This is the pre-peer reviewed version of the following article: Early, R. and D. F. Sax (2014).
"Climatic niche shifts between species' native and naturalized ranges raise concern for
ecological forecasts during invasions and climate change." Global Ecology and Biogeography,
which has been published in final form at
http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/geb.12208/abstract
Appendix 1
Figure S1.1. Illustration of methodology. (a) Conceptual representation of gridded climate space within
the PCA climate space of the native and naturalised region. The blue polygon is the climate space
available in the native region, the orange polygon is the climate space available within the USA. Blue
gridcells are climate conditions a species occupies in the native region, orange gridcells are occupied in
the USA, and yellow gridcells are occupied in both regions. Niche expansion was measured as the ratio
of occurrence density in the orange cells : occurrence density in the yellow and orange cells. Niche
expansion within analogue climate space was measured in the dotted cells only. Potential niche
expansion was measured as the number of orange and grey cells within the orange polygon. Nativenaturalised equilibrium was measured as the ratio of occurrence density in the dotted orange cells :
occurrence density in the blue and yellow cells. (b) Method for calculating niche shift relative to niche
breadth. Axes represent shared regional climate space, points represent the USA distribution (after the
most climatically extreme 10% of points were excluded, see above), red points are the 10% of the
remaining points that are most distant from the PCA-envelope defining the native climate space (shaded
oval). Niche-shift distance is the mean distance between the red points and the native PCA-polygon.
Niche breadth is the mean of X and Y breadth.
This is the pre-peer reviewed version of the following article: Early, R. and D. F. Sax (2014).
"Climatic niche shifts between species' native and naturalized ranges raise concern for
ecological forecasts during invasions and climate change." Global Ecology and Biogeography,
which has been published in final form at
http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/geb.12208/abstract
Figure S1.2. Map of biogeographical regions used to assign chorotypes.
This is the pre-peer reviewed version of the following article: Early, R. and D. F. Sax (2014).
"Climatic niche shifts between species' native and naturalized ranges raise concern for
ecological forecasts during invasions and climate change." Global Ecology and Biogeography,
which has been published in final form at
http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/geb.12208/abstract
Table S1.1. List of species studied, extent of native range and chorotype.
Species
Atriplex laciniata
Atriplex micrantha
Aurinia saxatilis
Species
code
ATLA
ATMI2
AUSA
Bassia hirsuta
Brassica oleracea
Cerastium tomentosum
Chenopodium bonus-henricus
Consolida ajacis
BAHI3
BROL
CETO2
CHBO
COAJ
Coincya monensis
COMO9
Native region and justification for
inclusion if non European endemic
European endemic
European endemic
Europe + western Turkey (GBIF records
available)
European endemic
European endemic
European endemic
European endemic
Europe + Turkey (GBIF records
available)
European endemic
Dianthus plumarius
Erucastrum gallicum
Helleborus niger
Helleborus viridis
DIPL
ERGA
HENI6
HEVI
European endemic
European endemic
European endemic
European endemic
Iberis amara
IBAM
European endemic
Larix decidua
Lepidium graminifolium
LADE2
LEGR5
Lepidium heterophyllum
LEHE2
European endemic
Europe + Morocco, Turkey (GBIF
records available), North Algeria & Syria
(no GBIF records available). USA niche
shift towards more precipitation, lower
temperatures
European endemic
Lychnis viscaria
LYVI2
Paeonia officinalis
Philadelphus coronarius
Pinus mugo
Pinus nigra
PAOF2
PHCO7
PIMU80
PINI
Pinus pinaster
PIPI6
Europe + Turkey (no GBIF records
available). USA niche shift is towards
more precipitation
European endemic
European endemic
European endemic
Europe + Algeria, Turkey (GBIF records
available), mountainous areas of
Morocco (records not available). USA
niche shift towards less precipitation
Europe + north Morocco (GBIF records
available).
Chorotype
Atlantic
Steppic
Multi-regional
Multi-regional
Atlantic
Mediterranean
Multi-regional
MediterraneanAtlantic
MediterraneanAtlantic
Alpine
Continental
Alpine
MediterraneanAtlantic
MediterraneanAtlantic
Alpine
Multi-regional
MediterraneanAtlantic
Multi-regional
Mediterranean-Alpine
Alpine
Alpine
Mediterranean
Mediterranean
This is the pre-peer reviewed version of the following article: Early, R. and D. F. Sax (2014).
