Supplementary Table 1 Main characteristics of the IOCG deposits from the Southern Copper Belt
Reserve
Host rocks
Hydrothermal
alteration
Ore morphology
Sequeirinho-Pista-Baiano
Sossego-Curral
Cristalino
85% of 355 Mt @ 1.1% Cu, 0.28 g/t Au. (1)
15% of 355 Mt @ 1.1% Cu, 0.28 g/t Au. (1)
482 Mt @ 0.65% Cu and 0.06 g/t Au. (5)
Sequeirinho Granite, gabbronorite, Pista felsic
metavolcanic rock. (2) (3)
a) Na (albite-hematite) alteration; b) Na-Ca (albiteactinolite) alteration associated with magnetiteapatite formation; c) poorly developed K and
chlorite alteration; d) late Ca alteration (actinolitechlorite-epidote-allanite-apatite-(monazite) ** (2)
Breccia, disseminations along mylonitic foliation,
veins and stockwork breccias. (2)
Acid, intermediate and mafic metavolcanic rocks
Sossego granophyric granite, gabbro. (2) (3)
(Itacaiúnas Supergroup), BIF and the Cristalino
Diorite. (6)
a) Poorly developed Na- and Na-Ca- alteration; b)
a) Na (albite-scapolite) alteration; b) K (biotite
well-developed K (biotite-magnetite) and chlorite
and Kfs) and chlorite alteration; c) magnetite
alteration; c) late alteration (calcite–quartz–chlorite– formation; d) chlorite-epidote-carbonate-apatite
epidote–allanite ** and muscovite-hematite
alteration**; e) minor sericite, tourmaline and
alteration. (2)
allanite formation. (6)
Breccia, stockwork, fractures, along foliation
Subvertical breccia pipes, veins. (2)
and disseminations. (6)
Ore mineralogy
Chalcopyrite, magnetite, pyrrhotite, pyrite, and
minor molybdenite, sphalerite, siegenite, millerite,
gold, Pd-melonite, galena, cassiterite and hessite. (2)
Chalcopyrite, magnetite, pyrite, and minor siegenite,
millerite, hessite, Pd-melonite, molybdenite, gold
and cassiterite. (2)
Chalcopyrite, pyrite, magnetite, bravoite,
cobaltite, millerite, vaesite and gold. (6)
Geochemical
signature of ore
Cu- Fe- Au- Ni- Co- Pd- Se- V- P- LHEE, with low
content of Ti and U. Relatively enriched in Co, Ni,
Pd, V, and Se in comparison to Sossego-Curral. (4)
Cu- Fe- Au- Ni- Co- Pd- Se- V- P- LHEE.
Relatively enriched in Au, Pb, Sn, Rb, Y, and Nb in
comparison to Sequeirinho-Pista-Baiano. (4)
Cu- Fe- Co- Ni- Ba- Pb- K e P. (7)
Fluid inclusions
(T=°C; salinity
=wt% eq. NaCl)
Na-Ca stage: Ti= -76 to -63 (L-V-S) and -63 to -53
(L-V); TH (s)LV-L= 122 to 229 (LVS), and 116 to 250
(L-V); Salinity= 29 to 53 (L-V-S) and 3 to > 23
(LV). (4)
Ore stage: Ti= -65 (L-V-S) and -66 to -45 (L-V); TH
(s)LV-L= 102 to 312 (L-V); Salinity= 26 to 70 (L-V-S)
and 0.2 to > 23 (LV). (4)
Absent
Stable isotopes:
O in silicates
and oxides (%°)
Early alteration stages: higher T fluids (> 550°C),
and δ18Ofluid = 6.9; Ore stage: lower T fluids
(~300°C), and δ18Ofluid = 1.8. (2)
Early alteration stages: higher T fluids (400°C), and
δ18Ofluid=5.5 to 8.4; Ore stage: lower T fluids
(~275°C), and δ18Ofluid = 0.4 to 1.9. (2)
Absent
Stable isotopes:
O (SMOW) and
C (PDB) in
carbonates (%°)
Ore breccia: δ13C = -6.44 to -4.77; δ18O = 5.6 to
7.43; δ18Ofluid = -2.6 to 1.9; δ13CH2CO3= -6.1 to -3.4
(T=230°C). (2)
Ore breccia: δ13C = -6.03 to -4.73; δ18O = 5.12 to
8.46; δ18Ofluid = -0.6 to 4.5; δ13CH2CO3= -4.8 to -2.7
(T=275°C). (2)
Ore breccia: δ13C = -7.2 to -4.8; δ18O = 8.2 to
9.3. (7)
Stable isotopes:
H in silicates
(%°)
Na-Ca stage: δDfluid = -50 to -34 (T=550°C); Ore
stage: δDfluid = -47 to -37 (actinolite; T=400 °C). (2)
Ore stage: δDfluid = -67 to -36 (actinolite; T=400°C);
Post mineralization stage: -40 to -30 (chlorite;
T=250°C). (2)
Absent
Stable isotopes:
S (CDT) in
sulfides (% °)
Ore zone: δ34S= 2.2 to 6.1. (2)
Ore zone: δ34S= 3.8 to 7.6. (2)
Ore zone: δ34S= 0.6 to 1.5. (7)
Geochronology
(ages in Ma)
2,710 ± 11, molybdenite (Re-Os TIMS); 2,712 ± 4.7,
hydrothermal ore-related monazite (U-Pb LA-MCICP-MS). (3)
1,879 ± 4.1; 1,890 ± 8.5 and 1,904 ± 5.2,
hydrothermal ore-related monazite (U-Pb LA-MCICP-MS). (3)
2,700 ± 29, chalcopyrite and pyrite from the ore
breccia (Pb-Pb leaching) (8)
Supplementary Table 1 (continued)
Alvo 118
Bacaba
Castanha
Reserve
170 Mt @ Cu e 0.3 g/t Au. (9)
Absent
Absent
Host rocks
Mafic and felsic metavolcanic rocks, tonalite and
gabbro. (10) (11)
Serra Dourada Granite, Bacaba Tonalite, and gabbro
(locally porphyritic). (13) (14)
Castanha quartz-feldspar porphyry and gabbro.
