On USGS, Louisiana tectonics and seismic monitoring
The USGS is the nationally tax supported agency charged with a great many areas of
responsibility but one of its main functions is the monitoring, recording, analyzing and making
seismic and tectonic data available to the public. They also assess geologic hazard zones for the
purpose of infrastructure planning, building codes and the necessary types of insurance
coverage…that is, for everyone except for Louisiana residents.
With no visible tectonic information for Louisiana at USGS’s website, or monitoring stations
located throughout the state, one would assume that there aren’t any tectonics at play in this
region. There are a couple of very old studies and rough drawings of some “suspected” faults
buried in the USGS website. However, one would have to know to look for the material, be a
geologist to read or understand the studies and it can be a little complicated to figure out how
to pull up the few available fault map images. All of the information is outdated…if you can find
it. Where are the teaching materials about our tectonics, as there are are for other states at the
website? Where are the educational hazard project campaigns, such as the “Great Shake Out”?
Where are the photographs of the offsets on the Highway 11 Bridge, or the Causeway, due to
fault movement? Where are the educational materials about subsidence, sand blows, gas
vents, etc? Well, there is some information about the New Madrid Fault area but, we’re not
included in that zone…even though we are a part of the same rift and the earthquakes from the
last great quakes of the New Madrid were felt in Louisiana. Where is the information about the
locations of known ancient volcanoes and rift zones that are present throughout this state?
During the months of May through July of 2012, there were no answers for the residents of
Bayou Corne when they were reporting feeling tremors to their local officials, looking for
recorded info at the USGS’s website and contacting USGS for information as to what was
happening. It was repeatedly stated by everyone contacted that Louisiana what not tectonically
active and that no earthquakes were being recorded there.
During several interviews throughout the ten month history of the ongoing environmental
disaster in Bayou Corne, Dr. Stephen Horton of USGS and University of Memphis (CERI) has
been quoted as stating that the earthquakes that were occurring here were too small to be
picked up on by seismograph stations because (1) that there were not many monitors in
Louisiana as seismic activity here is rare, (2) that several stations would have to be within 50
miles of an event for it to be recorded, (3) quakes would have to be at least a 2.5 magnitude to
be detected by the nearest monitoring stations and (4) that USGS has no recordings of quakes
reported by residents in Pierre Part or the Houma area of Louisiana.
(The sources and links for the seismic reporting and the statements attributed to Dr. Horton are at the end of this
document.)
There were, in fact, 24 seismograph monitoring stations placed in an evenly spaced array across
the state of Louisiana during the period Bayou Corne residents were reporting feeling tremors
and continuing on through the opening of the sinkhole. Many of these recorders were present
through portions of February of 2013.
Array Network Facility (ANF), as an agent of EarthScope, began deploying the seismograph
stations on February 14, 2011, and did not begin taking them offline from November 10, 2012
through February of 2013. As of March 4, 2013, only one of these original stations remained. It
is located in Pioneer, LA, the farthest most northeast corner of the state. These seismographs
were placed here through a project of EarthScope.
“The USArray project is deploying a series of portable broadband seismic stations across the
continental United States over the years 2004-2013. The stations are deployed for
approximately two years and deployment started in 2004 in the western side of the United
States. The network migrates eastwards, reusing components from previously deployed
stations. From 2014-2017 the stations will be deployed in Alaska.”
“…real-time delivery to the deep archive at IRIS Data Management Center (DMC) in Seattle,
Washington.”
(source: http://www.earthscope.org/ site may also be reached from ANF’s website at
http://anf.ucsd.edu/recenteqs/ )
Here are the steps you would have to go through in order to find these
seismographs from the USGS website:
(I take you through this miserable process so that you may see just how buried the information is.)
http://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/map/
http://earthquake.usgs.gov/monitoring/?source=sitemap after reading through the 50 or so items on
this page, you decide to try “Seismogram Displays” at
http://earthquake.usgs.gov/monitoring/helicorders.php Not seeing anything on the map here, you’d
probably give up. Let’s see, are we in “Eastern US – Lamont”? Nope. Are we in “Eastern US – Weston”?
Nope. But if you’re a real curious sort you might click on the New Madrid, even though Louisiana is not
on any New Madrid maps, publications, the “Shake Out” project, etc. But let’s check anyway:
http://www.ceri.memphis.edu/seismic/heli/ Wow! Lots of initials here. Who knows what they mean.