"Climatic niche shifts between species' native and naturalized ranges raise concern for
ecological forecasts during invasions and climate change." Global Ecology and Biogeography,
which has been published in final form at
http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/geb.12208/abstract
Potentilla anglica
Potentilla intermedia
Polygonum patulum
Ranunculus marginatus
Ranunculus trilobus
Reseda odorata
POAN7
POIN8
POPA9
RAMA4
RATR2
REOD
Rosa ferruiginea
Rosa tomentosa
Rosa villosa
ROFE5
ROTO
ROVI80
Rumex cristatus
Rumex pseudonatronatus
Salix elaeagnos
RUCR2
RUPS
SAEL
Saponaria ocymoides
Sagina subulata
Sedum reflexum
Sedum sexangulare
Sempervivum tectorum
SAOC80
SASU5
SERE4
SESE6
SETE5
Silene chlorantha
Silene csereii
Silene italica
Silene nutans
Silene pendula
Spergularia echinosperma
Spergula morisonii
Stellaria palustris
Thalictrum aquilegifolium
Ulmus procera
Urtica urens
SICH4
SICS
SIIT
SINU2
SIPE3
SPEC
SPMO2
STPA7
THAQ
ULPR
URUR
European endemic
European endemic
European endemic
European endemic
European endemic
Europe + Egypt and Libya (no GBIF
records available). USA niche shift is
towards more precipitation, warmer
and cooler temperatures
European endemic
European endemic
Europe + Iran, Turkey, Ciscaucasia (no
GBIF records available). No USA niche
shift
European endemic
European endemic
Europe + north Turkey (no GBIF records
available). No USA niche shift
European endemic
European endemic
European endemic
European endemic
Europe + Morocco (no GBIF records
available). No USA niche shift
European endemic
European endemic
European endemic
European endemic
European endemic
European endemic
European endemic
European endemic
European endemic
European endemic
European endemic
Multi-regional
Boreal
Multi-regional
Mediterranean
Mediterranean
Mediterranean
Alpine
Multi-regional
Multi-regional
Mediterranean
Boreal
Mediterranean-Alpine
Mediterranean-Alpine
Multi-regional
Multi-regional
Multi-regional
Mediterranean-Alpine
Multi-regional
Steppic
Mediterranean-Alpine
Multi-regional
Mediterranean
Continental
Multi-regional
Multi-regional
Multi-regional
Multi-regional
Multi-regional
This is the pre-peer reviewed version of the following article: Early, R. and D. F. Sax (2014).
"Climatic niche shifts between species' native and naturalized ranges raise concern for
ecological forecasts during invasions and climate change." Global Ecology and Biogeography,
which has been published in final form at
http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/geb.12208/abstract
Table S1.2. Sources of distribution data for species naturalised distributions in the USA. Many thanks to
the people acknowledged, who helpfully extracted the data we needed from their databases.
Provider name
Regional
coverage
Number of
grid-cells
with data
27079
Arizona State University, International Institute
for Species Exploration (via GBIF)
Arizona
Freeman Herbarium, Auburn University
Brooklyn Botanical Garden
Alabama
New York, New
Jersey,
Connecticut
California
USA
3292
11766
Pennsylvania &
Northeast USA
Pacific Northwest
California
California
Florida
Michigan,
Minnesota,
Wisconsin
USA
Illinois
Washington,
Oregon, Idaho,
Montana,
Wyoming
1670
New England
Florida
Indiana
8772
1823
589
Berkeley Natural History Museums (via GBIF)
BONAP - Biota of North America Program
(http://www.bonap.org/MapSwitchboard.html).
Chapel Hill, N.C. [maps generated from Kartesz,
J.T. 2010. Floristic Synthesis of North America,
Version 1.0. Biota of North America Program
(BONAP). (in press)].
Wayne E. Manning herbarium, Bucknell
University
Burke Museum (via GBIF)
California Invasive Plant Council
California Consortium of Herbaria
Fairchild Tropical Botanic Garden (via GBIF)
Great Lakes Indian Fish and Wildlife Commission
Harvard University Herbaria (via GBIF)
Illinois Plant Information Network
INVADERS Database System
(http://invader.dbs.umt.edu).
