Supporting Information S3. Indices.
Table S3a. Proportion of the claw (CL) of each ray underlain and supported by the distal
phalanx (DPL). Summary statistics include mean ± standard deviation and total range. All
numbers are percentages.
______________________________________________________________________________
Ray I
Ray II
Ray III
Ray IV
Ray V
______________________________________________________________________________
C. phillipsorum
(n = 7)
63 ± 2
61–66
59 ± 5
50–65
60 ± 3
54–62
54 ± 2
50–57
55 ± 3
51–59
M. blarina
(n = 3)
64 ± 3
62–66
(n = 2)
49 ± 4
45–53
49 ± 4
45–53
47 ± 3
43–50
57 ± 3
53–59
M. cafer
(n = 2)
62
60–63
51
48–55
51
47–56
57
56–59
57
54–60
M. geata
(n = 12)
62 ± 4
57–69
49 ± 7
40–63
50 ± 4
43–58
48 ± 3
43–54
53 ± 4
45–60
M. kihaulei
(n = 12)
59 ± 3
54–64
50 ± 5
44–57
49 ± 2
46–54
49 ± 5
42–56
49 ± 4
44–54
M. varius
(n = 4)
54 ± 4
49–57
51 ± 6
43–56
52 ± 6
44–57
51 ± 3
47–54
54 ± 2
52–57
M. zinki
(n = 2)
51
50–51
53
51–56
48
43–52
49
46–51
46
43–48
S. norae
(n = 17)
62 ± 4
57–71
(n = 13)
62 ± 5
55–70
60 ± 4
54–68
(n = 16)
59 ± 5
51–67
(n = 16)
57 ± 5
48–70
(n = 15)
S. polulus
(n = 23)
58 ± 4
50–67
(n = 17)
59 ± 5
52–75
60 ± 6
50–75
58 ± 5
51–74
53 ± 4
47–62
Uropsilus
(n = 9)
63 ± 1
60–64
(n = 8)
59 ± 3
54–64
55 ± 6
46–64
55 ± 2
51–60
56 ± 3
52–60
(n = 8)
Neurotrichus
(n = 15)
64 ± 4
59–72
65 ± 4
58–74
65 ± 4
60–73
63 ± 4
63 ± 5
57–72
54–73
(n = 14)
(n = 14)
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
Table S3b. Phalangeal indices (PI) for rays I–V of the manus. The phalangeal index (PI)
determines the lengths of the digit relative to its respective metacarpal and is commonly used as
a morphological proxy to infer differential substrate use among extant and fossil groups of
mammals (Lemelin 1999; Weisbecker and Warton, 2006; Weisbecker and Schmid, 2007; Kirk et
al., 2008). For ray I, PI = (PPL/ML); for rays II–V, PI = [(PPL+MPL)/ML]. A higher PI
represents a longer digit relative to the palm. Summary statistics include mean ± standard
deviation and total range. All numbers are percentages.
______________________________________________________________________________
Ray I
Ray II
Ray III
Ray IV
Ray V
______________________________________________________________________________
C. phillipsorum
(n = 7)
76 ± 8
68–89
(n = 6)
104 ± 4
99–109
(n = 4)
87 ± 4
79–92
84 ± 2
81–88
97 ± 7
85–106
M. blarina
(n = 3)
85 ± 4
81–88
109
104–114
(n = 2)
84 ± 5
79–88
82 ± 3
79–84
92
92–92
(n = 2)
M. cafer
(n = 2)
95
94–97
115
113–118
91
90–91
87
85–89
98
94–103
M. geata
(n = 11)
78 ± 6
67–88
107 ± 5
100–118
90 ± 4
85–97
83 ± 2
79–85
(n = 12)
97 ± 4
92–103
M. kihaulei
(n = 12)
81 ± 4
72–87
(n = 10)
107 ± 4
100–113
(n = 8)
89 ± 5
82–97
(n = 11)
82 ± 6
71–89
96 ± 8
82–108
M. varius
(n = 4)
90 ± 6
85–99
115 ± 8
105–122
88 ± 5
84–95
78 ± 5
71–84
94 ± 7
86–102
M. zinki
(n = 2)
97
95–98
112
110–113
86
84–87
79
77–81
111
109–113
S. norae
(n = 15)
90 ± 7
77–100
15
113 ± 6
107–131
15
82 ± 9
53–92
(n = 17)
75 ± 4
66–80
15
91 ± 10
80–110
(n =14)
S. polulus
(n = 23)
91 ± 9
79–115
(n = 21)
110 ± 4
103–115
84 ± 4
74–92
79 ± 3
70–84
86 ± 10
53–106
Uropsilus
(n = 9)
133 ± 9
119–147
125 ± 10
111–142
104 ± 4
97–109
(n = 8)
103 ± 15
67–115
(n = 8)
112 ± 7
103–122
Neurotrichus
(n = 15)
97 ± 9
156 ± 7
135 ± 8
162 ± 9
123 ± 5
82–111
141–170
119–150
144–178
110–130
(n = 14)
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
Table S3c. Interphalangeal ratios (IPR) for rays II–V of the manus. The interphalangeal ratio
(IPR) measures the length of the middle phalanx as a percentage of the proximal phalanx
(Weisbecker and Warton 2006). A larger IPR indicates a relatively longer middle phalanx.