We’ll check them out anyway. Well, after you’ve clicked on the 21st link you get this:
http://folkworm.ceri.memphis.edu/heli_temp/ Now, you’ve found the temporary ones installed at the
sinkhole in Napoleonville/Bayou Corne…but, you’d have to know you were in Louisiana because, it
doesn’t say that anywhere…unless you know how to read the chart code. And, after you click on one of
those dated links, you will need a geology degree in order to read the data.
So, let’s close this page and back up to the “monitoring” page again and check out some of these other
acronyms and see what they are. Just out of curiosity though, because it’s obvious by now that Louisiana
doesn’t have any seismicity, faults or monitors. How about we choose this one:
http://earthquake.usgs.gov/monitoring/anss/ At first glance it looks like we’re covered…till you zoom
in…twice. Then you realize there are no stations here. How about under “Other Seismic Networks” at
the bottom of the list. Then maybe USArray.
http://www.earthscope.org/observatories/usarray Wow! See the map? There’s a few monitors in the
state, after all. I wonder why? Notice we are no longer at USGS. Well it says:
“USArray Instrumentation Network
USArray will consist of a portable array of 400 seismometers that will be deployed across the
United States over a 10 year period. In addition a "flexible component" array will be available to
be deployed in areas where a denser network of seismometers is required. The Magnetotelluric
Transportable (MT) Array comprises shorter-period investigations at hundreds of sites in the
continental USA. Data from these sites are collected on a regular schedule through recovery of
data storage modules.
A network of seismometers deployed across the U.S. to record earthquakes and provide highresolution images of the continent's structure and the Earth's deep interior.
More Info
Each USArray station will include the instrumentation necessary to continuously sense, record,
and transmit ground motions from a wide range of seismic sources, including local and distant
earthquakes, artificial explosions, volcanic eruptions, and other natural and human-induced
activities. Over the wide frequency range of seismic waves transmitted through the Earth
(hundreds of seconds to ten cycles per second), the sensors of the permanent and transportable
seismic and magnetotelluric arrays will resolve the smallest background motions at the quietest
of sites, while remaining “on scale” for all but the largest ground motions from regional
earthquakes”
Such sophisticated monitoring should have picked up on the seismic activity reported as ranging from
2.0 – 4.0 at hundreds of tremors occurring a day in the Bayou Corne area!
Click on “List of Flexible Array Stations” at very bottom of page to take the path to the station
locations:
http://www.iris.edu/earthscope/usarray/#flexible_array , then click “All Stations – Text”
http://www.iris.edu/earthscope/usarray/_US-TA-StationList.txt or any of the other “All Stations”
choices that your computer will accommodate. Sort through all the data entries and you will find
Louisiana stations and their install and end dates.
Back up a couple of pages. Select “Maps and Schedules” from the left top side bar.
http://www.usarray.org/maps , scroll to bottom of page, select “ANF maps”. This link takes you to the
Array Network Facility (I have not looked into who they are, funding source, what is being recorded on
their real-time map, or who the data is being reported to, etc. But, I can tell you that what they record,
for the most part, does not show up on USGS’s real-time map):
http://anf.ucsd.edu/stations.php Here, you will find a U.S. map with the 24 seismograph monitors
marked by triangles at their locations. Click on each one for exact location, install and end dates, maps
of events recorded from each monitor and a bunch of other info if you’re capable of understanding it.
Well now, that only took 12 web pages to find out that there were stations in LA. It would take a very
curious and determined person 24 trips through the data page to see the info for each monitoring
location. That was a snap!
The same list of stations may also be found via this path from USGS:
(so obviously this program involves USGS and is recognized by USGS)
http://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/map/ Scroll to bottom of page and select “Monitoring”
http://earthquake.usgs.gov/monitoring/?source=sitemap Select the “International Registry of
Seismograph Stations – registered stations worldwide”, next to the WDC globe icon, which is at the top
right side of the page.
http://www.isc.ac.uk/registries/ Note that we are no longer at USGS but at a British agency.
http://www.isc.ac.uk/registries/listing/
http://www.isc.ac.uk/cgi-bin/regions?zone=North+America
http://www.isc.ac.uk/cgi-bin/stations?listr=Louisiana:North+America
Or this path through the ANF website:
http://anf.ucsd.edu/recenteqs/ select “stations” button top bar of page
http://anf.ucsd.edu/stations.php
So what is the EarthScope project, its purpose and who is funding it? There are some very
telling statements throughout EarthScope’s site that one might not pick up from reading their “Project
Purpose” page.
