AN ANALYSIS OF ENGLISH INTERFERENCE INTO INDONESIAN LANGUAGE USED IN
PIKIRAN RAKYAT DAILY NEWSPAPER
LiahTarlia (09220246)
Email :liliahtarlia@gmail.com
English Sport Study Program Language and Arts Department SekolahTinggiKeguruan Dan
IlmuPendidikan (STKIP) Siliwangi Bandung
ABSTRACT
The objectives of this research entitled “An Analysis of English Interference Into Indonesia Language
Used in Pikiran Rakyat Daily Newspaper” are to find out how many interference used by the articles
writer in Sport Column of Pikiran Rakyat Daily Newspaper, what types of interference was most
frequently used and what types of interference was least frequenlty used. In this research, the writer used
descriptive qualitative method. The instrument used to collect the data were pieces of paper covering the
types of English interference. The subjects of this research were all the texts of article in Sport Column of
Pikiran Rakyat daily newspaper. The collected data were identified, classified, analyzed, and interpreted
F
based on Mackey theory (1995:168) and using percentage category based on Sudijono’s theory (P = x
N
100). The results of this research showed that: the newspaper writer of Pikiran Rakyat used 3995 words.
They include: interference without phonetic interference 17 words (8.28%), grammatical interference 7
words (7.52%), lexical interference 57 words (61.3%), and semantic interference 12 words (12.9%).
According to results above, the writer concluded that the most frequently interference used by the articles
writer was lexical interference 61.3% and the least frequently used was interference with semantic
interference 12.9%.
Key word: interference
submitted language to oral article, etc. Language has
a simple component in a sending message, the
message will be sent if there are three factors: the
speakers, reader or listener and the object
(Alwasilah, 1993:16). The interaction can be through
television, newspaper, magazine, or even internet, in
which most of the information uses English as a
language.
Newspaper is one of media which is necessary for
human life. We can get many benefits from
magazines. Besides getting information, newspaper
can shown the developments of language. Daily
newspaper is one of type which often use absorption
word with less observed the standard Language
Pikiran Rakyat are example of the popular
newspaper in daily. Many adoption words are used
with less observed the standard of word forming or
standard of word loaning.
In linguistics, the forming of absorption word
without observed the standard of word forming and
standard of word loaning is called as interference.
Besides, it has functions and categorizes the words.
This is evidence from the results of masterpiece
yielded by the writer of newspaper who use
interference either through interact or which have
been given by argumentation; the following English
interference is taken from article in Pikiran Rakyat.
A. BACKGROUND
Language was born as a very important thing and
very required. With language, Human being is born
as social creature which cannot be quit of language.
(Wardaugh, 1977:3) stated that, “Language is a
system of obituary vocal used for communication”.
However, it is clear that language represent very
important thing for human being interaction and to
communicate.
This world consists of many languages, and
Indonesia is either one of that language. Indonesian
have problem which comes from language variety.
Variety is generating many matter issue is
communicate to people who have different language
variety was made compulsory in overcome thus
problem.
English as International language which is used by
many people in the world. Has great role on others.
A part of Indonesian language adopted some words
from English.
Indonesian as a national language ought to become
first language in Indonesian its self, but practically
nowadays Indonesian domicile it is likely wished off
by foreign language, which in this case is English.
People live in the era of information and
globalization, and inevitably interact with other
people in the world. In the usage, language can be
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“Achmad Sodikin memiliki dissenting opinion(
pendapat berbeda).” (PikiranRakyat , 09 Januari
2013).
The example above had the shown usage of English
interference. The usages of English interference in
example above are effect of language identifications
by bilingualism. The writer in newspaper above will
prefer use Indonesian words than English words in
their written, because Indonesian has the comparison
words that they used example above.
These matters draw to be expressed, to be studied,
accurately and traced. People believe that standing
nation is the determined by culture, and culture of
this State is Indonesian. So, indonesian has
important role in standing of Indonesian nation.
