EOC Review
Reading Maps
Tools
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Key - Explanations about what symbols on a map stand for. This is sometimes called a Legend.
Compass Rose - Marker that indicates directions.
Scale Bar – Marker that indicates distance.
Maps:
Physical Map
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Shows the location and physical features of an area.
Physical features include: mountains, rivers, oceans, lakes, etc.
Political Map
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Shows the boundaries between countries.
Often show human-made features such as capitals, cities, roads, highways and railroads.
Special Purpose Map
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Climate – Shows the region’s climate zones.
Economic Activity – Shows the region’s jobs and land use.
Vegetation – Shows the region’s vegetation zones.
Population Density – Shows the region’s major cities and where the population is located.
Map Projections
Planar Projections –Rectangular map - these maps have a lot of distortion around the edges.
Cylindrical Projections – Wrapped around a globe - then, the cylinder is unwrapped onto a flat surface creating a
rectangular map. Cylindrical maps have a lot of distortion around the Polar Regions
Conic Projections – Wrapped around the globe in the shape of a cone and the details of the globe are projected onto the
Cone.
Winkel Tripel Projection – Most general reference world maps use this style of map. There is little distortion.
Robinson Projection – Distortion occurs at the polar regions of this map
Goode’s Interrupted Equal-Area Projection - An Interrupted map looks like a globe that has been cut apart and laid flat.
Shows the true size of earth’s landmasses but distorts the distances between places.
Mercator Projection – They are good because they accurately show true directions and shapes of landmasses. They are
useful in sea travel.
5 Themes of Geography
Location
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Absolute – Using latitude (Sideways Lines) / longitude (Up and Down Lines)
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Relative – Describing what is nearest to the location.
Place
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Human Characteristics – How are people affected?
Physical Characteristics – How is the environment affected?
Human-Environment-Interaction
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How people affect the environment positively or negatively.
Movement
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Immigration – Going into another country.
Emigration – Leaving a country.
Push Factor – Reason to leave.
Pull Factor – Reason to stay or go to another place.
Region
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Formal Region – Region with similar characteristics.
Functional Region – Region where a job is performed.
Perceptual Region – Region that has a nickname.
L.E.M.P.O.S.A.
Latitude – High (Polar Regions), Low (Between the Tropics), Mid (Between Tropics and Polar Regions).
Elevation – How does elevation affect humans and the environment.
Mountain Barriers – Mountain that is between two features. (Example – Himalayas are between countires).
Proximity to Water – How close are people to water and why.
Ocean Currents – La Nina and El Nino (Less or more rain – why?)
Storms – Any environmental storm.
Atmospheric Pressure – High (Cold Air) or Low (Warm Air)
Continents and Oceans
North America
South America
Africa
Europe
Asia
Australia
Antarctica
Pacific
Atlantic
Indian
Arctic
Spheres of Geography
Lithosphere
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All of earth’s landforms / land / earth’s crust.
Biosphere
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The part of earth that supports life. Life cannot exist outside the biosphere without the assistance of mechanical
life-support systems.
Hydrosphere
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All of earth’s water / water cycle.
Atmosphere
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Air
Nitrogen – 78%
Oxygen – 21%
Other gases – 1%
Physical Systems
Weathering
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Is the process that breaks down rocks into smaller pieces
Erosion
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Is the wearing away of earth’s surface.
Rock Cycle
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Sedimentary – Rocks that formed from minerals and looks like flat sheets of rock.
Metamorphic –Rocks that formed from heat and pressure. Has many different colors combined into one rock.
Igneous –Rocks that formed from cooling of lava. Usually a dark color of gray, black, and red.
Plate Tectonics
Convergent
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Plates collide together to causing volcanoes and/or mountains to form.
Divergent
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Plates move away causing valleys and trenches.
Subduction
 When one plate slides underneath another causing volcanoes to erupt and earthquakes.
Water Cycle
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Evaporation – Water heats and creates water vapor that rises and is caught in clouds.
Condensation – The clouds then cool. This forms water droplets causing the clouds to turn dark and heavy.