(16)
Hydrothermal
alteration
a) Poorly developed Na alteration; b) intense K
alteration and Iron oxide formation; c) welldeveloped chlorite alteration and chlorite-epidotecalcite-quartz formation**. (11)
a) Well-developed Na (scapolite) alteration; b) iron
oxide formation; c) K alteration (biotite and Kfs); d)
Chlorite and epidote alteration**. (13) (14)
a) Na (albite and scapolite) alteration; b) welldeveloped Na-Ca and magnetite formation; c) K
(biotite and Kfs) and chlorite alteration; d)
sericite and carbonate formation**. (16)
Ore morphology
Breccia, veins, stockwork. (11)
Veins and replacement zones related to mylonitic
foliation. (13) (14)
Veins, veinlets, stockwork, and structurally
controlled breccia. (16)
Ore mineralogy
Chalcopyrite, hematite > magnetite, bornite, pyrite.
(11)
Chalcopyrite, bornite, covellite, chalcocite,
magnetite, hematite, and minor melonite, hessite,
altaite, uraninite, cassiterite, and ferberite. (13)
Chalcopyrite, pyrrhotite, pyrite, magnetite,
pentlandite, sphalerite, molybdenite, and
marcasite. (16)
Geochemical
signature of ore
Fe- Cu- Au- Ag- Y- Ni- Sn- Be- Co- REE- Pb- UBi. (12)
Cu- Fe- Co- Ni- LREE- P- Y- Yb- U. (13) (14)
Cu- Fe- Ni- Co- Zn- Mo. (16)
Fluid inclusions
(T=°C; salinity
=wt% eq. NaCl)
Ti= -61 to -40 (L-V-S) and -40 to -17 (L-V); TH
(s)LV-L= 219 to 330 (LVS), and 127 to 257 (L-V);
Salinity= 33 to 40 (L-V-S) and 1 to 14 (LV). (11)
Post alt K: Ti= 1) -79 to -62, 2) -79 to -63, 3) -73 to 65; TH (s)LV-L= 1) 162 to 210, 3) 145 to 175;
Salinity= 1) 11 to54, 2) 30 to 36, 3) 13 to 20. (15)
Early stage: TH (s)LV-L= 179 to 278 (LVS); Late
stage: Ti= -72 to -59 (L-V-S) and -65 to -45 (LV); TH (s)LV-L= 101 to 414 (LVS), and 66 to 257
(L-V); Salinity= 22 to 34. (18)
Stable isotopes:
O in silicates
and oxides (%°)
Absent
Carbonate alt: δ18Ofluid= 1.3 to 10.8 (T=225°C); K
alt: δ18Ofluid= 4.8 to 7.2 (T=420-450°C); Sericite alt:
δ18Ofluid= 2 to 7.8 (T=370°C). (16)
Carbonate alt: δ18Ofluid= 4.2 to 8.9 (T=400°C);
Na-Ca alt: δ18Ofluid= 7.2 to 8.2 (T=345°C); K alt:
δ18Ofluid= 4.9 to 8.4 (T=440-525°C); Sericite alt:
δ18Ofluid= 3.9 to 9 (T=500-525°C). (16)
Stable isotopes:
O (SMOW) and
C (PDB) in
carbonates (%°)
Ore breccia: δ13C = -8.1 to -5; δ18O = 4.9 to 16.5;
Ore veins: δ13C = -7.3 to -4.3; δ18O = 6.2 to 7.9;
barren samples: δ13C = -7.5 to -1.7; δ18O = 3.9 to 9;
δ18Ofluid responsible for Cu-Au ore = -1 to 7.5. (11)
Carbonate alt: δ13C = -5.9 to -3.63; δ18O = 8.31 to
17.33; δ13CH2CO3= -4.9 to -2.7 (T=225°C). (16)
Carbonate alt: δ13C = -7.01 to -3.34; δ18O = 8.07
to 10.88; δ13CH2CO3= -4.6 to -0.9 (T=400°C). (16)
Stable isotopes:
H in silicates
(%°)
Absent
K alt: δDfluid = -62 to -40 (T=420°C); Sericite alt:
δDfluid = -25 to -9 (T=370°C). (16)
Na-Ca alt: δDfluid = -74 to -70 (T=345°C); K alt:
δDfluid = -62 to -52 (T=440-525°C); Sericite alt:
δDfluid = -57 to -53 (T=525°C). (16)
Stable isotopes:
S (CDT) in
sulfides (% °)
Ore zone: δ34S= 5.1 to 6.3. (11)
Ore zone: δ34S= 1.3 to 5.4. (16)
Ore zone: δ34S= 0.1 to 3. (16)
Geochronology
(ages in Ma)
1,868 ± 7; hydrothermal ore-related xenotime (U-Pb
SHRIMP). (10)
2,720 ± 15 (hydrothermal monazite associated with
Na alteration); 2,681 ± 20, hydrothermal ore-related
monazite (U-Pb LA-MC-ICP-MS). (17)
Absent
Supplementary Table 1 (continued)
Bacuri
Reserve
Host rocks
Hydrothermal
alteration
Ore morphology
Visconde
Absent
Absent
Serra Dourada Granite, Bacuri porphyry and gabbro.
(19)
Serra Dourada Granite, felsic subvolcanic rock,
mafic volcanic and intrusive rock, and metaultramafic rock. (20)
a) Na (albite-scapolite-magnetite); b) K alteration
(biotite-Kfs-magnetite); c) Chlorite (well
developed), epidote and quartz formation**; d) late
muscovite-hematite (19)
Disseminations, along mylonitic foliation, veins and
veinlets. (19)
a) Na alteration; b) Na-Ca alteration (welldeveloped) and magnetite formation; c) K and
chlorite alteration**; d) carbonate formation. (20)
Breccia, veins and veinlets, disseminations. (20)
Ore mineralogy
Chalcopyrite, magnetite, pyrite, melonite, altaite,
galene and cheralite. (19)
Chalcopyrite, bornite, pyrite, magnetite, chalcocite,
digenite, molybdenite, magnesite. (20)
Geochemical
signature of ore
Cu- Fe- Ni- Pb- Te- Th- P. (19)
Cu- Fe- REE- Ni- Co- Mo- Ca- P- Mg- Nb- Tb- YZn- SE- Au. (20)
Absent
Na-Ca alt: TH (s)LV-L= 160-480, salinity= 25-58; Late
stage I: TH (s)LV-L= 160-350, salinity= 8-30; Late
stage II: TH (s)LV-L= <300, salinity= 6-19. (20)
Absent
Absent
Absent
Absent
Absent
Absent
Stable isotopes:
S (CDT) in
sulfides (% °)
Ore zone: δ34S= 0.8 to 1.1. (16)
Ore zone: δ34S= 1.5. (16)
Geochronology
(ages in Ma)
2,758 ± 11, molybdenite (Re-OS TIMS); 2,703 ±
6.2, hydrothermal monazite associated with chlorite
alteration (U-Pb LA-MC-ICP-MS). (17)
2,747 ± 140, chalcopyrite from the ore breccia (PbPb leaching). (21)
Fluid inclusions
(T=°C; salinity
=wt% eq. NaCl)
Stable isotopes:
O in silicates
and oxides (%°)
Stable isotopes:
O (SMOW) and
C (PDB) in
carbonates (%°)
Stable isotopes:
H in silicates
(%°)
(1) Lancaster Oliveira et al. 2000; (2) Monteiro et al. 2008a; (3) Moreto et al. accepted; (4) Carvalho 2009; (5) NCL
Brasil 2005;(6) Huhn et al. 1999b; (7) Ribeiro 2008; (8) Soares et al. 2001; (9) Rigon et al. 2000; (10) Tallarico 2003;
(11) Torresi et al. 2012; (12) Moreto et al. 2009; (13) Augusto et al. 2008; (14) Moreto et al. 2011; (15) Melo 2010; (16)
Pestilho 2011; (17) Moreto et al. this study; (18) Pestilho 2008; (19) Melo et al. 2014; (20) Craveiro 2011; (21) Silva et
al. 2012.
** Stage of hydrothermal alteration related to the Cu mineralization