First, there is this:
What is EarthScope projects? Click on USArray Project Pages and see. http://www.usarray.org/
“Atmospheric sensors are being included with all the Transportable Array stations.”
The reason I find this interesting is that I recently viewed Nova’s Earth from Space. You may view it here:
http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/space/earth-from-space.html . It is a fascinating program about the
120 satellites circling our planet and all of the different types of data that they collect, how long the
satellites have been collecting the data and how often it is collected. After viewing it, I wondered why
our only options to “see” what was going on below the sinkhole were invasive and possibly hazardous.
Then, I read the statement from EarthScope that each TA monitor is not only equipped with highly
sophisticated monitoring sensors that can hear/feel any type of seismic activity, each is capable of
‘seeing’ deep underground and is outfitted with “Atmospheric sensors”.




Dr. Horton’s statement that there were“not many” stations in Louisiana was not true. There
were actually 24 top-notch monitors already in place when the USGS brought in 4 more to sit at
the Bayou Corne sinkhole. ANF began installing these monitors on February 14, 2011, and all of
them were still in the state as of November 13, 2012, when ANF began removing them in small
groups of about 4 at a time. As to the rarity of seismic activity here, how would one come to
that conclusion without placing monitors here?
Dr. Horton also said the equipment wasn’t capable of picking up the weak signals emanating
from the sinkhole, which from the description of their capabilities, is obviously not true. The
“weak” signals were stated to be between 2.0 and 4.0 magnitudes. Both USGS and ANF record
dozens of 1.0 magnitude quakes daily, from all over the world on their real-time maps, which
are visible to the public. All one has to do to view these quake records is change the settings on
the side-bar of USGS’s website. ANF records their smallest quakes openly.
Dr. Horton stated that there had to be several seismographs with 50 miles of the epicenter to be
able to pick up the quakes. There were 8 seismographs within a 50 mile radius of Bayou Corne.
The White Castle monitor was only 5 miles away.
Because of the additional technology added to these seismographs, there should have been no
need to use invasive, possibly hazardous, means to obtain an underground image of the cavern.
Between the monitors on the ground and the satellites above us, all funded by our tax dollars,
we should have had knowledge of what was enfolding at Bayou Corne before the quakes or
bubbling was an issue. Texas Brine has access and the money for this type of technology and
DNR had the power to require the use of it from the first report the cavern might be
compromised. And, certainly since then!
This announcement leads me back to wondering about the funding and purpose of the project. I
haven’t pursued it but I bet it would be interesting.:
EarthScope’s USArray Featured in Petroleum Industry Publication
“The February issue of EXPLORER, a publication of the American Association of Petroleum
Geologists, summarizes the goals and accomplishments of USArray.”
Project Participants: (see EarthScope’s website for a description of each agency’s responsibilities in
this project: http://www.earthscope.org/ site may also be reached from ANF’s site
http://anf.ucsd.edu/recenteqs/ )
IRIS
EarthScope
National Science Foundation
Array Network Facility – “Array Network Facility (ANF) is a component of the EarthScope USArray
project.” The ANF component is funded by the National Science Foundation.
USGS
Project Purpose:
Project Funding:
National Science Foundation
The funding should probably be looked into because I doubt that NSF is the only entity involved. And I’m
not aware of who funds NSF, but my first guess would be the taxpayers. And I suspect it will probably
lead back to the oil/gas industry eventually.
Big problem: ENMOD reporting
USGS does not currently report environmental modification (ENMOD) induced seismic activity; yet they
are the agency responsible for reporting whether or not horizontal fracking or injection well operations
induce earthquakes. (Somewhat of a conflict there and leaves a gaping hole in the checks and balances
system) http://earthquake.usgs.gov/hazards/about/workshops/CEUSWORKSHP/2.22.2012/Rubinstein2012InducedEqs.pdf (see the very bottom of the last page of pdf file)
Hydrogen sulfide was reported in the flare stacks through the media at least by December 12, 2012. It
was also being reported that the collapsing cavern was not the source of the crude oil, methane and
hydrogen sulfide. Instead, it was thought to be from an erupting hydrocarbon reserve from outside the
salt dome that was making its way up to the surface by way of the void caused by the collapsing cavern.