All of Indonesain people, actually has responsibility
to grow Indonesian by using it properly and avoid
interesting of English word expect if it can be
translated into Indonesian. But now in Indonesian
there is a tendency that people prefer use some
foreign words in Indonesian, especially for this case
in daily newspaper. Based on that statement, the
writer will try to investigate about how is the process
entering element of foreign language which is called
as interference (Weinrich, 1966:63) states that they
are done because the readymade designations are
more sport than to describe things once more. Based
on these phenomena, the writer is interested in
conducting a research dealing with English
interference in the newspaper entitled “AN
ANALYSIS OF ENGLISH INTERFERENCE
INTO INDONESIA LANGUAGE USED IN
PIKIRAN RAKYAT DAILY NEWSPAPER.”
Language contact in bilingualism can influence
language each other, it will become intensive if the
total of bilingualism is bigger than said language, and
usually the influence will be bigger if the language is
rare in using and made language unused. According
to Weinreich as quoted by (Supiana, 2010:14)that, “
Those instance of deviation from the norm of either
language with occur in the speak bilinguals as a result
of their familiarity with more than one language,i.e.
as a result of language contact”. According to
(Alwasilah, 185:132), “That interference is an error
caused by a tendency of using certain language
utterances to another language that cover
pronunciation, structure, and vocabularies.
Interference is deviation of language to bring in other
language. According to (chaer, 1995:164) stated,
“deviation of language to bring in other
language. According to Chaer (1995:164), “That
interference is norm declination of one or more
languages “The example can be seen in the sentence
“
Mereka
akan
Married
bulan
depan”,
(Chaer,1995:163). The word “married” had shown
the usage of English Interferences.
Furthermore Weinreich (1976:11) described,
“interference as ‘those instances of deviation
from the norms of either language which occur
in the speech of bilinguals as a result of their
familiarity with more than one language, i.e. as a
result of language contact’; it is thus the
influence of structures, rules and elements from
the source language in the production of the
target language”.
There are three important elements to get a rule of
interference process, the first, source language, in a
communication as dominates, which made that
language is used to other community. The second,
recipient language is a language is accepted from
other language then is used in spelling and writing
into the source of language. The third, importation
language is the elements of the foreign language
becoming absorption language (Yusuf, 1994:70).
In addition (Yusuf, 1994:7) stated that, the absorption
language can be seen in the word “television” as
source language, it’s mean “televisi” as recipient of
language.
Based the example above, it can be concluded that
the absorbent of language is pervade of the source
language. The usage of absorption language
according in the example above is the process
transfer of source language into recipient language.
a. The type of Interference
B. LITERATURE REVIEW
1. Interference
Interference is one of bilingualism or multilingual
phenomena. It is conferred as “confusion,” if it saw
from subsystem of phonology, morphology, and
syntax. Nevertheless, interference riches language for
donor language vocabulary. It is begin from
interference, and then integrated in part of recipient
language (Mackey ,1995:168) Mackey has also a
certain point of view between interference and
borrowing. He has seen interference as a contingent
and individual, while borrowing is a collective and
systematic.
Language contact happens in other phenomenon that
is in transfer of language, which has negative
character. Clyne in (Romaine, 1989:51) explains that,
“Interference which has somewhat negative
connotation.” Based on the statement that
interference is produced by social interaction that has
negative influence, that is the using of mistake
language.
Iinterference is mainly regarded as a rather
involuntary process; but this categorization has often
been criticized, since there is evidence for both
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understanding): “What cards?“ “The card so we
could go to Grandma’s.“ In this example, the
meaning of English ‘card’ is overextended to
include ticket’; as “Karte“ can mean ‘card’, ‘ticket’,
and ‘map’. A very recent occurrence that nicely
illustrates this overextension is the new ticket
system of our local transport services: They now
distinguish ‘tickets’ and ‘cards’. Nonetheless, the
latter are certainly supposed to be tickets, too.