Precipitation – Clouds release the water droplets back to earth.
Condensation
Evaporation
Evaporation
Climate and Weather
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The sun is the biggest factor in creating Earth’s climates.
Climate is a long-term weather pattern of a region.
Weather is the condition of the atmosphere at a specific time.
So, the climate of a region is what kind of weather is typical.
The climate of a region is determined by many things; most importantly is the earth’s position in relation to the
sun.
Important Climates
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North Atlantic Drift –
A
B
V
F
U
Factors Affecting Climate
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Latitude or where a place is located on the earth.
Elevation (or Altitude) or how high above sea level a place is located.
Prevailing winds or winds that blow in a constant pattern.
Ocean currents
Temperature causes water vapor to condense and form precipitation
Factors Affecting Weather
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Heating / cooling of the earth’s atmosphere
Pollution in the water cycle
Seasonal changes (Winter – Summer – Fall – Spring : Each bring different weather types)
Physical systems
Natural Disasters
Earth
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The earth is always tilted at an angle; 23 ½ degrees.
So, not all places on earth receive the same amount of sunlight at the same time.
Earth’s tilt affects the temperature of places.
Earth revolves around the sun. It makes one complete revolution every 365 days; or 1 year.
The seasons are caused by earth’s revolution around the sun and earth’s tilt.
Earth’s Lines
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The equator divides the world into Northern and Southern hemispheres. When one hemisphere is experiencing
Winter, the other is experiencing Summer.
The Tropic of Cancer is the 23 ½ degree north latitude line.
It is the northernmost latitude line that receives the sun’s direct rays.
The Tropic of Capricorn is the 23 ½ degree south latitude line.
It is the southernmost latitude line that receives the sun’s direct rays.
The North Pole and South Poles are located at the end of the earth’s axis.
Each pole receives continuous indirect sunlight six months out of the year.
So, it remains dark on the poles for six months out of the year and the other six months, it remains daylight.
Regions of the World
The Sahara Desert
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Largest desert in the world.
The Taiga
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Defined by coniferous forest / cold regions.
Rainforest
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Defined by a heavy forested area with heavy rain year round.
The Great Plains
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Defined by a stretch of land that is flat and covered in grass; called the prairie.
Cultural Regions
Cultural regions are based on unifying characteristics:
Language
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An area where a single language is predominant.
Ethnicity
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An area where a single ethnicity is predominant.
Religion
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An area where a single religion is predominant.
Economic Conditions
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An area where the economy is predominant – could be poor – rich and anywhere between.
Politics
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An area where a certain government is predominant.
Population Factors
Death Rate – Amount of people dying each year for every 1,000 people.
Birth Rate – Amount of people born each year for every 1,000 people.
Zero-Population Growth – When birth and death rates are equal.
Less Developed – Country that has poor healthcare, economy, education, sanitation, etc.
Newly Industrialized – Country that has improving healthcare, economy, education, sanitation, etc.
More Developed – Country that has high-quality healthcare, economy, education, sanitation, etc.
Population Pyramid
= High Death Rate – High Birth Rate – Less Developed Country
= Death Rate is falling – Birth Rate is falling – Newly Industrialized Country
= Death Rate is Low and Stable – Birth Rate is low and stable – More Developed Country
Population Patterns
Mankind’s Beginnings
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Early civilizations and modern areas of dense population developed near water, fertile soil and temperate climate.
Settlements / LEMPOSA
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Human and physical features influence the size and distribution of settlements.
Cities / Resource Access
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Settlement patterns have been affected by urbanization, transportation, access to resources and economic
activities.
Movement of People
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Economic, social, political and environmental push and pull factors affect the routes and flows of human migration.
Population Development
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Trends in population growth and distribution have changed over time.
Future Resources
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Sustainable development as well a renewable and non-renewable resources have political and economic
relationship with settlements and the environment.
Future Population
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Population pyramids, data, graphics and maps can be used to describe population characteristics over time and to
predict future trends.
Economies
Free Enterprise
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Supply and Demand control the goods and services.
