Additional File Table 1. Summary of Cohort Studies examining cerebral salt wasting after traumatic brain injury
Author
Country
(Year)
Study Design and
Exclusion Criteria
Agea
Inclusion Criteria
Percent
Head CT / MRI
CSW
Male
Findings
Incidence
(cases/n)
Lohani [11]
Nepal
(2011)
Prospective
Renal, thyroid, adrenal
37.4±15.3
≥20 years; Admitted
disease prior to TBI; Spinal
(19-70)
within 3 days after
cord injury
79%
Intraparenchymal
9.1%
lesion (67%);
(3/33)
Epidural lesion
TBI
(24%); Subdural
lesion (12%); tSAH
(15%);
Pneumocephalus
(9%)
Zhang [23]
(2010)
China
Prospective
Other severe injuries/ shock;
27.8
Hospitalized <24
History of alcohol use before
(4-60)
hours after
injury, hypertension/ other
heart disease; Abnormal
75%
--
29.4%
(20/68)
craniocerebral injury,
organ function;
confirmed by CT
Glucocorticoid hormone after
injury
Costa [12]
Brazil
(2009)
Prospective
Cardiopathy, acute/chronic
29.1±9
85%
Brain Swelling
34.6%
Admitted to trauma
renal failure, brain death
(18-54)
(65%); Intracranial
(9/26)
ICU for brain injury
signs at admission; Trauma
Bleed (10%); Brain
and GCS <9
ICU admission >1 day after
Contusion (31%)
event; Glucocorticoid &
diuretics during study period;
Trauma ICU stay <10 days
Moro [13]
(2007)
Japan
Retrospective
Admitted for observation
49.3
Admitted with TBI
with no abnormal lesions;
(0-92)
66%
Chronic SDH
4.4%
(30%); Concussion
(13/298)
Spinal cord injury;
(21%); Skull
Posttraumatic vomiting
fracture (16%);
Cerebral contusion
(16%); Acute SDH
(8%); Acute
epidural hematoma
(5%); tSAH (3%)
Einaudib [18]
Italy
(2006)
Prospective
9.1
Consecutive TBI
(0.25-15.5)
77%
--
10%
(3/30)
patients admitted to
neurosurgical
department or ICU
(pediatric hospital)
Vingerhoets
Switzer-
Prospective
[14]
land
Neurosurgical
(1988)
department admit for
severe head injury
a
mean ± standard deviation (range); bExcluded retrospective portion of the study
--
--
--
0.8%
(2/256)
-- = Not Reported; ATV=all-terrain vehicle; CSW=cerebral salt wasting; CT=computed tomography; GCS=Glasgow Coma Scale;
IC=intracerebral; ICU=intensive care unit MRI=magnetic resonance imaging; MVA=motor vehicle accident; SDH=subdural
hematoma; TBI=traumatic brain injury; tSAH=traumatic subarachnoid hemorrhage