Appendix S1: Sites examined. Figure S1.1: Location and sagebrush ecosystem type of 898 focal sites across the distribution of sagebrush ecosystems (yellow areas are identified by GAP as containing sagebrush.) 1 MAT_C_mean_fC [9,16] [8,9) [7,8) [7,7) [6,7) [5,6) [4,5) [−2,4) Figure S1.2: Mean annual temperature (C) of the 898 sites examined. 2 MAP_mm_mean_fC [475.6625,829.4] [396.2,475.6625) [360.925,396.2) [334,360.925) [307.475,334) [272.2,307.475) [245.05,272.2) [159.3,245.05) Figure S1.3: Mean annual precipitation (mm) of the 898 sites examined. 3 ● ● SAND CLAY SILT ● ● ● ● ●● ● ● ● ● ●● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●● ● ● ● ●● ● ● ● ●● ● ●●●● ● ● ● ●● ● ● ● ● ●● ●●● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●● ●● ● ●● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●● ● ● ●● ● ● ●●● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●●● ● ● ●● ● ●● ● ● ●● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●●● ●●● ● ● ●● ● ● ● ● ●● ● ● ●●●●● ●● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●●● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●● ● ● ● ● ●●● ● ● ● ● ● ●●● ● ● ● ●●●● ● ● ●● ● ●● ● ● ● ●● ●● ●● ● ● ● ● ●● ●● ● ● ● ●● ● ● ● ●● ● ●● ●● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●● ● ●● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●●●● ● ● ●● ● ● ● ● ●● ● ● ● ● ● ●● ● ● ● ● ●●●● ●● ●●● ● ● ● ● ●● ●● ● ● ● ●● ●● ●●●● ● ●●● ●●● ●● ● ●●● ●● ● ●● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●● ● ● ●● ●● ●● ● ●● ● ●● ● ●● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●● ● ●● ● ●● ● ● ● ●● ● ● ● ● ● ●● ● ● ●●●●●● ●●●● ● ●● ● ●●●●● ● ● ●● ● ●● ●● ● ● ● ● ● ●●● ● ●●● ●●● ●● ● ● ●●●● ● ● ●● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●● ● ● ●● ● ●● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●●●● ● ● ● ● ●● ● ● ● ● ●●● ● ● ● ● ●●●● ●● ●● ● ● ●●● ●●●●● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●● ● ●● ● ●●● ● ●● ●● ●●● ● ● ●● ● ●● ● ●● ● ● ●● ● ● ●●● ● ●● ● ● ● ●●● ● ●● ● ●● ●● ● ●● ● ●● ● ● ● ●● ●● ●● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●● ●● ● ● ● ●● ● ●● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●● ● ●● ● ●●● ● ● ● ●● ●● ● ● ●● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●● ● ● ●●●● ● ● ● ● ●● ●● ● ● ● ● ●● ● ● ● ● ●● ● ● ●● ● ● ● ● ●● ●●● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●●● ●● ● ● ● ●●●● ● ● ●● ● ● ● ● ●●● ● ● ● ●● ● ● ●● ●● ● ● ●● ● ● ●● ●●● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●● ● ● ●● ● ●● ● ● ● ● ●●● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●● ●● ●● ● ● ● ● ●● ●● ● ● ●● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●● ● ● ● ● ●● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●● ●● ●● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●● ● ● ● ●● Figure S1.4: Depth-averaged soil texture of the 898 sites examined, presented as a color gradient between sand (red), clay (green) and silt (blue). 4 Soil texture of 898 sites examined % 1% 1% 0% 4% 3% 0% 28% 53% 8% 1% 1% 0% SB SHRUBLAND SB STEPPE SB MONTANE 10 ● 90 20 Points 11 5 0 37 24 3 251 480 76 6 5 0 80 30 0− 2m m Texture Cl SiCl SaCl ClLo SiClLo SaClLo Lo SiLo SaLo Si LoSa Sa SiClLo 80 SaClLo 20 SiLo SaLo 10 90 Lo ● Sa mm ClLo 30 50 2− SaCl 40 70 50 SiCl i lt ]S [% 50 60 Cl 60 [% ] 40 Cla y 70 LoSa Si 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 [%] Sand 50−2000 mm ● Figure S1.5: Soil texture of the 898 sites examined on the texture triangle. Colors denote sagebrush ecosystem type. Number of sites and proportion of sites within each texture class are indicated in the table. 5 Means (standard deviation) Shrub Ecosystem Type C3 0.39 (0.10) 0.48 (0.06) 0.51 (0.06) 0.59 (0.11) 0.39 (0.09) 0.46 (0.05) 0.03 (0.05) 0.13 (0.13) 0.03 (0.06) 0. 1 SB Montane SB Steppe SB Shrubland C4 ● 0.9 0.2 ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● 0. 4 ● ● ● ● ● ● ●● ● ● ● ● ●●● ●● ● ●●● ● ● ●● ● ●● ● ●● ●● ● ●●● ●●●● ● ● ● ●● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●● ● ● ● ● ●● ● ● ● ●● ● ● ● ●●● ● ● ● ●● ● ●● ● ● ● ● ●●●●● ● ● ● ●● ● ● ●● ● ● ●● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●● ●● ●● ● ● ●● ●●● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●● ● ●●● ● ● ●● ● ●● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●● ● ● ●● ● ● ● ●● ● ● ●● ●● ● ● ● ● ● ●● ● ●● ●● ● ● ● ●● ● ●● ● ●● ● ●● ●●●●●●● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●●●● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●●● ● ● ● ● ● ●● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●●●● ●●● ● ● ● ● ● ●● ● ● ● ●●● ● ● ● ● ● ●●● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●● ●● ● ● ●● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●● ● ● ●●● ●● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●● ● ● ● ●● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●● ● ● ● ● ● ●● ●● ● ● ● ●● ●● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●●●● ● ● ●●● ●● ● ● ● ● ● ●●●●●● ● ● ● ● ●● ● ● ●● ●●● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●● ● ●● ● ●● ● ●●●● ● ● ● ● ●● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●● ● ● ●● ●● ●● ● ● ● ●● ● ● C4 0.6 0. 5 C3 0.7 ● ● ● ● ●● ●● ● 0.3 0.8 ● ●● ● ● 0. 8 0.3 0.7 0.4 0.6 0.5 ● ● ● ● 0.9 0.2 ● 0.1 0. 1 0. 2 0. 3 0. 4 0. 5 0. 6 0. 7 0. 8 0. 9 Shrub Figure S1.6: Plant functional group composition of the 898 sites examined. Colors denote sagebrush ecosystem type. Mean and standard deviation of each functional group proportions within each ecosystem type are indicated in the table. 6