Summary statistics include mean ± standard deviation and total range. All numbers are
percentages.
______________________________________________________________________________
Ray II
Ray III
Ray IV
Ray V
______________________________________________________________________________
C. phillipsorum
(n = 7)
57 ± 4
51–64
57 ± 3
52–60
57 ± 2
55–61
50 ± 7
39–58
M. blarina
(n = 3)
66 ± 1
65–67
68 ± 11
55–77
71 ± 7
63–78
63 ± 7
56–68
M. cafer
(n = 2)
65
64–67
67
66–67
61
60–63
56
52–60
M. geata
(n = 12)
66 ± 4
60–73
68 ± 4
62–73
(n = 11)
67 ± 3
63–71
62 ± 5
53–68
M. kihaulei
(n = 12)
69 ± 7
61–87
68 ± 6
54–79
66 ± 7
52–74
59 ± 9
43–68
M. varius
(n = 4)
68 ± 6
60–73
70 ± 6
64–77
63 ± 5
56–68
59 ± 5
51–64
M. zinki
(n = 2)
65
64–65
67
64–70
66
64–68
68
65–70
S. norae
(n = 16)
63 ± 4
57–69
69 ± 5
61–79
66 ± 6
57–79
(n = 15)
60 ± 7
47–75
(n = 15)
S. polulus
(n = 23)
64 ± 3
59–70
70 ± 4
62–78
66 ± 4
59–75
57 ± 8
41–76
(n = 22)
Uropsilus
(n = 9)
56 ± 5
46–61
59 ± 7
47–70
57 ± 4
51–63
54 ± 5
47–60
(n = 8)
Neurotrichus
69 ± 4
66 ± 3
58 ± 3
68 ± 5
(n = 15)
61–79
60–70
51–63
56–77
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
Table S3d. Proportional widths of manus bones and claws calculated by dividing the width of
each bone by its length for 9 species of myosoricines and 2 talpids. All numbers are given as
percentages. Larger numbers indicate wider and/or shorter bones.
______________________________________________________________________________
Proximal
Middle
Distal
Metacarpal
Phalanx
Phalanx
Phalanx
Claw
______________________________________________________________________________
Ray 1
C. phillipsorum
(n = 7)
22 ± 4
15–22
(n = 6)
25 ± 3
22–25
44 ± 2
39–44
18 ± 4
13–18
M. blarina
(n = 3)
25 ± 4
21–28
27 ± 2
26–30
40 ± 2
39–42
20
18–21
(n = 2)
M. cafer
(n = 2)
14
14–15
17
17–18
38
34–42
26
24–28
M. geata
(n = 12)
17 ± 1
16–19
(n = 10)
21 ± 2
19–25
41 ± 2
37–44
17 ± 3
13–23
M. kihaulei
(n = 12)
16 ± 1
14–18
(n = 8)
20 ± 2
16–24
38 ± 4
32–44
20 ± 4
14–27
M. varius
(n = 4)
19 ± 3
16–22
22 ± 2
21–24
38 ± 3
34–42
19 ± 3
15–23
M. zinki
(n = 2)
25
25–26
27
26–27
44
39–49
16
13–19
S. norae
(n = 16)
33 ± 5
26–42
31 ± 3
27–35
(n = 14)
43 ± 4
38–50
(n = 14)
19 ± 3
13–28
(n = 13)
S. polulus
(n = 22)
33 ± 4
26–41
(n = 21)
30 ± 4
23–37
43 ± 3
39–48
(n = 20)
19 ± 4
13–25
(n = 16)
Uropsilus
24 ± 4
17 ± 1
36 ± 3
18 ± 4
(n =9)
19–30
15–19
33–41
13–23
