Journal of Biogeography
SUPPORTING INFORMATION
NON CONGRUENT FOSSIL AND PHYLOGENETIC EVIDENCE ON THE
EVOLUTION OF CLIMATIC NICHE IN THE GONDWANA GENUS
NOTHOFAGUS
Luis Felipe Hinojosa, Aurora Gaxiola, María Fernanda Pérez, Francy Carvajal, María
Francisca Campano, Mirta Quattrocchio, Harufumi Nishida, Kazuhiko Uemura, Atsushi
Yabe, Ramiro Bustamante and Mary T. K. Arroyo
Appendix S1: Systematic Descriptions of the fossils
Description of leaf remains associated with Nothofagus from Ligorio Marquez
Formation. Leaf remains were described using the terminology following to Hickey
(1973) and Ellis et al. (2009).
Nothofagus subferruginea (Dusén) Tanai
(Fig. S1)
Fagus ferruginea Dusén, 1899, Svenska Expeditionen till Magellansländerna. Bd. I, No.
4: p. 94, Taf. 8, figs. 1-8.
Nothofagus subferruginea (Dusén) Tanai, 1986, Jour. Fac. Sci., Hokkaido Univ., ser. 4,
21(4): p. 531, pl. 9, figs. 1-12; pl. 11, figs. 3-5; Text-figs. 7D-F.
Description: Lamina symmetrical, microphyll, elliptic to narrow elliptic or ovate; apex
acute, straight on both sides; base nearly right angle, convex; length 2.6 to 70 mm;
width 11 to 31 mm; length to width ratio 2.3 to 3.1; petiole marginal, up to 7.3 mm
long; margin compound. Teeth concave-concave or concave-flexuous with rounded
sinuses; regularly spaced; tooth apex acute, apically oriented, secondary vein enters
primary and secondary tooth medially or slightly basally. Venation pinnate; primary
vein moderate, straight; secondaries craspedodromous, moderate, up to fourteen pairs,
regularly spaced, arising at an acute angle on the middle portion, straight, decurrent at
divergence on the basal part, abruptly bend up within the marginal teeth; tertiaries thin,
L.F. Hinojosa et al.
Climatic Niche in Nothofagus
1
eight to ten per 1 cm, mixture of alternate and opposite percurrent, obtuse to the
midvein; quaternary veins moderate, orthogonal, forming moderately-developed
areolations; areoles four- or more-sided, medium; veinlets very thin, branching several
times.
Discussion: Five specimens were obtained from the Ligorio Márquez Formation. These
are characterized by pinnate secondaries with compound marginal teeth, in which
secondary veins enter tooth apex directly. General morphological characteristics of this
species are comparable with leaves assigned to Nothofagus described from the late
Paleogene to Miocene of South America and Antarctic Peninsula. Among Fagus and
Nothofagus leaves described so far, our materials are most similar to Fagus
subferruginea Dusén that was originally described from the Loreto Formation near
Punta Arenas in Chile and Formation at Barranca de Carmen Sylva in Fuego Island,
Argentina. After detailed examination of additional materials from the same formation
with the lectotype, Tanai (1986) transferred this species to the genus Nothofagus, based
on craspedodromous secondaries and branched veinlets, which we would support in this
manuscript.
Materials: NSM PP-12344-12348.
Occurrence: Loc. LMZ-2 (NSM PP-12345-12348), LMZ-7 (NSM PP-12344), Ligorio
Márquez Formation
L.F. Hinojosa et al.
Climatic Niche in Nothofagus
2
Figure S1 Nothofagus subferruginea (Dusén) Tanai. Photographs 1, 2, 6 NSM PP12345; Photographs 3 & 6 NSM PP-12346; Photograph 4 & 9 NSM PP-12348;
Photographs 5 & 7 NSM PP-12344; Photographs 1,2,3,5 Natural size; Photograph 3 x
1.5.
L.F. Hinojosa et al.
Climatic Niche in Nothofagus
3
Nothofagus serrulata Dusen
(Fig. S2)
Nothofagus serrulata Dusen 1907 Uber die tertiare Flora der Magellanslander I.- In:
Nordenskjold, O (ed.): Wiss. ErgebSchwed. Exp. Magellanslandern. 1895-98 IV: 84108-Stockholm.
