Figure S1 – Study area in the Western Swiss Alps (indicated in black on the map of
Switzerland). Black dots indicate sampled locations. Dot size is proportional to the number of
butterfly species found at that location.
Figure S2 – Butterfly phylogeny. Shown is the consensus tree using a Bayesian ultrametric
approach of the species of butterfly species found in the study area, belonging to the six
families of butterflies, viz. Nymphalidae, Lycaenidae, Pieridae, Papilionidae, Riodinidae and
Hesperiidae. Phylogenetic relationships were inferred using DNA sequences obtained from
GenBank and including two nuclear markers (EF1-alpha, Wgl) and four mitochondrial
markers (16s, COI, NDH1, NDH5).
Figure S3 ˗ Molecular dated phylogenetic tree of 231 angiosperm species from the Western
Swiss Alps. Posterior means of divergence are in relative time units with all nodes scaled
from a common basal divergence of 130 Mya. The nodes were well resolved and supported,
with 77% nodes receiving posterior probabilities greater than 90%. Two outgroup species
Abies alba Mill. and Picea abies (L.) H. Karst. were used to root the tree. The resulting
phylogenetic trees were checked against the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group tree for accepted
relationships among plant orders and families The phylogenetic reconstructions, including
divergence time estimations, produced well-supported phylogenetic trees with nodes
congruent to taxonomic groups defined by the APG III classification. A total of 56% of the
nodes in the dated tree had 100% bootstrap support. A total of 77% nodes had posterior
probabilities greater than 90%. In general, only a few nodes showed low support, such as the
placement of Cirsium spinosissimum (L.) Scop. and Cirsium oleraceum (L.) Scop. within the
Asteraceae family, and some nodes within the Cyperaceae and Lamiaceae family.
Table S1 – Description of the habitat types or alliances defined from phytosociological
analyses and based on Delarzes et al. (2000), “Les milieux naturels de Suisse”. Grasslands are
grouped into floristic units based on the composition of plant species sampled.
Grassland habitats
Mesobromion
Arrhenaterion
Cynosurion
Calthion
Polygono trisetion
Nardion
Seslerion
Caricion ferruginae
Poion alpinae
Rumicion alpini
Petasition paradoxi
Thlaspion rotundifolii
Arabidion caeruleae
Elynion
Description
dry meadow on poor soil
low altitude mowed meadow
low and mid altitude pasture
moist meadow
high altitude mowed meadow
high altitude acidic meadow
high altitude calcareous dry meadow
high altitude calcareous moist meadow
high altitude pasture
high altitude vegetation on overfertilized
soil
moist calcareous scree vegetation
high altitude calcareous scree vegetation
calcareous snow bed vegetation
high altitude ridge vegetation
Table S2 – Results of the best models explaining a) phylogenetic alpha diversity and b)
species richness based on minimizing AIC when only plant species known to interact with
butterfly species (based on literature data) were considered to compute community trait and
plant phylogenetic diversity values.
Parameter
a) Phylogenetic
diversity (SES MPD)
Degree-days
SLA mean
SLA mean, 2
SLA diversity
Plant phylogenetic
diversity (MNTD)
Estimate
0.0010
-2.6200
1.88
0.07
0.0004
t
5.22
-2.29
1.89
1.98
0.19
*
*
*
*
R2=0.12
R2=0.23
AIC=387.0
b) Species richness
Degree-days
Solar radiations
Plant richness
LDMC diversity
Plant phylogenetic
diversity (MNTD)
0.001
0.0006
0.1589
-0.0074
0.01
AIC=1058.
1
R2=0.17
4.65
2.74
2.95
-029
0.44
*
*
*
R2=0.3
R2=0.19
R2=0.32
Table S3 – Results of the lowest AIC models explaining a) phylogenetic alpha diversity and
b) species richness based on minimizing AIC for each of the most frequent families (Pieridae,
Lycaenidae, Nymphalidae, Hesperiidae) considered separately. Papilionidae and Riodinidae
were not considered because of the restricted number of species from those two families
occurring in the study area.