2. The factors of Using English Interference
a) Bilingualism
The term “bilingualism” relates to society and
individual, which has two languages, how both
languages are used and studied, while one who
relates to it, referred as bilingual.
Alwasilah (1993:107) quoted by (Supiana, 2010:107)
stated that, “Language contact is an event of using
two languages interchangeably done by a speaker.
Later, transmission or language element transfer from
one language to another language covers all levels”.
Bilingualism begins when the native speaker of one
language can produce meaningful utterance in the
other language in one community. According to
(Romaine, 1989:50) Bilingual performance, this is
shared by a community. In community phenomena
will appear borrowing and interference as individual
and community phenomena. It is supported by
(Mackay in Romaine, 1989:51) stated “Interference
as contingent and individual, while borrowing is
collective and systematic”.
From the explanation above can be concluding that
bilingualism is the people who have proficiency two
languages in communication.
b) Social Status
Language is a product from culture; it has a
significance function in the societies. Societies have
own characteristic to convey some information to
another by using language that is suitable with their
social status. The aim on social status of language
users is their position connected with educational
level and occupational level. Both social statues
mentioned above will produce different language
varieties. Another linguist said that social status
refers to the societies that, “have certain similarity in
social for example: economic, occupation, position,
and caste of societies” (Sumarsono Pertana,
2002:43).
3. Integration process in Indonesian Language
Integration is viewed to be a distract or in Indonesian
language. Chaer (1994 : 67) sated “that integration is
element of foreign language in which considered,
treated, and used as a part of receptive language”.
Integration usually needs a long process as it must be
suited to Indonesian language in terms of the
pronunciation, the spelling, and even the
grammatical/syntactical feature. As a multicultural
voluntary and involuntary occurrence of all these
phenomena. According (Weinrinch, 1976:11). Four
different types of interference have been
distinguished:
1) Phonetic Interference
Phonological interference involves the transfer of the
phonological system of L1 to L2, which also includes
the sound characteristics of the first language, e.g.
tress, rhythm, and intonation. This type of
interference is likely where sound features of the two
languages differ from each other, or if an element of
one language is not represented in the other
(Weinrich 1976 :12). The example is a both English
and German dispose of a highly complex vowel
system which consists of about 16-20 vowels and
diphthongs, whereas Greek and Italian only use 5 to 7
different vowel sounds. Consequently, Italian and
Greek speakers of German are prone not to
distinguish between long and short vowels: Thus,
both ‘sit’ and ‘seat’ might come out as [sit].
2) Grammatical Interference
Grammatical Interference refers to syntactical
features, that is, sentence structure (=word order), use
of pronouns and determiners, prepositions, tense, etc.
In English, for instance, adverbs or adverbial clauses
of time are normally placed at the end of a sentence,
which contrasts to e.g. Israelian and German word
order. Thus Israelian or German speakers attempting
to speak English might produce sentences like:
a) “I went three years ago to London.“
b) “I bought yesterday the car.“
c) Lexical Interference
According to (Weinrich, 1976:13). Lexical
Interference is the usage of second language
vocabulary into the first language. It happened in
Indonesian people who know English, They often use
in their communication. Example “planning”, it
means “rencana” in Indonesian.
3) Semantic Interference
Semantic interference is occurs when the recipient
language absorbs cultural insight of words as the
origins from another language. This process is
known as expansive. E.g. Indonesian takes words
from Greece-Latin as demokrasi, politik, revolusi,
and many more (Chaer and Agustina, 2004).