This hydrocarbon was/is moving through fissures the same as it does through a volcano. It also registers
on the seismic charts in the same manner as do volcanic gasses. The earthquakes are also in the same
range as those that usually occur just prior to volcanic eruption. The events related to this disaster are
NOT an ENMOD, even if an ENMOD caused the initial collapse of the salt dome wall. The seismic activity
should be properly analyzed and publically posted to the USGS’s, or the University of Memphis or the
ANF website real-time maps as any other geological event.
How would one know whether a horizontal fracking rig or an injection well was responsible for felt
tremors if the USGS is both responsible for informing the public and has a policy of not informing the
public simultaneously? What information will our policy makers use to regulate these industries under
the terms the USGS operates?
Other problems with USGS operations:
Outdated information. There are several published studies of the known faults and the role the tectonic
system present in Louisiana has on subsidence and infrastructure failure. This information is not
provided on the USGS site. See these links listed on last pages of article.
We are not included in the New Madrid seismic zone even though it is admitted by USGS that the past
earthquakes effected several areas of the state. There is a much denser population present now, as well
as much more infrastructure. None of which is built to withstand any size earthquake. Residents of this
state have a right to know that they may require earthquake coverage in their home owner’s policy.
Also, our tectonic system is such, that it is effected as much by neighboring quakes as far away as Alaska
as it is by local activity.
Our faults systems move as much as 3.5ft in one event. This is a seriously dangerous amount of
movement, considering the amount of pipelines, chemical companies, refineries, hydrocarbon and
chemical storage facilities, nuclear power plants and produced water injection wells…and their close
proximity to each other compound the hazard to human life and the environment.
All salt domes are tectonic. It is the very nature of how they are formed…not just inside the dome but
under, on the flanks and on the surface. Larger and longer faults play connect-the-dots between domes.
This information is not taught to children in our schools, building contractors or policy makers. Proper
hazard reporting is not included in the state’s insurance regulations. This needs to change!
Louisiana has an extensive volcanic past. This information must be made available to the public for the
same reasons stated previously in regards to the fault tectonics of our state.
The information and educational materials about Louisiana’s geology should be readily visible at USGS,
presented in such a manner that it may be comprehended by the average U.S. citizen, alongside the upto-date academic studies.
These are the responsibilities the USGS is charged with and they should be held accountable to the
Louisiana taxpayers that support the agency.
Questions:
Q. Why wasn’t the activity at the salt dome shown on USGS’s real-time maps after they recognized that
there were quakes/tremors in the area?
Q. Why isn’t the activity in Bayou Corne being publicly recorded on the real-time map maintained by
ANF? Or, if the University of Memphis is monitoring the seismographs at Bayou Corne, why isn’t the
data being posted to their real-time map, along with a location, time, magnitude and depth? If this
information were being publicly posted as it ought to be, the residents of this state would be being
properly informed of the seriousness of the activity at the salt dome…instead being disrespectfully left
to worry and speculate. In not making this information available to the public, the USGS (who is in
possession of the data through its relationship with both, UoM and ANF) is accommodating the
corporations’ and even the state agencies’ ability to conceal possible corruption and the true situation.
We, as a public, are being denied our right to make the educated decisions and regulations necessary to
protect the future of our state and property.
Q. In light of the recognized fault systems throughout Louisiana, why is Louisiana NOT included within a
permanent array network, being publicly reported by USGS on their real-time map?
Q. Why are outdated fault maps/studies being archived at USGS, instead of even one of the more
modern studies or maps? The geology and fault systems of Louisiana are very well known and
documented by the oil and gas industry. There are many recent tectonic studies on the Gulf Coast and
the state of Louisiana published by respected geologists.
Q. Why does USGS state that Louisiana faults are not seismically active when subsidence and movement
have clearly been measured?
Q. What information did the ANF/EarthScope project collect while in Louisiana?
Q. If seismic activity was occurring in Louisiana while the EarthScope project was in progress, yet did not
pick up on the activity, does that not indicate that the data collected was flawed? That for accurate
information regarding Louisiana’s tectonics and its effects on infrastructure, building codes, insurance
coverage and regulations, the study should be redone?
Q. If scientists were unaware of the activity occurring here while they had such sophisticated, abundant
equipment throughout Louisiana…then while all that equipment was still here, later discovered that
something unprecedented was occurring…why would they move all of the equipment out of the state?
Aren’t they all scientists? How do we know what may be happening elsewhere in the state, during this
“unprecedented” event, if all of the equipment has left the building? It just doesn’t make sense for
scientists to be using words like “unprecedented” and “phenomenal” then, just quietly pack up their
toys and quietly go home.
