Off-Road Vehicle/Off-Highway Vehicle
(keywords searched: ORV, OHV, off-highway vehicle, off-road vehicle, ATV, all-terrain
vehicle, four-wheel-drive vehicle, off-road activity, off-road recreation,
snowmobile, snow coach)
1184. Abele, G., J. K. Brown, and M. C. Brewer. 1984. Long-term effects of off-road
vehicle traffic on tundra terrain. Journal of Terramechanics 21(3): 283-294.
1244. Adams, J. A., A. S. Endo, L. H. Stolzy, P. G. Rowlands, and H. B. Johnson. 1982.
Controlled experiments on soil compaction produced by off-road vehicles in the
Mojave Desert, California. Journal of Applied Ecology 19: 167-175.
1117. Ahlstrand, G. M., and C. H. Racine. 1993. Response of an Alaska, USA, shrubtussock community to selected all-terrain vehicle use. Arctic and Alpine research
25(2): 142-149.
1137. Albrecht, J., and T. B. Knopp. 1985. Off Road Vehicles - Environmental Impact Management Response: A Bibliography. Miscellaneous Publication No. 35.
Agricultural Experiment Station, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN.
1245. Anders, F. J., and S. P. Leatherman. 1987. Disturbance of beach sediment by offroad vehicles. Environmental Geology and Water Sciences 93: 183-189.
1412. Andrews, R. N. L., and P. Nowak. 1980. Off-road vehicle use: a management
challenge. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Office of Environmental Quality,
Washington D.C.
535. Balcom, John. 1987. 909 S-T: Logging Road Construction. Talk. Forestry Media
Center, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR. 14 p.
1185. Baldwin, M. F., and D. H. Stoddard Jr. 1973. The off-road vehicle and
environmental quality, 2nd edition. The Conservation Foundation, Washington D.
C.
1246. Barker, P. C. J., and T. J. Wardlaw. 1995. Susceptibility of selected Tasmanian
rare plants to Phytophthora cinnamomi. Australian Journal of Botany 43: 379386.
1247. Barros, F. 2001. Ghost crabs as a tool for rapid assessment of human impacts on
exposed sandy beaches. Biological Conservation 97: 339-404.
1054. Barton, Daniel C., and Aaron L. Holmes. 2007. Off-highway vehicle trail impacts
on breeding songbirds in northeastern California. Journal of Wildlife Management
71(5): 1617-1620.
2. Bautista, L. M., J. T. Garcia, R. G. Calmaestra, C. Palacin, C. A. Martin, M. B.
Morales, R. Bonal, and J. Vinuela. 2004. Effect of weekend road traffic on the
use of space by raptors. Conservation Biology 18(3).
1119. Baxter, G. 2002. All terrain vehicles as a cause of fire ignition in Alberta forests.
Advantage Forest Engineering Research Institute of Canada FERIC 3(44): 7 pp.
1248. Bayfield, N. G. 1986. Penetration of the Cairngorm Mountains, Scotland, by
vehicle tracks and footpaths: impacts and recovery. Pp. 121-128 in, Proceedings
- National Wildlerness Research Conference: Current Research. General
Technical Report GTR-INT-212. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service,
Intermountain Research Station, Fort Collins, CO.
1249. Bellamy, D., J. Radforth, and N. W. Radforth. 1971. Terrain, traffic and tundra.
Nature 231: 429-432.
1175. Berry, K., S. Busack, S. Byrne, E. Davidson, M. Fox, J. Keefe, and R.
Luckenbach. 1996. The effects of off-road vehicles on animal populations and
habitats: a review of the literature. National Biological Service, Riverside Field
Office, Riverside, CA.
1413. Berry, K. H. 1980. The effects of four-wheel vehicles on biological resources. Pp.
231-233 in: R. N. L. Andrews and P. Nowak (editors), Off-Road Vehicle Use: a
Management Challenge. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Office of Environmental
Quality, Washington, D.C.
1253. Bissill, L. P. 1970. The social and political impact of snowmobiles. Proceedings of
the 3rd International Snowmobile Congress, Portland, Maine.
1254. Blom, C. W. P. M. 1976. Effects of trampling and soil compaction on the
occurrence of some Plantago species in coastal sand dunes. Oecologia
Plantarum 11: 225-241.
1255. Bloomfield, H. V. 1969. Snowmobiles - boon or bane? American Forestry 75: 4-5,
48, 50-51.
3. Blumstein, D. T., E. Fernandez-Juricic, P. A. Zollner, and S. C. Garity. 2005. Interspecific variation in avian responses to human disturbance. Journal of Applied
Ecology 42: 943-953.
4. Borkowski, John J., P. J. White, Robert A. Garrott, Troy Davis, Amanda R. Hardy,
and Daniel J. Reinhart. 2006. Behavioral responses of bison and elk in
Yellowstone to snowmobiles and snow coaches. Ecological Applications 16(5):
1911-1925.
1414. Bowker, J. M., D. B. K. English, and H. K. Cordell. 1999. Projections of outdoor
recreation participation to 2050. Pp. 323-350 in: H. K. Cordell, C. J. Betz, J. M.