Description: Lamina symmetrical, microphyll, ovate; apex acute, short acuminate; base
obtuse, convex; 3.95- 4.5 cm length and 2.10-2.5 cm width; length to width ratio 1.81.88; petiole marginal, ca. 5 mm long; margin compound. Marginal teeth irregularly
spaced, 7 teeth per 1 cm; primary teeth straight/convex, apically oriented; secondary
teeth convex/retroflex in shape exmedially oriented; tooth apex acute with blunt tip;
sinus acute; secondary vein enters primary and secondary tooth slightly basally.
Venation pinnate; primary vein stout, straight, slightly sinuous near the apical one-third
the lamina; secondary veins craspedodromous, moderate, fourteen pairs, regularly
spaced, arising at narrow acute to acute angle on the middle portion, straight, basal few
pairs decurrent at divergence, abruptly bend up within the marginal teeth; tertiaries thin,
12 veins per 1 cm, sinuous, alternate percurrent, obtuse to the midvein; quaternary veins
relatively thick, polygonal reticulate; areoles irregular, moderately developed; veinlets
very thin, up to twice branching.
Discussion: The specimen was identical to the genus Nothofagus in its venation pattern;
craspedodromous secondary veins and moderately developed areoles sided by third and
fourth order venation bearing branching veinlets. It is easily distinguished from the
above-described N. subferruginea (Dusén) Tanai by characteristic marginal teeth, sinus
as well as vein thickness. The fossils descriptions agree with the previously described
Nothofagus serrulata Dusen 1907 from Barranca de Carmen Silva and around Punta
Arenas Chile, Loreto Formation. N. serrulata was associated with the modern taxa N.
L.F. Hinojosa et al.
Climatic Niche in Nothofagus
4
alessandrii (Romero & Dibbern 1958). However, and accordance with teeth characters,
numbers of secondary veins, pattern in third and fourth order venation, it is possible to
associate with the modern subgenus Lophozonia, close to the modern relative N.
obliqua. Other localities: Rio Chico, west of Estacion San Sebastian, Fuego Island,
Chile; Brush Lake Formation, Early Miocene and Rio Turbio, Santa Cruz,
Argentina)(Romero & Dibbern 1985, Tanai 1981).
Materials: NSM PP-12349. SGO 1571
Occurrence: Loc. LMZ-2, Ligorio Márquez Formation.
Figure S2 Nothofagus serrulata Dusen. Photographs 1 to 3 NSM-PP-12349.
L.F. Hinojosa et al.
Climatic Niche in Nothofagus
5
Systematics descriptions of Nothofagus pollen fossils.
Nothofagidites dorotensis Romero 1973
Diagnosis: Scabrastephanocolpate, mid sized 29 μm, intectate 0.5 – 0.6 μm, colpi
costate, scabrae < 1 μm, distributed densely over the entire grain.
Specimens: LMF024 W23/4; LMF020 G43 1-2; LMF052 G11.
Description: Monad, radial, isopolar, amb polygonal; stephanocolpate, 6 colpi, colpi
costate, 12 μm long, 3 μm wide, costae 0.3 – 0.5 μm; intectate, nexine 0.5 μm thick;
sculpture scabrate, scabrae < 1 μm, 1 – 2 μm apart, distributed densely over entire grain.
Dimensions: Equatorial diameter lenght 25(29)40 μm, (I/E)= colpi length/equatorial
diameter lenght 0.34(0.4 )0.52 μm, nm: 26; no: 46.
Botanical affinity: Nothofagaceae family
Distribution: Ligorio Marquez Formation (Early Eocene; Carvajal, 2013). Colorado
Basin (Neogene) well Cx-1 (Guler et al., 2001). Ñirihuau Basin (Late Eocene/Early
Oligocene), Salto del Macho Formation; (Early Oligocene/Miocene?) Río Foyel
Formation (Barreda et al., 2003; Cornou et al., 2012). Golfo San Jorge Basin (Danian),
Cerro Bororó Formation (Volkheimer et al., 2007); (Early Miocene) Chenque
Formation (Barreda, 1989; 1996; Barreda 1997a). Austral Basin
(Maastrichtian/Paleocene) Cerro Dorotea Formation (Romero, 1973); (Eocene), Río
Turbio Formation (Romero, 1977); (Late Eocene/Early? Oligocene); (Late Oligocene)
Río Leona Formation (Barreda et al., 2009); (Oligocene) San Julián Formation
(Barreda, 1997b; Náñez et al., 2009); (Late Oligocene/Early Miocene) Well Aries x-1
(Palamarczuk y Barreda, 2000). Cordillera Fueguina (Late Eocene/Early? Oligocene)
Sloggett Formation (Olivero et al., 1998); Estancia La Correntina (Rosello et al., 2004).