Surprisingly, this borrowing process is natural and
normal. English also takes many stems from other
languages such as Latin for morpheme geo-, bio-,
ology, -graphs, etc. An example of this is the
semantic transfer that has been noticed in the
German of Greek children: another example of
semantic transfer was provided by Saunders,
(1982:52). A nearly 5 year-old German-English
bilingual wanted to tell his English mother that he
and his father had bought air tickets for the summer
holidays: “Mum, we got the cards.“Mother (not
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background country, Indonesia is enriched by its
Multilanguage’s feature of its people. Indonesia’s
inhabitants live in five big islands across the country,
they are Sumatera, Kalimantan, Jawa, Sulawesi, and
Papua. Surprisingly, each big island is also divided
into small islands. Each group of people has
particular spoken language which is called
indigenous languages as Javanese (mostly spoken in
Java Island), Sundanese (spoken in West Javanese),
Balinese (Balinese language), Sasak (Lombok or
West Nusa Tenggara), Palopo (South Sulawesi), and
hundreds of other languages. Thus, Indonesian
language appeared to be national language to
accommodate hundreds of local languages spoken
and loved by the people. Indonesian language is
usually used in formal occasion while local languages
are used mostly in daily conversation. Automatically,
local languages influence the using of Indonesian
language in integration process. For example, the
word “kurang” is originally derived from Javanese
and Malay language. There are many others
examples of local words internalized as Indonesian
language (most are found in the dictionary of
Indonesian language).
Life is changing, thus it insists the global inhabitants
change also not only the attitude but also the
language using. Internationally, English is mostly
spoken. Thus, English also influences Indonesian
design of the study to obtain the data, in this study,
the writer approach to data collection, analyzed and
report writing searched in some newspaper.
a. Site and Subject
1) Site
Qualitative researchers take place in the natural
setting. The qualitative researcher often goes to
the site of the participant to conduct the research.
This enables the researcher to develop a level of
detail about the individual or place and to be
highly involved in actual experiences of the
participants. (Creswell, 2003:181)
2) Subject
Qualitative researchers look insolvent of their
subject in data collection and seek to build
rapport and credibility with the individuals in the
study. (Creswell, 2003:181).
In some studies it is appropriate to include statements
about the researchers past experiences with the topic,
the setting or the subjects. The site and subject of this
research is all the text of articles in sport column
ofPikiran Rakyat daily newspaper which is one of
Indonesian newspaper.
b. Instrument of Research
Instrument is one of the important things in a
research. In collecting the data, the writer used
document analysis. In specific manner of gathering
the data, the writer searched on Pikiran Rakyat sport
column.
c. Research Data Collection
Data collection is steps that include setting the
boundaries for the study; collecting information
through unstructured or semi structured observations,
documents, and visual materials, as well as
establishing the protocol for recording information.
(Creswell, 2003:185). this research used document
analysis as its approach During the process of
research, the researcher collected document. The
document which is used in this research is Pikiran
Rakyat daily newspaper.
For the research of data collection, there were
several steps that were used document analysis by the
researcher to collect the data from the editorial
column of Pikiran Rakyat daily newspaper. Firstly,
the writer read and rewrites the first issue of the
source of data, On March 2013 edition. Then, the
writer checked all words and also the terms that
might belong to English Interference and listed them
into table.
d. Research Data Analysis
The collected data were identified, analyzed based on
the categories of phonetic interference, grammatical
interference, lexical interference, and semantic
interference. The calculated the total percentage of
interference using this formula:
language as the impact of modernization through
the process of integration. Unfortunately, people
tend to use integrated language as it is
comfortable to use. This is in accordance to the
assumption of the need of prestige and style.
C. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
1. Research Method
In doing this research the writer focused on finding
the English interference on Indonesian vocabulary
the method used qualitative research. (Creswell,
2003:22) qualitative research “is exploratory and is
useful when the researcher does not know the
important variables to examine”. Type of qualitative
method; case study, action research, document
analysis, ethnographic studies, phenomenological
studies. Through document analysis type of approach
may be needed because the topic is new, the topic has
never been addressed with a certain sample or group
of people; or existing theories do not apply with the
particular sample or group under study (Morse,1991)
according (Creswell, 2003:22) Besides that, this
study used qualitative method to measure
interference rate.