Socialism
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Government and people would share the ownership of supply, demand, goods, and services.
Communism
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A central government or single person controls the ownership of supply, demand, goods, and services.
Traditional
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Economy based on agriculture – it is the most primitive form of economy.
Levels of Economy
Primary
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Uses raw materials.
Secondary
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Takes the raw materials and creates a useable product.
Tertiary
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Sells the product or is a service person for the product.
Quaternary
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Creates ideas for raw materials.
Governments
Democracy
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People elect who will rule over them and take an active role in laws (voting).
Dictatorship
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Central leader that controls the government and people.
Monarchy
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King or Queen that controls that government and people – passes down the rule to children.
Republic
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People elect who will rule over them.
Theocracy
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Central leader that controls the government and people – is that to be ordained by God to rule his people.
Totalitarian
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The government controls all aspects of human life.
Culture
Culture
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A way of life for a group of people.
Institutions
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They are organizations developed by each society to make social roles clear and to take care of social needs.
Assimilation
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When one or more culture(s) joins another culture.
Cultural Hearth
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An important culture that brought new ideas to the world and spread their influence.
World Religions
Monotheism
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Belief in one God.
Polytheism
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Belief in multiple Gods.
Christian
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Belief in Jesus Christ (prophet) and one God.
Buddhism
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Belief in Buddha (prophet) and no God. Instead belief in living practical humble lives.
Islam
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Belief in Muhammad (prophet) and one God.
Hinduism
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Belief in many Gods.
Muslim
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Person that follows Islamic beliefs.
Judaism
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Belief that Jesus Christ has not saved the world. Similar to Christianity.
Sikhism
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Belief in one God – follows beliefs in self control and salvation through meditation with God.
Animism
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Belief in spirits in all living beings – plants, humans, animals.
United States and Canada
Reasons for colonization
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Religious persecution
Economic benefits
Increased freedoms
Regions
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Sunbelt – All southern states – called this because of the increased heat from the equator.
Dairy Belt – In the northeast U.S. near the Great Lakes – called this because of the production of dairy products.
Rust Belt – In the northeast U.S. near the Great Lake – called this because of the old steel industry.
Four Corners – Colorado, New Mexico, Arizona, Nevada.
Information
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330 million people
Main religion – Christianity
Government - Democratic Republic
Population is mainly found near the East and West Coasts
50 States
Land Features
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Appellation Mountains
Great Plains
Rocky Mountains
Mt. McKinley
Death Valley
Water Features
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Mississippi River
Atlantic Ocean
Pacific Ocean
Great Lakes (HOMES)
Great Salt Lake
Latin America
Reasons for colonization
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A
B
C
Regions
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A
B
C
Information
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A
B
C
Land Features
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A
B
C
D
E
Water Features
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A
B
C
D
E
Russia and the Eurasian Republics
Reasons for colonization
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A
B
C
Regions
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A
B
C
Information
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A
B
C
Land Features
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A
B
C
D
E
Water Features
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A
B
C
D
E
North Africa and Southwest Asia (Middle East)
Reasons for colonization
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A
B
C
Regions
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A
B
C
Information
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A
B
C
Land Features
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A
B
C
D
E
Water Features
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A
B
C
D
E
Sub-Sahara Africa
Reasons for colonization
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A
B
C
Regions
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A
B
C
Information
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A
B
C
Land Features
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A
B
C
D
E
Water Features
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A
B
C
D
E
South Asia
Reasons for colonization
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A
B
C
Regions
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A
B
C
Information
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A
B
C
Land Features
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A
B
C
D
E
Water Features
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A
B
C
D
E
East and South East Asia
Reasons for colonization
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A
B
C
Regions
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A
B
C
Information
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A
B
C
Land Features
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A
B
C
D
E
Water Features
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A
B
C
D
E
Australia, Oceania, and Antarctica
Reasons for colonization
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A
B
C
Regions
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A
B
C
Information
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A
B
C
Land Features
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A
B
C
D
E
Water Features
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A
B
C
D
E