(n = 8)
53 ± 5
46–66
(n = 14)
55 ± 4
48–64
36 ± 2
32–39
18 ± 2
14–22
16 ± 1
15–16
(n = 3)
23 ± 4
18–23
37 ± 6
30–37
38 ± 3
35–38
15 ± 2
13–15
M. blarina
(n = 3)
17
16–17
(n = 2)
25 ± 2
23–28
38 ± 2
36–41
36 ± 1
35–37
12 ± 2
11–14
M. cafer
(n = 2)
14
14–15
18
18–19
24
24–24
38
37–39
13
13–13
M. geata
(n = 12)
15 ± 1
12–16
(n = 9)
21 ± 1
20–24
31 ± 3
29–39
41 ± 3
37–48
13 ± 4
10–24
M. kihaulei
(n = 12)
15 ± 1
14–16
(n = 8)
21 ± 1
18–22
30 ± 3
25–34
38 ± 3
33–43
13 ± 2
10–19
M. varius
(n = 4)
16 ± 1
16–18
24 ± 3
20–27
33 ± 3
29–36
36 ± 3
33–40
12 ± 1
11–14
M. zinki
(n = 2)
20
19–20
30
29–31
46
41–50
36
34–37
15
14–17
S. norae
(n = 17)
26 ± 2
23–32
(n = 15)
38 ± 3
32–43
(n = 15)
64 ± 4
58–72
(n = 16)
36 ± 2
33–38
14 ± 2
11–19
S. polulus
(n = 23)
25 ± 2
21–29
37 ± 2
33–42
61 ± 5
52–74
37 ± 2
33–44
14 ± 2
11–17
Uropsilus
(n = 9)
15 ± 2
13–18
17 ± 1
15–20
29 ± 4
25–39
31 ± 2
29–33
11 ± 1
10–13
Neurotrichus
(n = 15)
54 ± 6
44–61
46 ± 4
38–54
76 ± 5
65–84
31 ± 1
29–34
19 ± 2
15–22
Neurotrichus
(n = 15)
Ray II
C. phillipsorum
(n = 7)
Ray III
C. phillipsorum
(n = 7)
13 ± 2
10–13
21 ± 1
19–21
37 ± 7
30–37
36 ± 3
32–36
17 ± 2
15–17
M. blarina
(n = 3)
15
15–15
(n = 2)
31
31–32
(n = 2)
40 ± 8
33–48
34 ± 1
33–34
12 ± 1
11–13
M. cafer
(n = 2)
11
11–12
18
17–18
24
24–25
38
34–43
12
11–13
M. geata
(n = 12)
13 ± 0
12–13
(n = 11)
22 ± 1
21–24
(n = 11)
32 ± 3
28–38
37 ± 2
34–42
12 ± 2
10–16
M. kihaulei
(n = 12)
12 ± 2
9–14
(n = 11)
21 ± 2
19–24
31 ± 4
26–37
35 ± 3
33–41
13 ± 4
10–21
M. varius
(n = 4)
14 ± 2
12–16
26 ± 3
22–29
35 ± 2
32–36
34 ± 4
30–38
14 ± 2
12–16
M. zinki
(n = 2)
16
15–17
34
32–36
46
46–47
36
33–40
16
14–17
S. norae
(n = 17)
20 ± 1
18–22
44 ± 3
40–49
66 ± 4
58–73
(n = 16)
34 ± 2
31–39
13 ± 1
11–16
(n = 16)
S. polulus
(n = 23)
20 ± 1
18–21
(n = 22)
42 ± 3
37–48
65 ± 5
55–78
35 ± 2
33–40
13 ± 1
11–16
Uropsilus
(n = 9)
12 ± 1
12–13
(n = 8)
18 ± 1
16–19
28 ± 4
24–37
33 ± 3
28–38
12 ± 1
11–15
Neurotrichus
(n = 15)
41 ± 3
37–46
42 ± 3
38–48
80 ± 4
75–92
31 ± 2
28–34
20 ± 2
16–22
Ray IV
C. phillipsorum
(n = 7)
12 ± 1
11–12
22 ± 2
19–22
38 ± 3
33–38
40 ± 2
38–40
14 ± 2
12–14
M. blarina
(n = 3)
14 ± 1
14–15
30 ± 1
29–31
41 ± 2
38–43
36 ± 1
35–37
14 ± 3
12–17
M. cafer
(n = 2)
11
11–11
19
18–20
28
27–28
32
29–35
16
16–17
M. geata
(n = 12)
12 ± 1
11–14
(n = 11)
23 ± 1
21–25
34 ± 2
29–37
40 ± 4
33–47
12 ± 2
10–15
M. kihaulei
(n = 12)
11 ± 1
9–12