Chile: Osorno-Llanquihue Basin (Eocene) Cheuquemó Formation (Troncoso & Barrera,
1980).
L.F. Hinojosa et al.
Climatic Niche in Nothofagus
6
Nothofagidites acromegacanthus Menéndez y Caccavari 1975
Diagnosis: Scabrastephanocolpate, intectate <0.5 μm, colpi costate, scabrae < 0.5 μm
distributed in the equator area and scabrae 0.5 – 1 um distributed densely in the polar
area.
Specimens: LMF021 R39 3; LMF052 R13 3: LMF024 D45; LMF024 Q35
Description: Monad, radial, isopolar, amb polygonal; stephanocolpate, 6 colpi, colpi
costate, 8 - 10 μm long, 3.5 - 4 μm wide, costae 0.7 - 1 μm; intectate, nexine 0.5 μm
thick; sculpture scabrate, scabrae < 0.5 μm distributed in mesocolpi and scabrae 0.5 – 1
um distributed densely in apocolpi.
Dimensions: Equatorial diameter lenght 21 (24.7) 30 μm, (I/E)= colpi length/equatorial
diameter lenght 0.25 (0.37 ) 0.44 μm, nm: 7 ; no: 9
Botanical affinity: Nothofagaceae family
Distribution: Ligorio Marquez Formation (Early Eocene; Carvajal, 2013). Ñirihuau
basin (Late Eocene/Early Oligocene), Salto del Macho Formation (Cornou et al., 2012);
(Early Oligocene /Miocene?) Río Foyel Formation (Barreda et al., 2003). Golfo San
Jorge Basin (Early Miocene) Chenque Formation (Barreda, 1989, 1996, 1997a); (Late
Oligocene/Miocene) Golfo San Jorge (Barreda & Palamarczuk, 2000b). Austral Basin
(Eocene), Río Turbio Formation (Archangelsky & Romero, 1974; Romero, 1977); (Late
Oligocene) Río Leona Formation (Barreda et al., 2009); (Late Oligocene/Early
Miocene); (Late Oligocene) San Julián Formation (Upper section) (Barreda, 1997b);
Well Aries x-1
(Palamarczuk & Barreda, 2000). Cordillera Fueguina (Late
Eocene/Early? Oligocene) Sloggett Formation (Olivero et al., 1998). Chile: OsornoLlanquihue Basin (Eocene) Cheuquemó Formation (Troncoso & Barrera, 1980).
Antarctica (Campanian-Danian) López de Bertodano Formation and (Paleocene) Sobral
Formation (Baldoni & Barreda, 1986).
L.F. Hinojosa et al.
Climatic Niche in Nothofagus
7
Nothofagidites kaitangataensis (Te Punga) Romero 1973
Diagnosis: Scabrastephanocolpate, mid sized 29.5 μm, intectate, colpi costate with Ushaped, scabrae < 0.5 μm, distributed densely over the entire grain.
Specimens: LMF020 Q23 4 (2); LMF020 G12 1; LMF021 T12 1
Description: Monad, radial, isopolar, amb polygonal; stephanocolpate, 7-8 colpi, colpi
costate, 10 μm long, 3 μm wide, with U-shaped, costae 1 μm; intectate, nexine 0.7 μm
thick; sculpture scabrate, scabrae < 0.5 μm, distributed densely over the entire grain.
Dimensions: Equatorial diameter length 27(29.5) 31 μm, (I/E)= colpi length/equatorial
diameter length 0.32 (0.33) 0.35 μm, nm: 6; no: 23.