SOURCES FOR USGS/DR. HORTON STATEMENTS:
May 30, 2012
Residents begin feeling tremors and seeing gas bubbling in Bayou Corne
*************************
July 19, 2012
USGS confirms that there is, and has been, small earthquakes occurring.
USGS: Earthquakes were real, BY DAVID MITCHELL, Advocate, River Parishes bureau – July 19, 2012
http://theadvocate.com/home/3330401-125/usgs-earthquakes-were-real
His statement is the first formal indication that seismo-meters have recorded what residents in
the area have said they have been feeling for more than a month: tremors putting out candles,
knocking pictures askew and cracking slabs and wallboard.
Horton said he set up on Thursday the first of four seismic stations in the area to try to pinpoint
where the quakes are coming from and how deep they are in the ground.
************************
Earthquakes are occurring at a rate of hundreds daily. USGS states magnitudes to be between 2.0 and
4.0. (see Sept. 18, 2012)
************************
August 3, 2012
Sinkhole forms at Magnolia Salt Dome Storage Facility.
***********************
August 7, 2012
“Sinkhole: Now 372 feet diameter, Only 1500 feet from butane-filled cavern”, by Deborah Dupre,
Examiner – August 7, 2012
http://www.examiner.com/article/sinkhole-now-372-feet-diameter-only-1500-feet-from-butane-filledcavern
(statement showing USGS may be considering this event an ENMOD induced situation)
Texas Brine company mined deep below the surface for decades but plugged the mine last year by filling
it with 20 million barrels of brine, a process that meets the definition of environmental modification,
ENMOD.
************************
August 8, 2012
A geological fault within the salt dome suggested as a possible cause of loss of cavern integrity.
Sinkhole meeting: DEQ tells Cajun evacuees, ‘No cause for alarm’, by Deborah Dupre, The Examiner –
August 8, 2012
http://www.examiner.com/article/sinkhole-meeting-deq-tells-cajun-evacuees-no-cause-for-alarm
Dr. Madhurendu Kumar, director of the state Department of Natural Resources' oil and gas division, says
a likely cause of the sinkhole could be a fault within the integrity of the salt dome.
Swamp's seismic sinkhole shifts Chevron: Shuts pipelines, Draws down fuel, by Deborah Dupre, the
Examiner – August 8, 2012
http://www.examiner.com/article/swamp-s-seismic-sinkhole-shifts-chevron-shuts-pipelines-drawsdown-fuel
U.S. Geological Survey seismological recordings from a station near the northern Assumption Parish
community of Bayou Corne show a series of earthquakes occurred on June 8 and July 3, Horton told
locals, as reported by the Advocate.
The USGS station was then picking up quakes as far away as White Castle, about five miles from Bayou
Corne.
Horton had then established the first of four seismic stations in the area in attempt to pinpoint the
source of the quakes and how deep they are.
“And by associating that with whatever is down there, then we can hopefully come to some concl.usion
about what is the cause,” Horton said.
Unidentified gas bubbling has been occurring in Assumption Parish bayous for fisteen to twenty years
according to residents, and today's seismic activities might be an intensification of that phenomena.
Later, Horton said the first seismic research station was established at Texas Brine Co. LLC's facility in the
Bayou Corne area, next to what is now the expanding sinkhole.
He told residents that his team planned as much as a four-month experiment to do seismic
measurements on quakes in their area, then estimated to be between 2.5 and 4.0 on the Richter
magnitude scale.
During that community meeting, Bayou Corne resident Carla Alleman, 50, asked Horton if the gas
bubbles were connected to the earthquakes.
“Horton said that was an excellent question but said he did not yet have an answer," the Advocate had
reported.
“It’s possible … they may be related. They may not be related. We don’t know yet, OK. It could go either
way, and that’s one of things we want to determine,” Horton said.
Over two months later, officials still say that the percolating bayous and rattling quake relationship
remains a mystery.
**************************
August 9, 2012
ENMOD and first indication of tremor epicenter
Bayou Sinkhole: Radioactive dome issues covered up over a year, by Deborah Dupre , the Examiner
– August 9, 2012
http://www.examiner.com/article/bayou-sinkhole-radioactive-dome-issues-covered-up-over-a-year
Article 3 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights states, "Everyone has the right to life, liberty and
security of person." Hiding information related to human security involving government approved
industry environmental modifications (ENMOD) can gravely violate Human Rights Article 3. Voluntary
Principles on Security and Human Rights were issued more than a decade ago. That prompted a
collaborative project involving the International Council on Mining and Metals (ICMM), the International
Finance Corporation (IFC), the oil and gas industry association IPIECA and the International Committee
of the Red Cross (ICRC) to ensure rights are upheld.