Parameter
Pieridae
a) Phylogenetic
diversity (SES MPD)
Degree-days
b) Species richness
Degree-days
Plant richness
Lycaenidae
a) Phylogenetic
diversity (SES MPD)
SLA mean
b) Species richness
Moisture index
Plant richness
Nymphalidae
a) Phylogenetic
diversity (SES MPD)
Moisture index
b) Species richness
Moisture index
Hesperiidae
a) Phylogenetic
diversity (SES MPD)
SLA mean
b) Species richness
Degree-days
Plant richness
Estimate
t
-0.0001
AIC=401.7
-2.47
*
0.0011
0.02
AIC=492.7
5.66
2.79
*
*
0.05
AIC=294.8
2.66
*
-0.0012
0.02
AIC=320.2
-5.58
3.22
*
*
-0.001
AIC=328.8
-3.47
*
-0.01
AIC=841.3
-6.6
-0.0903
AIC=230.8
-2.66
0.0017
0.02
AIC=542
7.57
1.92
R2=0.04
R2=0.24
R2=0.13
R2=0.28
R2=0.07
R2=0.28
R2=0.19
R2=0.32
R2=0.08
*
R2=0.22
*
R2=0.1
*
*
R2=0.33
R2=0.11
R2=0.35
Table S4 – Results of the correlations between a) butterfly taxonomic beta diversity b)
butterfly phylogenetic beta diversity with SES MPD and c) butterfly phylogenetic beta
diversity with SES MNTD, when only plant species known to interact with butterfly species
(based on literature data) were considered to compute community trait and plant phylogenetic
beta diversity values.
Mantel r
a) Taxonomic diversity
β plant taxonomic
β plant C/N
β plant N
β plant LDMC
β plant SLA
β plant phylogenetic
(MPD)
β plant phylogenetic
(MNTD)
b) Phylogenetic diversity
(SES MPD)
β plant taxonomic
β plant C/N
β plant N
β plant LDMC
β plant SLA
β plant phylogenetic
(MPD)
β plant phylogenetic
(MNTD)
c) Phylogenetic diversity
(SES MNTD)
β plant taxonomic
β plant C/N
β plant N
β plant LDMC
β plant SLA
β plant phylogenetic
(MPD)
β plant phylogenetic
(MNTD)
Partial r
0.26
0.17
0.16
0.29
0.22
*
*
*
*
*
0.09
0.09
0.22
0.14
*
*
*
*
0.3
*
0.23
*
0.42
*
0.35
*
0.17
0.08
0.01
0.17
0.01
*
*
NS
*
NS
0.05
0.01
0.12
0.01
NS
NS
*
NS
0.22
*
0.18
*
0.33
*
0.29
*
0.05
0.1
0.06
0.18
0.005
*
*
*
*
*
0.09
0.04
0.17
0.001
*
NS
*
NS
0.13
*
0.12
*
0.18
*
0.18
*
Table S5 – Results of the correlation between a) butterfly taxonomic beta diversity and b) and c) phylogenetic beta diversity (with SES MPD and
SES MNTD respectively) for each of the most frequent families (Pieridae, Lycaenidae, Nymphalidae, Hesperiidae) considered separately.
Papilionidae and Riodinidae were not included because of the restricted number of species from those two families occurring in the study area.
Mantel
r
Partial
r
Mantel
r
Partial
r
Mantel
r
Nymphalidae
Lycaenidae
Pieridae
a) Taxonomic diversity
a) Taxonomic diversity
a) Taxonomic diversity
β plant taxonomic
0.25
*
β plant taxonomic
0.17
*
β plant C/N
0.09
*
0.01
NS
β plant C/N
0.13
*
0.08
β plant N
0.1
*
0.03
NS
β plant N
0.13
*
β plant LDMC
0.08
*
0.01
NS
β plant LDMC
0.15
β plant SLA
0.19
*
0.11
*
β plant SLA
β plant phylogenetic (MPD)
0.26
*
0.18
*
β plant phylogenetic (MNTD)
0.3
*
0.22
*
Δ degree-days
0.52
Δ frost days
Δ moisture
Δ solar radiations
Partial
r
Mantel
r
Partial
r
Hesperiidae
a) Taxonomic diversity
β plant taxonomic
0.18
*
β plant C/N
0.08
*
0.03
NS
β plant C/N
0.1
*
0.04
NS
0.08
*
β plant N
0.08
*
0.02
NS
β plant N
0.09
*
0.03
NS
*
0.1
*
β plant LDMC
0.09
*
0.03
NS
β plant LDMC
0.15
*
0.1
*
0.15
*
0.1
*
β plant SLA
0.09
*
0.04
NS
β plant SLA
0.14
*
0.09
*
β plant phylogenetic (MPD)
0.32
*
0.29
*
β plant phylogenetic (MPD)