Botanical affinity: Nothofagaceae family
Distribution: Ligorio Marquez Formation (Early Eocene; Carvajal, 2013). In South
America this group is represented by one single morphospecie: N. kaitangataensis (Te
Punga, Romero, 1973), recorded from Maastrichtian to Middle Eocene, between Punta
Arenas and Tierra del Fuego (Romero & Zamaloa, 1997), it is also present in New
Zealand and Australia (Dettmann et al., 1990).
Nothofagus Fusca group
In general the pollen of Fusca group presents amb circular, short and strongly thickened
colpi with ends rounded (Romero & Zamaloa, 1997).
The material belonging to this group in Ligorio Márquez is slightly degraded and the
details of morphology are not clear. For this reason it was not possible to classify the
grains in Fusca group (a) or (b).
Specimens: LMF020 W32 4; LMF051 O7 1.
L.F. Hinojosa et al.
Climatic Niche in Nothofagus
8
Dimensions: Equatorial diameter length 30 μm, (I/E)= colpi length/equatorial diameter
lenght 0.33 μm, nm: 2; no: 3.
Botanical affinity: Nothofagaceae family
References
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L.F. Hinojosa et al.
Climatic Niche in Nothofagus
11
Appendix S2 Fossil pollen assemblage and weighted mean values of bioclimatic
variables.
Figure S1. Pollen fossils of the 11 families considered in the palaeoclimatic estimations
using coexistence approach and ecological niche model.
(a) Dilwynites turbeculatus Harris 1965; (b) Mauritiidites franciscoi var. minutus Van
der Hammen & García 1966; (c) Bombacadites sp.; (d) Tricolpites cf. reticulate
Cookson 1947; (e) Liliacidites variegatus Couper 1953; (f) Gothanipollis perplexus
Pocknall & Midenhall 1984; (g) Malvacipollis diversus Harris 1965; (h) Nothofagidites
kaitangataensis (Te Punga) Romero 1973; i) Diporites aspis Pocknall & Mildenhall
1984; (j) Phylocladidites mawsonii (Cookson 1947) ex Couper 1953 , and (k)
Proteacidites cf. subscabratus Couper 1960. Black bars = 10 µm.
(a) Araucariaceae
(b) Arecaceae
(c) Bombacaceae
(d) Gunneraceae
(e) Liliaceae
(f) Loranthaceae
(g) Malvaceae
(h) Nothofagaceae
(i) Onagraceae
(j) Podocarpaceae
(k) Proteaceae
L.F. Hinojosa et al.
Climatic Niche in Nothofagus
12
Table S1. Weighted mean values (w Mean; and 20th-80th percentile) of 19 bioclimatic
variables from profiles of niche occupancy in 11 families recognized in the pollen
record of Ligorio Marquez Formation used in the Coexistence Approach analysis
Bombacaceae
Gunneraceae
w Mean
Araucariaceae
15.4 (8.8-23.3)
Arecaceae
Bio1
23.9 (22.1-25.8)
23.7 (20.9-25.8)
15.3 (7.5-22.1)
Bio2
w Mean
10.4( 7.97-12.5)
9.6( 8.4-10.4)