In doing this research the researchers focused on
finding the English interference on Indonesian
newspaper. Tell the reader specifically about the
4
𝑓
𝑛
Based on the data above, the writer of article 1 to
article 10 in the Editorial column of Pikiran Rakyat
from March 5nd until 16th 2013, tends to used lexical
interfernceits about 61.3%, it shows that lexical
interference was the most frequently used and
semantic interference
(12.9%) was the least
frequently used.
The total percentages calculation from each edition
presented in the following table:
Table 4.12The Total Percentage Calculation from
Each Edition
P = x 100%
P = Percentage
F = frequent of word
N = total of word
L.R.Gay ,(1992:248)
D. FINDINGS AND DISCUSSIONS
1. Result Analysis
Based the formula according to (Sudijono, 2009:43)
P = __F__ X 100%
N
P = aspercentage of English Interference
F = as frequency of English Interference
N = as the total words used in an editorial (Sudijono,
2009:43).
The total percentages calculation from each type
interference presented in the following table:
Table 4.11 The Total Percentages Calculation from
Each Type of Interference
NO
Data
Words
Interference
1.
Article 1
359
10
2.
Article 2
353
8
3.
Article 3
503
6
4.
Article 4
362
2
5.
Article 5
452
21
6.
Article 6
451
8
7.
Article 7
448
12
8.
Article 8
448
15
9.
Article 9
356
6
10.
Article 10
263
5
Total
3995
93
Percentage
93 / 3995 x 100% = 2.33%
Types of Interference
No
Data
Type1
Type 2
Type
3
Type 4
T
ot
al
1
Article 1
1
-
7
2
10
2
Article 2
1
-
6
1
8
3
Article 3
1
-
4
1
6
4
Article 4
-
-
2
-
2
5
Article 5
6
-
10
5
21
6
Article 6
2
2
3
1
8
7
Article 7
2
2
7
1
12
8
Article 8
-
-
15
-
15
9
Article 9
2
2
1
1
6
10
Article
10
2
1
2
-
17
7
57
12
93
12/93x1
00%=1
2.9%
10
0
%
Total
17/93x
100%
Percentage
=18.2
8%
7/93x10
0%
=7.52%
57/93x
100%
=61.3
%
From the data above it can be said that the writer of
Pikiran Rakyat article 1 to article 10 used 93
interference or 2.33 % from total word 3995 the
writer of article 1 to article 10 in the Editorial
column of Pikiran Rakyat from March 2nd until 15th
2013.
2. Discussion of the Study
From the findings of the types of English
Interference, it can be seen that four types of English
Interference: phonetic interference, grammatical
Interference,
lexical
interference,
semantic
interference.
Based on the table 4.11 the total percentages
calculation from each types of interference, the writer
of article 1 to article 10 in the Editorial column of
Pikiran Rakyat from March 2nd until 15th 2013, tends
to used lexcical interfernceits about 61.3%, it shows
that lexcical interfernce was the most frequently used
and semantic interfernce (12.9%) was the least
frequently used.
E. CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS
1. Conclusions
5
5
After analyzing and discussing the data writer could
draw some conclusions as follows:
a) There were 93 Interference used by the writer in
sport article in PikiranRakyat daily newspaper
on 5 thuntil 16th March 2013.
b) Among the 93 Interference used by the writer in
sport article in Pikiran Rakyat they were devided
into four types of Interference: phonetic
interference (17 word : 8.28%), grammatical
Interference (7 word : 7.52%), lexical
interference (57word : 61.3%), semantic
interference (12 word : 12.9%).
The most frequently types of Interference used
by the writer was lexical interference (61.3%).
The least frequently types of Interference used
by the writer was grammatical interference (
7.52%).
2. Suggestion
a. The writer hopes that this paper can introduce
Interference and types of Interference to the
readers.
b. The writer hopes that in the future, the other
researchers can conduct the same study on
English interference finding different subject of
the studies such as from radio or television.
Lyons.1985. Language and Linguistics .London:
Cambridge University Press.
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