Middle Ages Works Cited
“Abul Qasim Khalaf ibn al-Abbas al-Zahrawi.” Biography Resoruce Center . Gale, 2009. Web.
22 Oct. 2009. <http://galenet.galegroup.com/servlet/
BioRC?vrsn=149&OP=contains&locID=erde79591&srchtp=name&ca=1&c=1&AI=U13
900812&NA=Albucasis&ste=12&tbst=prp&tab=1&docNum=K2643410322&bConts=3
3>.
Battle of Poitiers . 1536. ABC-CLIO Ancient and Medieval Eras . Web. 28 Oct. 2009.
<http://www.ancienthistory.abc-clio.com/Eras/
Display.aspx?storyid=1185737&entryid=617101&issublink=true&fromsearch=false>.
This painting is a 15th-century deptiction of the Battle of Poitiers, which makes it an example of medieval art. The Ballet of Poitiers took place during the 100 years war. This war took place between England and France and actually lasted over 100 years.
The 100 years war effected the countries involved. When the war was finally over, the
French king gained power because his nation won, while the English king lost power because his nation lost. Both countries needed money to fund the war which took it’s toll on the economy of the countries.
Carcassonne Castle . N.d. Corel. ABC-CLIO World History Ancient and Mideval Eras . Web. 16
Oct. 2009. <http://www.ancienthistory.abc-clio.com/Eras/
Display.aspx?storyid=1185706&entryid=1004224&issublink=true&fromsearch=false>.
This photograph shows Carcassonne Castle. During the times of Feudalism castles were a symbol of wealth. Feudal lords lived in castles like this one. This castle was built in the
12th century in a town France. Carcassonne Castle was conquered by Simon de Montfort

IV in 1209, but many other attacks were sustained by this castle. Carcassonne was restored sometime in the 19th century.
Council of Constance . N.d. ABC-CLIO World History Ancient and Medieval Eras . Web. 4 Nov.
2009. <http://www.ancienthistory.abc-clio.com/Eras/
Display.aspx?storyid=1185747&entryid=999625&issublink=true&fromsearch=false>.
Edward III . N.d. ABC-CLIO: World History: Ancient and Midieval Eras . Web. 19 Oct. 2009.
<http://www.ancienthistory.abc-clio.com/Eras/
Display.aspx?storyid=1185737&entryid=1157230&issublink=true&fromsearch=false>.
This photograph shows the bronze-quilted tomb of King Edward III of England. King
Edward III was remembered mostly for his accomplishments in battle. Edward was the nephew of Charles IV, he came into the position of the throne when Charles died and didn’t have a male successor. Edward was also the grandson of Phillip IV.
“eHistory’ Wars of the Roses.” eHistory . OSU Department of History, 2009. Web. 4 Nov. 2009.
<http://ehistory.osu.edu/middleages/warsoftheroses/overview.cfm>. This website provides the same information as our text book and as ABC CLIO but goes into more detail as to what happened in years that were not mentioned in other sources available to me.
Hundred Years’ War treaty
. 1453. ABC-CLIO World Histroy Ancient and Midieval Eras . Web.
20 Oct. 2009. <http://www.ancienthistory.abc-clio.com/Eras/
Display.aspx?storyid=1185737&entryid=667119&issublink=true&fromsearch=false>.
This picture depicts a scene of the Hundred Years’ War treaty being signed. The Hundred
Years’ war began in 1337 and ended in 1453, lasting over a century. The Hundred Years’
War was between the French and the English. The war damaged the countries’ economy

because money was needed to fund the wars, in the end, countries ended up being affected politically too.
Interior of Charlemagne’s Palatine Chapel
. N.d. ABC-CLIO World History Ancient and
Midieval Eras . Web. 20 Oct. 2009. <http://www.ancienthistory.abc-clio.com/Eras/
Display.aspx?storyid=1185681&entryid=1213654&issublink=true&fromsearch=false>.
This photograph shows the grand chapel that was built for Charlemagne. Consturuction on this chapel began in 786 and continued for over one thousand years. This chapel is the greatest example of Carolingian architecture still in existance. Today, the chapel is the center of Aachen Cathedral in Germany. The fact that this chapel is still around today shows the importance of the church in people’s lives.
“Jeanne D’Arc, St.”
Biography Resource Center . Gale, 1 Jan. 2001. Web. 29 Oct. 2009.
<http://galenet.galegroup.com/servlet/
BioRC?vrsn=149&OP=contains&locID=erde79591&srchtp=name&ca=2&c=1&AI=U13
006774&NA=Joan+of+arc&ste=12&tbst=prp&tab=1&docNum=K1656000846&bConts
=43>.
Mail and Plate Armor . N.d. Artstor. ARTstor . Web. 28 Oct. 2009. <http://library.artstor.org/ library/iv2.html?parent=true>. This photograph shows chain mail and the first uses for plate armor. Chain mail was used a a defense in battle, chain mail could protect a knight from arrows, over time chain mail wasn’t enough so the knights started packing on the plate armor, but it didn’t protect them from the long bow. Chain mail and plate armor was expensive for a knight to buy considering the fact that they had to protect their horse too.
The use of chain mail and plate armor was needed because of the French advancements in battle.