10.8( 8.8-12.5)
10.6( 8-12.5)
Bio3
w Mean
5.1( 3.134-7.08)
8.2( 7.44-8.88)
7.1( 6-8.163)
6.6( 4.751-8.342)
Bio4
w Mean
467.3( 98.8-745.7)
57( 6.4-98.8)
147.1( 52.6-191.2)
194.8( 52.6-329.8)
Bio5
w Mean
27.5( 21.9-31.3)
30( 27.8-32.5)
31.6( 29-33.6)
23.8( 291-17.2)
Bio6
w Mean
3.7( -5.9-14.1)
18.2( 15.8-20.8)
15.7( 10.8-19.1)
7.2( -0.9-15.8)
Bio7
w Mean
11.8( 9.4-12.26)
16( 10.8-19)
16.6( 10.8-20.4)
17.4( 10.8-21.8)
Bio8
w Mean
17.4( 8.2-24.3)
23.5( 21.6-25.6)
24.3( 21.6-25.6)
15.1( 6.9-22.9)
Bio9
w Mean
13.4( 4.7-22.4)
24( 20.6-25.9)
22.6( 18.81-25.9)
15.2( 8.2-20.6)
Bio10
w Mean
21.1( 15.3-25.7)
24.5( 22.6-26.8)
25.4( 22.6-26.8)
17.7( 11.2-23.7)
Bio11
w Mean
9.2( -0.3-19.2)
23.1( 20.81-25.7)
21.7( 19.2-25.7)
12.7( 2.9-20.8)
Bio12
w Mean
1310.1( 431.7-1942.7)
2793.4( 1942.7-3237.8)
1772.5( 863.4-2374.4)
1660.7( 647.6-2374.4)
Bio13
w Mean
189.2( 49.7-298.4)
383.5( 248.7-447.6)
285.2( 149.2-348.1)
229.3( 99.5-298.4)
Bio14
w Mean
50.4( 0-85.3)
95( 28.4-128)
43.9( 0-71.1)
64.2( 14.2-99.6)
Bio15
w Mean
47( 16.2-70.3)
438( 273-54.1)
63.3( 32.4-86.5)
44.6( 16.2-70.3)
Bio16
w Mean
511.5( 134.4-672)
1047( 672-1209.7)
762.7( 403.2-940.9)
625.3( 268.8-806.4)
Bio17
w Mean
174( 0-236.6)
343.8( 142-473.3)
160.4( 0-284)
223.8( 47.3-331.3)
Bio18
w Mean
374.3( 102.9-617.1)
541.6( 205.7-720)
431.8( 205.7-617.1)
420.6( 102.9-617.1)
Bio19
w Mean
265.5( 0-373.9)
858.3( 373.9-1121.6)
367.3( 0-654.3)
375.8( 0-654.3)
Liliaceae
Loranthaceae
Malvaceae
Nothofagaceae
Bio1
w Mean
9.1 (1.4-16)
21.8 (17.2-25.8)
21.6 (17.2-25.8)
14.1 (7.5-20.9)
Bio2
w Mean
10.6( 8-12.5)
11.8( 9.22-14.2)
12.1( 9.6-14.2)
9.9( 7.5-11.3)
Bio3
w Mean
3.8( 2.595-4.751)
6.31( 4.751-7.624)
6.2( 4.751-7.444)
5.8( 4.57-7.98)
Bio4
w Mean
646.9( 376.-884.3)
260.2( 52.6-468.4)
278.5( 52.6-468.4)
284.8( 52.6-422.2)
Bio5
w Mean
24.1( 17.2-30.1)
31.6( 27.8-34.8)
31.77( 27.8-34.8)
23.6( 17.2-29)
Bio6
w Mean
4.7(-15.9-4.1)
11.7( 4.1-19.1)
11( 4.1-17.5)
5.6( -2.5-14.1)
Bio7
w Mean
17.9( 12.2-21.8)
19.8( 12.2-27.2)
20.6( 12.2-27.2)
21.6( 16.3-25.9)
Bio8
w Mean
11.8( 4.2-18.9)
23( 20.2-26.9)
22.9( 18.9-26.9)
13.4( 4.2-21.6)
Bio9
w Mean
7.7( -4.1-20.6)
20.1( 13.5-24.1)
19.8( 13.5-24.1)
14.5( 8.2-20.6)
Bio10
w Mean
17.3( 11.2-22.6)
24.9( 21.6-27.8)
24.8( 21.6-27.8)
17.6( 12.2-25.7)
Bio11
w Mean
0.8( -10-9.4)
18.3( 11.1-24)
17.8( 11.1-24)
10.4( 1.3-19.2)
Bio12
w Mean
867.9( 215.9-1079.3)
1319( 431.7-1942.7)
1184.5( 215.9-1726.9)
1658.5( 647.6-2374.4)
Bio13
w Mean
129.9( 49.7-149.2)
216.7( 49.7-298.4)
197.3( 49.7-298.4)
207.5( 99.5-298.4)
Bio14
w Mean
30( 0-42.7)
33.6( 0-56.9)
29.57( 0-42.7)
79.9( 28.4-113.8)