23 ± 2
20–27
34 ± 5
29–43
36 ± 4
31–44
15 ± 3
10–20
M. varius
(n = 4)
13 ± 1
12–15
27 ± 1
26–28
40 ± 4
36–45
35 ± 2
33–37
12 ± 1
11–13
M. zinki
(n = 2)
14
13–15
33
31–34
51
49–53
32
30–33
14
12–16
S. norae
(n = 17)
19 ± 1
18–21
49 ± 5
44–59
(n = 15)
75 ± 6
66–90
(n = 15)
36 ± 2
32–40
15 ± 3
12–24
(n = 16)
S. polulus
(n = 23)
19 ± 1
17–20
44 ± 3
38–48
72 ± 8
61–94
36 ± 2
33–40
14 ± 2
11–17
Uropsilus
(n = 9)
13 ± 1
12–15
(n = 8)
18 ± 1
17–21
28 ± 4
24–34
(n = 8)
32 ± 4
27–40
14 ± 4
10–22
Neurotrichus
(n = 15)
47 ± 3
40–53
37 ± 2
34–41
76 ± 4
70–87
31 ± 1
30–35
(n = 14)
20 ± 1
17–21
(n = 14)
Ray V
C. phillipsorum
(n = 7)
21 ± 3
16–21
27 ± 3
22–27
52 ± 9
35–52
49 ± 4
45–49
16 ± 4
13–16
M. blarina
(n = 3)
27
25–30
(n = 2)
37 ± 3
35–40
55 ± 10
48–66
42 ± 3
39–45
17 ± 2
16–19
M. cafer
(n = 2)
15
15–16
21
20–22
35
33–36
45
44–45
24
17–31
M. geata
(n = 12)
16 ± 1
14–17
(n = 11)
25 ± 1
22–28
38 ± 4
34–46
47 ± 3
43–52
17 ± 6
11–28
M. kihaulei
(n = 12)
16 ± 2
13–19
25 ± 2
20–29
40 ± 8
30–57
46 ± 4
39–55
19 ± 7
11–30
M. varius
(n = 4)
19 ± 3
16–23
30 ± 2
27–32
48 ± 7
40–57
42 ± 2
40–44
18 ± 2
14–20
M. zinki
(n = 2)
22
19–25
36
33–38
49
47–50
40
35–44
18
15–21
S. norae
(n = 15)
31 ± 3
27–36
54 ± 4
48–60
83 ± 9
63–92
46 ± 4
37–53
16 ± 4
14–28
S. polulus
(n = 23)
27 ± 3
22–32
52 ± 6
42–62
89 ± 12
62–111
(n = 22)
48 ± 3
43–55
16 ± 2
12–20
(n = 21)
Uropsilus
(n = 9)
18 ± 1
16–21
20 ± 2
18–26
39 ± 6
29–46
37 ± 3
30–41
14 ± 4
11–22
(n = 8)
Neurotrichus
(n = 15)
41 ± 4
35–50
52 ± 4
45–60
76 ± 6
67–90
39 ± 2
22 ± 2
35–44
17–25
(n = 14)
(n = 14)
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
LITERATURE CITED
Kirk, E. C., Lemelin, M. W. Hamrick, D. M. Boyer, and J. I. Bloch. 2008. Intrinsic hand
proportions of euarchontans and other mammals: implications for the locomotor behavior of
plesiadapiforms. Journal of Human Evolution 55:278–99.
Lemelin, P. 1999. Morphological correlates of substrate use in didelphid marsupials:
implications for primate origins. Journal of Zoology 247:165–175.
Weisbecker, V., and S. Schmid. 2007. Autopodial skeletal diversity in hystricognath rodents:
functional and phylogenetic aspects. Mammalian Biology 72:27–44.
Weisbecker, V., and D. I. Warton. 2006. Evidence at hand: diversity, functional implications,
and locomotor prediction in intrinsic hand proportions of diprotodontian marsupials.
Journal of Morphology 267:1469–1485.