Ball said DNR officials first started looking at Texas Brine’s cavern a few days before the sinkhole
developed, when seismic data from the U.S. Geological Survey indicated earthquakes appeared to
be coming from the area near what would become a sinkhole.
Tuesday, a University of Texas seismologist found environmental modifications (ENMODs),
geological disturbances such as earthquakes, correlate with oil and gas company's hydraulic
fracturing injection wells, according to research reported in the journal Proceedings of the National
Academy of Sciences.
***************************
September 18, 2012
(EQs occurring hundreds of times a day)
Tremors return by sinkhole, by David J. Mitchell, The Advocate, River Parishes bureau
– September 18, 2012
http://theadvocate.com/home/3912952-125/tremors-return-by-sinkhole
The tremors appeared to build in July, reached a crescendo of several hundred per day then stopped at
2 p.m. Aug. 2, hours before the sinkhole was found early Aug. 3 on the property of Texas Brine Co. of
Houston, officials said.
**************************
October 5, 2012
USGS says not enough monitors in state to detect the earthquakes in Bayou Corne.
Mysterious tremors 45 miles from sinkhole, by Deborah Dupre, the Examiner – October 5, 2012
http://www.examiner.com/article/mysterious-tremors-45-miles-from-sinkhole
As Horton had then explained to Dupré, Paul Caruso, with the Geological Survey’s National Earthquake
Center, said not many seismic monitors are in south Louisiana because such activity in the area is rare
and that "there would have to be several such monitors within 50 miles of such a weak quake’s
epicenter to detect it," as reported by the Daily Comet.
Pierre Part residents have recently reported feeling tremors and hearing loud noises again. Horton told
this reporter Tuesday that, although USGS has no recording of those recent quakes, it has no monitors in
Pierre Part.
La. sinkhole was predicted, grows 500 square feet larger after seismic activity”, by Deborah Dupre, the
Examiner – October 11, 2012
http://www.examiner.com/article/la-sinkhole-was-predicted-grows-500-square-feet-larger-afterseismic-activity
Last week, mysterious tremors were experienced and reported 45 miles south of the sinkhole. There
were no monitors there, just as Dr. Horton told Dupré last week that there are no such monitors in
Pierre Part where locals have reported feeling tremors.
Clara McCrea, a Bayou Corne sinkhole disaster news reader, commented Tuesday that "no monitors
means [w]e didn't see it coming and therefor[e] couldn't have warned the people!”
******************************
December 9, 2012
Hydrogen sulfide in gas flares, hydrocarbons coming from outside salt dome area of reserve underground
http://www.examiner.com/article/louisiana-sinkhole-sacrifice-zone
***There are other credible and original sources for this information available. Much of this information is also
available at the Assumption Parish Police Jury blog. This was already being compiled for a timeline, so it was
easiest for me to use. There are more links embedded in the text.
SOURCES FOR FAULT TECTONICS
These are only a sample of the material available
http://www.coastalenv.com/EffectofEarthquakeFaultMovementsandSubsidence.pdf
http://biotech.law.lsu.edu/la/geology/Executive_Summary_Active_Geological_Faults.pdf
http://www.lgs.lsu.edu/deploy/uploads/8faults.pdf
http://www.lgs.lsu.edu/deploy/uploads/BRFGuidebook.pdf
http://etd.lsu.edu/docs/available/etd-1115102-090126/unrestricted/Kebede_thesis.pdf
http://www.lgs.lsu.edu/deploy/uploads/BRFaultGuide.pdf
SOURCES FOR VOLCANIC HISTORY
These are only a sample of the materials available
http://www.utdallas.edu/~rjstern/pdfs/MickusGeology09.pdf
http://www.nsf-margins.org/Planning_and_review/White_Papers/Harry_etal.pdf
http://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/casi.ntrs.nasa.gov/19860021653_1986021653.pdf
http://www.searchanddiscovery.com/abstracts/html/1976/gcags/abstracts/1607b.htm?q=%252Btext%253Agas
http://archives.datapages.com/data/gcags/data/026/026001/0079.htm