Invasive Plant Atlas of New England
Florida Invasive Species Partnership
IUSE
Acknowledgements
Curtis J. Hansen, Curator
Steve Clemants & Steve
Glenn
19098
140
Warren Abrahamson &
Mike Weaver
82
77554
155138
981
4514
77
9663
171357
Rice, P.M. Division of
Biological Sciences,
University of Montana,
Missoula, MT 598124824.
This is the pre-peer reviewed version of the following article: Early, R. and D. F. Sax (2014).
"Climatic niche shifts between species' native and naturalized ranges raise concern for
ecological forecasts during invasions and climate change." Global Ecology and Biogeography,
which has been published in final form at
http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/geb.12208/abstract
University of Wisconsin Plant Ecology
Laboratory (Waller, D.M, Amatangelo, K.L.,
Johnson, S., and D.A. Rogers. 2012. Plant
community survey and resurvey data from the
Wisconsin Plant Ecology Laboratory.
Biodiversity and Ecology 4: 255-264.
Purdue University Kriebel Herbarium (PUL),
West Lafayette, Indiana
Louisiana State University Herbarium
Wisconsin
264
Katie Amatangelo
Indiana
474
Nick Harby
Louisiana
3405
Minnesota
Minnesota
13108
Missouri
Missouri
5438
Missouri Botanical Garden (via GBIF)
Milwaukee Public Museum
USA
Wisconsin
9609
5009
National Museum of Natural History (via GBIF)
New York Botanical Garden
USA
USA
5081
14602
New York Flora Atlas
New York
12914
New York State Museum
Oregon State University (via GBIF)
PaFlora
Southern Appalachian Information Node of the
National Biological Information Infrastructure
New York
Oregon
Pennsylvania
North Carolina
44
18707
28614
272
Southeast Exotic Pest Plant Council
Southeast USA
485
SEINnet
Southwest
5256
Texas A&M University, biology department
herbarium
Tall Timbers Research Station Robert K. Godfrey
Herbarium.
Texas
1574
Monique Reed, curator
South &
Southeast USA
96
Dr. Kevin Robertson,
Curator & Dr. Gil
Nelson, Database
Design & Management
UCD (via GBIF)
University of Louisiana at Monroe Herbarium
California
Louisiana
11423
3382
Neil T. Luebke, curator.
Charles Sheviak
This is the pre-peer reviewed version of the following article: Early, R. and D. F. Sax (2014).
"Climatic niche shifts between species' native and naturalized ranges raise concern for
ecological forecasts during invasions and climate change." Global Ecology and Biogeography,
which has been published in final form at
http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/geb.12208/abstract
University of Alabama Herbarium
Alabama
1361
University of Alabama Biodiversity and
Systematics (via GBIF)
University of Colorado Museum (via GBIF)
University of Connecticut (via GBIF)
United States Department of Agriculture
PLANTS database (http://plants.usda.gov/)
Alabama
19
Colorado
Northeast USA
USA
6309
4415
121944
Utah State University (via GBIF)
Utah Valley State College (via GBIF)
University of Tennessee Herbarium
Digital Atlas of the Virginia Flora
(http://www.vaplantatlas.org). Virginia
Botanical Associates, Blacksburg.
A Virtual Herbarium of the Chicago Region
Western USA
Utah
Tennessee
Virginia
6204
1308
5132
11738
Illinois, Indiana,
Michigan,
Wisconsin
Virginia
2937
WisFlora: A checklist of the Vascular Plants of
Wisconsin
Wisconsin
4205
Western Kentucky University Herbarium
Kentucky
293
Harmon, P. J., D. Ford-Werntz, W. Grafton.
2006. Checklist and Atlas of the Vascular Flora
of West Virginia. West Virginia Division of
Natural Resources, Wildlife Resources Section,
Elkins, WV.
Peabody Museum or Natural History, Yale
University
West Virginia
5498
Connecticut
76
College of William and Mary Herbarium
1767
Beth H. Chambers,
Herbarium Curator
Lawrence Alice & Robert
Neidlinger
Paul J Harmon
0