Bio15
w Mean
46.25( 21.6-70.3)
62.7( 32.4-91.9)
65.5( 32.4-91.9)
32.2( 10.8-48.7)
Bio16
w Mean
349.8( 134.4-403.2)
577.9( 134.4-806.4)
524.9( 134.4-806.4)
574.2( 268.8-806.4)
Bio17
w Mean
106.5( 0-142)
122.1( 0-189.3)
107.4( 0-189.3)
271.9( 94.7-378.6)
Bio18
w Mean
227.4( 0-308.6)
349.1( 102.9-514.3)
325.6( 0-514.3)
411.3( 102.9-617.1)
Bio19
w Mean
197.5( 93.5-280.4)
250.1( 0-467.3)
206.3( 0-373.9)
415.2( 93.5-654.3)
Onagraceae
Podocarpaceae
Proteaceae
Bio1
w Mean
12.6 (5.1-22.1)
19.7 (13.6-24.6)
20.6 (16-24.5)
Bio2
w Mean
9.4( 6.7-11.3)
10.5( 8.4-12.5)
13( 10.9-14.63)
Bio3
w Mean
4.56( 2.775-6.546)
6.5( 4.93-8.16)
5.2( 4.571-5.648)
Bio4
w Mean
477.8( 145-699.5)
226.9( 52.6-376)
421.3( 237.4-560.8)
Bio5
w Mean
24.6( 18.4-31.3)
28.3( 24.3-31.3)
32.9( 29-37.2)
Bio6
w Mean
1.5( -7.5-12.5)
10.9( 2.5-19.1)
7.6( 2.5-10.8)
Bio7
w Mean
23( 14.9-28.6)
23.7( 13.5-31.4)
25.1( 19-30)
Bio8
w Mean
14( 4.2-24.3)
20.5( 14.9-25.6)
23.1( 17.6-28.3)
Bio9
w Mean
11.3( 1.2-22.4)
18.5( 11.8-24.1)
17.7( 11.8-22.4)
Bio10
w Mean
18.6( 12.2-25.7)
22.4( 18.5-25.7)
25.6( 21.6-28.9)
Bio11
w Mean
6.4( -3.5-19.2)
16.6( 7.8-24)
14.9( 9.4-19.2)
Bio12
w Mean
1197( 431.7-1511)
1709.7( 863.4-2374.4)
792.7( 215.9-1079.3)
Bio13
w Mean
172.1( 49.7-248.7)
257.8( 149.2-348.1)
145.6( 49.7-198.9)
Bio14
w Mean
45( 0-71.1)
56.2( 0-99.6)
17.7( 0-28.4)
Bio15
w Mean
41.8( 16.2-64.9)
53.7( 21.6-81.1)
63.2( 27-91.9)
Bio16
w Mean
465.2( 134.4-6723)
696.3( 268.8-940.9)
383.9( 0-537.6)
Bio17
w Mean
156( 47.3-236.6)
197.5( 0-331.3)
66.2( 0-94.7)
Bio18
w Mean
285.4( 102.9-411.4)
477.4( 205.7-617.1)
281.2( 0-411.4)
Bio19
w Mean
287.2( 0-373.9)
335.9( 0-560.8)
97.9( 0-93.5)
L.F. Hinojosa et al.
Climatic Niche in Nothofagus
13
Table S2. Weighted mean values of 13 bioclimatic variables from profiles of niche occupancy
in Nothofagus. Loc: Modern distribution; SA: South America; NZ: New Zealand; AU:
Australia; TZ: Tasmania; NC: New Caledonia; PNG: Papua-New Guinea. Subgen: Nothofagus’
subgenera. Sp: Nothofagus’ species. Bio2: Mean Diurnal Range; Bio3 : Isothermality;
Bio4: Temperature Seasonality; Bio5: Max Temperature of Warmest Month; Bio6: Min
Temperature of Coldest Month; Bio7: Temperature Annual Range; Bio8: Mean
Temperature of Wettest Quarter; Bio9: Mean temperature of Driest Quarter; Bio13:
Precipitation of Wettest Month; Bio 14: Precipitation of Driest Month; Bio15:
Precipitation Seasonality; Bio16: Precipitation of Wettest Quarter; Bio 17: Precipitation
of Driest Quarter. AUC: area under the receiving operating characteristic curve.
L.F. Hinojosa et al.
Climatic Niche in Nothofagus
14