Key Terms and concepts – Chapter 9 Language Production (pgs. 277 to 297).
Similarities and Differences between Written and Spoken communication.
Speech Production
Preformulation
Underspecification
Syntactic Priming
Principles of Communication: Grice’s Maxims
Cooperative Principle
Four Maxims: Quantity, Quality, Relationship and Manner
Do people adhere to the maxim of quality? Ferreira (2005)
Turn Taking
Cues
• Intonation
• Eye Gaze
• Gestures
In general the current speaker chooses the next speaker
Hedges
Overlapping Rules
Upgrading
Adjacency pairs
Enhancing Communication
Gestures
(Mol et al., 2009).
Jacobs & Garnham (2007)
Gerwing & Allison, (2009)
Bevelas (2008)
Frick-Horbury & Guttentag (1998)
Discourse Markers
Analysis shows these seemingly meaningless utterances serve roles in conversation.
“um” – indicate problems deciding what to say next.
“you know” – check for understanding.
“like” – mark of sarcasm
“oh and so” – change of topic
Oh - change is relevant to speaker
So – change is relevant to listener
Prosodic Cues
Common Ground
Global and Local Assumptions
Pickering & Garrod (2004) – repetition of phrases and words.
Horton and Keysar (1996)
Clark & Krych (2004)
Stages of Speech Production
1) Semantic: Deep Structure (thought)
2) Syntactic: Phrase Structure of the sentence
3) Morphological : Words and Grammatical Forms
4) Phonological Articulation of Phonemes
Tip of the Tongue
Brown and McNeil (1966)
Unusual sounding words more likely to produce ToT.
ToT resolution can be aided by giving phonologically similar words.
Bilinguals
English and ASL
Phrase Structure
Phrase-structure rules
Constituents
Sentences can be rearranged as long as the constitutes are intact.
Transformational Grammar (Chomsky)
Deep structure vs. Surface Structure
Transformational Grammar rules translate Kernels to other surface structures.
In general, more transformations, the longer comprehension takes.
Spreading Activation
Lexical Bias Effect
Process of Converting Thought to Speech
Ferreria & Swets (2002)
Cognitive load/Error Avoidance Trade-off Wagner et al. (2010)
Linearization Problem
Speech Errors
Vigliocco & Hartsuker, (2002)
Spreading activation – explains what type of errors.
Spoonerisms
Lexical Bias Effect (again)
Freudian Slips - Motley (2008)
Monitoring
Mixed Error Effect
Number-agreement errors
Syntactic Traffic Cop
Aphasia
Individual Differences
Anticipatory and Perseveratory errors.
Errors and practice
Errors and Age