1
Journal of Biogeography
Late Holocene expansion of ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa) in the Central Rocky
Mountains, USA
Jodi R. Norris, Julio L. Betancourt, Stephen T. Jackson
SUPPORTING INFORMATION
Appendix S1.
Table S1.1. Locations and sources for earliest records of P. ponderosa mapped in Fig. 1
in published paper
Table S1.2. Modern abundances for major taxa present at midden sites
Figure S1.1. Modified Walter-Lieth climate diagrams for midden sites
Figure S1.2. Map of Western North America showing percent of annual average
precipitation falling in the summer months (April-September).
Table S1.1. Location and reference data for Pinus ponderosa var. scopulorum earliest
records.
State
AZ
AZ
AZ
AZ
AZ
AZ
AZ
CO
Site
Bass Canyon
Chuar Valley
Frakas Lake
Grandview Point
Pontatoc Ridge
Potato Lake
Wide Rock Butte
Owl Canyon
LAT
36.167
36.167
36.617
36.000
32.350
34.463
36.117
40.846
LONG
-112.367
-111.917
-112.198
-111.983
-110.883
-111.342
-109.333
-105.038
NM
NM
NV
NV
NV
NV
UT
UT
Atlatl Cave
Rhodes Canyon
Council Hall Cav
Hidden Forest
Wells #26
Wells #28
Allen Canyon
Dutch John
36.033
33.183
39.333
36.567
38.850
38.967
37.783
40.950
-107.900
-106.650
-114.100
-115.100
-114.217
-114.167
-109.583
-109.417
WY
WY
WY
Fremont
Wells1
Wells2
42.512
41.017
42.247
-106.770
-105.660
-104.730
Reference
Cole, 1981
Cole, 1981
Weng & Jackson, 1999
Cole, 1981
Van Devender and Spaulding, 1979
Anderson, 1993
Schmutz et al., 1976
Betancourt et al., 1991
Betancourt and Van Devender,
1981
Van Devender and Toolin, 1983
Thompson, 1984
Spaulding, 1981
Wells, 1983
Wells, 1983
Betancourt, 1984
Jackson et al., 2005
S.T. Jackson & J.L. Betancourt,
unpublished data
Wells, 1970
Wells, 1970
Calendar Year
Age, kiloyear
BP
10
10.2
11.2
6.3
17.4
12.9
7.1
5.8
Anderson, R.S. (1993) Mid- and late Wisconsin paleoclimates and environments near
Potato Lake, Arizona. Quaternary Research, 40, 351-359.
Betancourt, J.L., (1984). Late Quaternary plant zonation and climate in southeastern
Utah. Great Basin Naturalist, 44, 1-35.
12.5
18
7
11.6
10.3
5.4
11.8
7.2
6.1
4.6
1.4
2
Betancourt, J.L. & Van Devender, T.R. (1981) Holocene vegetation in Chaco Canyon,
New Mexico: Science, 214, 658-660.
Betancourt, J.L., Schuster, W.S., Mitton, J.B. & Anderson, R.S. (1991) Fossil and genetic
history of a pinyon pine (Pinus edulis) isolate. Ecology, 72, 1685-1697.
Cole, K.L., (1981). Late Quaternary Environments in the Eastern Grand Canyon:
Vegetational Gradients Over the Last 25,000 Years. Ph.D. Dissertation, University
of Arizona, 170 p.
Spaulding, W. G. (1981) The Late Quaternary vegetation of a southern Nevada mountain
range. Ph.D. Thesis, University of Arizona, Tucson.
Jackson, S. T., Betancourt, J.L., Lyford, M.E., Gray, S.T. & Rylander, K.A. (2005) A
40,000-year woodrat-midden record of vegetational and biogeographic dynamics in
northeastern Utah. Journal of Biogeography, 32, 1085-1106.
Schmutz, E. M., Dennis, A. E., Harlan, A., Hendricks, D. & Zauderer, J. (1976) An
ecological survey of Wide Rock Butte in Canyon de Chelly National Monument,
Arizona. Arizona Academy of Science, 11, 114-125.
