, their ecology and influences on soil properties, plant production and other soil biota. Biological Invasions 8 (6) 1301-1316.
Lowe, C. N. and Butt, K. R. (2006) A review of laboratory techniques used in the cultivation of soil dwelling earthworms. Zeszyty Naukowe 7 , 53-61.
Nuutinen, V., Nieminen, M. and Butt K. R. (2006) Introducing deep burrowing earthworms
( Lumbricus terrestris L.) into arable heavy clay under boreal conditions . European Journal of
Soil Biology 42 ,S269-S274.
Butt, K. R. and Lowe, C. N. (2007) A viable technique for tagging earthworms with visible implant elastomer. Applied Soil Ecology 35, 454-457.
Lowe, C. N. and Butt, K. R. (2007) Life cycle traits of the dimorphic earthworm species Allolobophora chlorotica (Savigny 1826) under controlled laboratory conditions. Biology and Fertility of Soils 43 , 495-
499.
Butt, K. R. and Chamberlain, E. J. (2007) Earthworms of the Sefton Coast sand dune ecosystem. North West Geography 7 , 10-13.
Lowe, C. N. and Butt, K. R. (2007) Culture of commercially obtained Lumbricus terrestris L.:
Implications for sub-lethal ecotoxicological testing. Soil Biology & Biochemistry 39 , 1674-1679.
Butt, K. R., Lowe, C. N (2007) Presence of earthworm species within and beneath Lumbricus terrestris (L.) middens. European Journal of Soil Biology 43 , S57-S60.
Lowe, C. N. and Butt, K. R. (2007) Earthworm culture, maintenance and species selection in chronic ecotoxicological studies: A critical review. European Journal of Soil Biology 43 , S281-
S288.