Medieval Marriage Scene . Around 1450. Giraudon / Art Resource. ABC-CLIO: Wrold History:
Ancient . Web. 19 Oct. 2009. <http://www.ancienthistory.abc-clio.com/Eras/
Display.aspx?storyid=1185729&entryid=1069078&issublink=true&fromsearch=false >.
This miniature depicts a marriage scene from a Swedish code of law around 1450.
Marriage laws differed between countries, religions, and time periods. In some countries a woman could become a monarch but in others she couldn’t, where as in some countries a boy is either voted to be a king or must turn to the Catholic church.
Persecution of men accused of spreading plague . N.d. ABC-CLIO: Medieval and Ancient Eras .
Web. 2 Nov. 2009. <http://www.ancienthistory.abc-clio.com/Eras/
Display.aspx?storyid=1185731&entryid=662712&issublink=true&fromsearch=false>.
Ploughing (Pisano) . 1336-1343. ABC-CLIO World Histroy Ancient and Midieval Eras . Web. 20
Oct. 2009. <http://www.ancienthistory.abc-clio.com/Eras/
Display.aspx?storyid=1185681&entryid=667284&issublink=true&fromsearch=false>.
This brown stone carved images depicts a scene of plowing in the Middle Ages. Farming was an important part of life then because if you didn’t grow food or have serfs grow it for you, you wouldn’t have any food and would eventually die. Most people were farmers during the Middle Ages. The plow was a revolution in the Middle Ages because it made farming easier and more productive. Once people were able to produce more, people became healthier because they had more to eat. The plow increased the quality of life for people and it was one of the earliest agricultural inventions and has remained important in the farming life to this day,
Ruins of Staufen Castle . N.d. ABC-CLIO:World History: Ancient and Midieval Eras . Web. 19
Oct. 2009. <http://www.ancienthistory.abc-clio.com/Eras/

Display.aspx?storyid=1185729&entryid=1216203&issublink=true&fromsearch=falseThi s photographs show>. This photograph shows the ruins of the Staufen Castle. The
Staufen castle was built in the year 1100 in Swabia, Germany. This castle was home to the Hohenstaufen dynasty. Some of the rulers who lived here where thought to be the greatest rulers of the Holy Roman Empire. This castle also shows political power.
Urban, II. “Urban II: Call to Crusade (1095).” Council of Cleremont. 1095.
ABC_CLIO World
History Ancient and Mideval Eras . Web. 16 Oct. 2009. <http://www.ancienthistory.abcclio.com/Eras/
Display.aspx?storyid=1185712&entryid=655429&issublink=true&fromsearch=false>. At the Council of Cleremont in 1095, Urban II proposed the first Crusade. Urban II wanted his Christian soldiers to aid the Byzantine empire to the holy land of Jerusalem. The
Crusades lead to the final split of Eastern and Western Christianity. Crusades were an important part of life then because they provided an economic boost as well as a social boost with more people gaining faith in the church.
Urban II Proposing the First Crusade . 1095. ABC-CLIO World History Ancient and Midieval
Eras . Web. 9 Oct. 2009. <http://www.ancienthistory.abc-clio.com/Eras/
Display.aspx?storyid=1185712&entryid=1323547&issublink=true&fromsearch=false>.
This picture illustrates Urban II proposing the First Crusade to Council of Clermont. He wanted the Council of Clermont to allow Christian knights to aid the Byzantine Empire against the Seljuk Turks. This crusade was launched in 1096. The Crusaders arrived in the city of Constantinople in 1097. The Crusades helped to bring more power to the church. The church had supreme power, next to the emperor in the Middle Ages. The
Crusades also brought economic riches back to the lands that they were launched from.