Thompson, R. S. (1984) Late Pleistocene and Holocene environments in the Great Basin.
Ph.D. Thesis, University of Arizona, Tucson.
Van Devender, T.R. & Spaulding, W.G. (1979) Development of vegetation and climate
in the southwestern United States. Science, 204, 701-710.
Van Devender, T. R. & Toolin, L. J. (1983) Late Quaternary vegetation of the San
Andres Mountains, Sierra County, New Mexico. The prehistory of Rhodes Canyon
(ed by P.L. Eidenbach) p. 33-54, Human Systems Research, Inc., Tularosa, New
Mexico.
Wells, P.V. (1970) Postglacial vegetational history of the Great Plains. Science, 167,
1574-1582.
Wells, P.V. (1983) Paleobiogeography of montane islands in the Great Basin since the
last glaciopluvial. Ecological Monographs, 53, 341-382.
Weng, C. & Jackson, S.T. (1999) Late Glacial and Holocene vegetation history and
paleoclimate of the Kaibab Plateau, Arizona. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology,
Palaeoecology, 153, 179-201.
3
Juniperus scopulorum
Juniperus osteosperma
Pseudotsuga menziesii
Picea glauca
Juniperus communis
Cercocarpus ledifolius
Big Belt Mountains
Beaver Creek Canyon
Black Hills
Inyan Kara Drainage
Spearfish Canyon
Redbird Canyon
East Bighorn Mountains
Slip Road
Outlaw Cave Campground
Crazy Woman Canyon
Little Belt Mountains
Spring Creek Canyon
Judith River Sites
West Bighorn Mountains
Black Canyon
Upper Military/Cottonwood
Creeks
Brokenback Narrows
South Fork Paintrock
South Fork Brokenback
Pinus flexilis
Site
Pinus ponderosa
Table S1.2. Modern abundance of major taxa at midden sites; A = Absent, R = Rare, C=
Common.
BCC
C
C
C
A
C
A
A
C
IKD
SFC
RBC
C
C
C
A
A
A
A
A
C
A
A
A
A
C
A
A
P
A
C
C
R
A
A
A
SR
OCC
CWC
C
C
C
R
C
C
C
C
A
A
A
A
R
R
C
A
A
A
C
C
C
C
C
C
SCC
JR
C
C
C
R
C
C
A
A
C
C
A
A
A
C
A
A
BC
UMC
C
BBN
SPR
SFB
C
C
C
C
R
A
R
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
R
A
C
A
C
C
A
A
A
A
A
R
C
C
A
C
C
C
C
Map
ID
4
Figure S1.2. Modified Walter-Lieth climate diagrams showing mean monthly
precipitation, mean monthly maximum temperature, mean monthly minimum
temperature, and mean monthly mean temperature for weather stations near midden
collection sites. The temperature and precipitation axes are scaled to show periods of
water stress when the mean daily temperature line falls above the mean monthly
precipitation line during the frost-free period (Walter and Leith, 1967). Midden areas
represented are A) Big Belt Mountains B) Little Belt Mountains C) West Slope Bighorn
Mountains D) East Slope Bighorn Mountains F) Black Hills. Weather stations data
obtained from Western Regional Climate Center, 2006(http://www.wrcc.dri.edu/).
Weather station site names: A) Canyon Ferry B) White Sulfur Springs C) Tensleep, D)
Kaycee E) Edgemont.
5
Figure S1.2. Map of western North America showing percent of annual average
precipitation falling in the summer months (April-September). Data from PRISM climate
dataset (Daly, 1997).
Reference:Daly, C., Taylor, G.H. & Gibson, W.P. (1997) The PRISM approach to
mapping precipitation and temperature. Proc., 10th AMS Conf. on Applied Climatology,
Amer. Meteorological Soc., Reno, NV, Oct. 20-23, p. 10-12.