Name: ________________________________________ Date: ______________________ Period: _______
SEMESTER 1 STUDY GUIDE
*Phospholipids form much of the cell membrane
*Gravity, sounds, and light are all examples of stimuli
*Maintaining a stable internal condition is known as homeostasis
*When organisms reproduce they make organisms that are similar to themselves
*Heredity is known as the passing of genetic traits from parent to offspring
*Food, air, water and shelter are the 4 basic needs of most organisms
*One characteristics that all living things share is that their cells have DNA
*Human beings are organisms
*One benefit of being a large organism is that you have fewer predators
*Photosynthesis takes place in an organelle in the plant cell known as the chloroplast
*Even simple multicellular organisms can have specialized cells
*The highest level of organization is the organ system
*The cell membrane is the part of the cell that forms a barrier between the cell and its environment
*One fact that is true about each of the levels of organization of living things is that each is more complex
than the level below it
*All organisms are made of cells
*An organelle that is membrane-bound is surrounded by membranes
*Osmosis is important to cells because cells are filled with fluids that are made mostly of water
*Fermentation in muscle cells produces lactic acid
*Photosynthesis allows a plant to produce food (glucose)
*A plant needs to produce glucose in order to obtain energy
*Glucose is a product of photosynthesis
*Oxygen (O2) is not used to make glucose in photosynthesis; only water (H2O), carbon dioxide (CO2), and
light energy
*Particles move from areas of higher concentration to areas of lower concentration by diffusion
*Diffusion is a type of passive transport
*Chlorophyll is located in the chloroplasts
*Carbon dioxide is a gas released during cellular respiration
*Binary fission, the process by which bacteria cells divide, means splitting into two parts
*A collection of two or more tissues that work together to perform a function is called an organ
*To help you move, skeletal muscle is attached to bones
*A group of cells that are alike and work together is a tissue
* A plant with two dominant or two recessive alleles is said to be homozygous.
* Sex cells are different from other human cells in that sex cells have half as many chromosomes.
* Homologous chromosomes are chromosomes that carry the same set of genes.
*Mendel discovered that recessive traits reappear in the second generation.
* A pedigree is a diagram used to trace a trait through generations of a family.
* A self-pollinating plant fertilizes itself.
* A true-breeding plant produced offspring with the same traits as the parent.
* An allele is two forms of a gene, one from each parent.
*Mendel’s ratio for dominant to recessive traits is 3 to 1.
* A phenotype is the way a person looks.
*Meiosis is when cells are copied with half the number of chromosomes.
* A, T, C, G represent the four bases.
* Watson and Crick built a model like a long, twisted ladder.
*The sides of the DNA ladder are sugar and phosphate.
*The “rungs” of the ladder are a pair of bases.
* To be copied, a DNA molecule splits down the middle.
* Three bases code for one amino acid.
* In a deletion, one base is left out.
* A tobacco plant with a firefly gene that makes it glow is an example of genetic engineering.
* Genes contain DNA is the best expresses the relationship between genes and DNA.
* Nucleotides are made up of a sugar, a phosphate, and a base.
* A string of nucleotides that has information for making one trait is a gene.
*Insertion is the type of mutation where a base is added to the gene.
* Some genetic disorders, such as sickle cell anemia, are due to a mutation.
* The complementary strand to the DNA sequence TAGTCA is ATCAGT.
* The fishlike shape of whales is NOT evidence that whales evolved from mammals that once lived on land.
* Darwin did NOT understand the role of genetics concerning the process of evolution.
* People breeding horses to run faster is NOT an example of natural selection.
* The process of consisting of separation, adaptation, and division is speciation.
* Over time, animals may change behavior or physical appearance in response to changes in the
environment. This is called adaptation.
* The process by which organisms that are better adapted to their environment survive and reproduce
more successfully than less well adapted organisms do is natural selection.
* Many insects can adapt very quickly to insecticides because the insects’ generation time is short.
* The process by which populations slowly change over time is called evolution.
*Speciation often begins by a portion of a population becoming physically or geographically separated.
* Selection occurs when certain genes make organisms more likely to survive and reproduce.
* Scientists compare organisms’ DNA to support the theory that all species share a common ancestor.
* A spider may produce hundreds of eggs, only a few of which may survive. This is an example of
overproduction.
*The trace remains of an organism that lived long ago, most commonly preserved in sedimentary rock, are
a fossil.
* Hip bones are a feature that whales possibly inherited from a four-legged ancestor.
* Today, the eight-leveled system is based on shared characteristics used to classify organisms.
* The scientific name for an organism comes from its genus and species.
* By working through the statements of a dichotomous key, you can find the identity of an organism.
* For hundreds of years, all living things were classified as plants or animals.
* Today, there are three domains.
* The division of organisms into groups or classes based on characteristics is classification.
* The science of describing, classifying, and naming organisms is taxonomy.
* The eight levels of classification from general to specific are: domain, kingdom, phylum, class, order,
family, genus, species.
* A pine tree is a member of the kingdom plantae.
*Scientists classify organisms based on their characteristics.