0.25
*
0.21
*
β plant phylogenetic (MPD)
0.22
*
0.18
*
β plant phylogenetic (MNTD)
0.39
*
0.28
*
β plant phylogenetic (MNTD)
0.31
*
0.23
*
β plant phylogenetic (MNTD)
0.25
*
0.2
*
*
Δ degree-days
0.28
*
Δ degree-days
0.31
*
Δ degree-days
0.25
*
0.33
*
Δ frost days
0.36
*
Δ frost days
0.3
*
Δ frost days
0.25
*
0.37
*
Δ moisture
0.31
*
Δ moisture
0.25
*
Δ moisture
0.23
*
0.04
NS
Δ solar radiations
0.02
NS
Δ solar radiations
0.02
NS
Δ solar radiations
0.08
*
β plant taxonomic
0.07
*
β plant taxonomic
0.05
NS
β plant taxonomic
0.15
*
β plant C/N
0.005
NS
0.002
β plant C/N
0.06
NS
0.02
NS
β plant C/N
0.09
*
0.07
*
β plant N
0.004
NS
β plant N
0.1
*
0.06
NS
β plant N
0.09
*
0.07
*
β plant LDMC
0.04
NS
0.05
NS
0.02
NS
β plant SLA
0.02
β plant phylogenetic (MPD)
0.006
β plant phylogenetic (MNTD)
b) Phylogenetic diversity (SES MPD)
b) Phylogenetic diversity (SES MPD)
β plant taxonomic
b) Phylogenetic diversity (SES MPD)
0.2
b) Phylogenetic diversity (SES MPD)
β plant taxonomic
0.14
NS
β plant C/N
0.05
NS
0.01
NS
-0.001
NS
β plant N
0.11
*
0.08
*
0.02
NS
β plant LDMC
0.06
NS
0.03
NS
β plant LDMC
0.06
NS
0.03
NS
β plant LDMC
NS
0.01
NS
β plant SLA
0.04
NS
0.01
NS
β plant SLA
0.02
NS
-0.001
NS
β plant SLA
0.2
*
0.16
*
NS
0.001
NS
β plant phylogenetic (MPD)
0.09
*
0.08
*
β plant phylogenetic (MPD)
0.04
NS
0.01
NS
β plant phylogenetic (MPD)
0.11
*
0.09
*
0.04
NS
0.01
NS
β plant phylogenetic (MNTD)
0.22
*
0.18
*
β plant phylogenetic (MNTD)
0.08
*
0.06
NS
β plant phylogenetic (MNTD)
0.16
*
0.14
*
Δ degree-days
0.1
*
Δ degree-days
0.08
*
Δ degree-days
0.09
*
Δ degree-days
0.31
*
Δ frost days
0.02
NS
Δ frost days
0.28
*
Δ frost days
0.01
NS
Δ frost days
0.12
*
Δ moisture
0.07
*
Δ moisture
0.06
NS
Δ moisture
0.07
*
Δ moisture
0.14
*
Δ solar radiations
0.02
NS
Δ solar radiations
0.01
NS
Δ solar radiations
0.02
NS
Δ solar radiations
0.03
NS
β plant taxonomic
0.04
NS
β plant taxonomic
0.08
*
β plant taxonomic
0.07
*
β plant taxonomic
0.08
*
β plant C/N
0.08
*
0.07
NS
β plant C/N
0.07
*
0.07
*
β plant C/N
0.04
NS
0.01
NS
β plant C/N
0.05
NS
0.02
NS
β plant N
0.08
*
0.07
NS
β plant N
0.04
NS
-0.001
NS
β plant N
0.05
NS
0.02
NS
β plant N
0.03
NS
0.01
NS
β plant LDMC
0.17
*
0.16
*
β plant LDMC
0.003
NS
0.001
NS
β plant LDMC
0.08
*
0.06
NS
β plant LDMC
0.001
NS
-0.002
NS
β plant SLA
0.01
NS
-0.001
NS
β plant SLA
0.009
NS
0.002
NS
β plant SLA
0.01
NS
0.001
NS
β plant SLA
0.16
*
0.14
*
β plant phylogenetic (MPD)
0.07
*
0.06
NS
β plant phylogenetic (MPD)
0.09
*
0.07
*
β plant phylogenetic (MPD)
0.13
*
0.1
*
β plant phylogenetic (MPD)
0.05
NS
0.02
NS
β plant phylogenetic (MNTD)
0.1
*
0.09
*
β plant phylogenetic (MNTD)
0.19
*
0.16
*
β plant phylogenetic (MNTD)
0.13
*
0.1
*
β plant phylogenetic (MNTD)
0.06
NS
0.03
NS
Δ degree-days
0.21
*
Δ degree-days
0.09
*
Δ degree-days
0.08
*
Δ degree-days
0.28
*
Δ frost days
0.006
NS
Δ frost days
0.26
*
Δ frost days
0.14
*
Δ frost days
0.03
NS
c) Phylogenetic diversity (SES MNTD)
c) Phylogenetic diversity (SES MNTD)
c) Phylogenetic diversity (SES MNTD)
c) Phylogenetic diversity (SES MNTD)
Δ moisture
0.12
*
Δ solar radiations
0.008
NS
Δ moisture
0.04
NS
Δ moisture
0.07
*
Δ solar radiations
0.007
NS
Δ solar radiations
0.01
NS
Δ moisture
0.12
*
Δ solar radiations
0.001
NS