Bowker, D. B. K. English, S. H. Mou, J. C. Bergstrom, R. J. Teasley and M. A.
Tarrant (editors), Outdoor Recreation in American Life: a National Assessment of
Demand and Supply Trends. Sagamore Publishing, Champaign, IL.
5. Boyle, S. A., and F. B. Samson. 1985. Effects of nonconsumptive recreation on
wildlife: a review. Wildlife Society Bulletin 13: 10-116.
1186. Brander, R. B. 1974. Ecological impacts of off-road recreational vehicles. Outdoor
recreation research: applying the results. Papers from a workshop held by the
USDA Forest Service, Marquette, Michigan, U.S. Department of Agriculture,
Forest Service, North Central Experiment Station, U.S. Government Printing
Office.
1170. Brattstrom, Bayard H., Michael C. Bondello, Robert H. Webb, and Howard G.
Wilshire. 1983. Effects of off-road vehicle noise on desert vertebrates. Pp. 167206 in: R. H. Webb and H. G. Wilshire (editors), Environmental effects of off-road
vehicles: impacts and management in arid regions. Springer-Verlag, New York,
NY.
6. Bright, A., G. R. Reynolds, J. Innes, and J. R. Waas. 2003. Effects of motorised boat
passes on the time budgets of New Zealand dabchick, Poliocephalus rufopectus.
Wildlife Research 30: 237-244.
1258. Brodhead, J. M., and P. J. Godfrey. 1977. Off road vehicle impact in Cape Cod
National Seashore: disruption and recovery of dune vegetation. International
Journal of Biometeorology 21: 299-306.
1450. Brooks, J. J., and P. A. Champ. 2006. Understanding the wicked nature of
"unmanaged recreation" in Colorado's Front Range. Environmental Management
38: 784-798.
1174. Brooks, Matthew L., and Bridget Lair. 2005. Ecological effects of vehicular routes
in a desert ecosystem. U.S. Geological Survey, Western Ecological Research
Center, Las Vegas Field Station, Henderson, NV.
1259. Brown, A. C., and A. McLachlan. 2002. Sandy shore ecosystems and the threats
facing them: some predictions for the year 2025. Environmental Conservation 29:
62-77.
1260. Brown, G. W., and N. Schoknecht. 2001. Off-road vehicles and vegetation
patterning in a degraded desert ecosystem in Kuwait. Journal of Arid
Environments 49: 413-427.
1262. Brown, K. J. 1994. River-bed sedimentation caused by off-road vehicles at river
fords in the Victorian Highlands, Australia. Water Resources Bulletin 30: 239250.
1191. Buckley, Ralf. 2003. Environmental impacts of motorized off-highway vehicles.
Pp. 83-97 in: R. Buckley (editor), Environment impacts of ecotourism. CABI
Publishing.
1192. Buckley, Ralf, Catherine Pickering, and David Bruce Weaver. 2003. Environment
impacts of ecotourism. CABI Publishing,
7. Bunnell, Kevin D., Jerran T. Flinders, and Michael L. Wolfe. 2006. Potential Impacts
of Coyotes and Snowmobiles on Lynx Conservation in the Intermountain West.
Wildlife Society Bulletin 34(3): 828-838.
1416. Bury, R. B. 1980. What we known and do not know about off-road vehicle impacts
on wildlife. Pp. 110-122 in: R. N. L. Andrews and P. Nowak (editors), Off-Road
Vehicle Use: a Management Challenge. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Office
of Environmental Quality, Washington D. C.
1069. Bury, R. Bruce, and Roger A. Luckenbach. 1983. Vehicular recreation in arid land
dunes: biotic responses and management alternatives. Pp. 207-221 in: R. H.
Webb and H. G. Wilshire (editors), Environmental effects of off-road vehicles.
Impacts and management in arid regions. Springer-Verlag, New York.
1342. Bury, R. B., and R. A. Luckenbach. 2002. Comparison of desert tortoise
(Gopherus agassizii) populations in an unused and off-road vehicle area in the
Mojave Desert. Chelonian Conservation and Biology 4(2): 457-463.
62. Bury, R. Bruce, Roger A. Luckenbach, and Stephen D. Busack. 1977. Effects of offroad vehicles on vertebrates in the California desert. U.S. Fish and Wildlife
Service, Washington, D.C.
1266. Bury, R. B., and R. W. Marlow. 1973. The desert tortoise: will it survive?
Environmental Journal June: 9-12.
1265. Bury, R. L. 1978. Impacts of snowmobiles on wildlife. Transactions of the North
American Wildlife and Natural Resources Conference 43: 149-156.
1076. Busack, Stephen D., and R. Bruce Bury. 1974. Some effects of off-road vehicles
and sheep grazing on lizard populations in the Mojave Desert. Biological
Conservation 6(3): 179-183.
27. California Department of State Parks. 2002. Taking the high road: the future of
California's off-highway vehicle recreation program. California State Parks, 49.
1451. Chavez, D., and N. Knap. 2004. Management problems of and strategies for offhighway vehicle management: National Forests in California. Unpublished
Report. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service,
8. Chavez, Deborah J. 2001. Managing outdoor recreation in California: visitor contact
studies 1989-1998. USDA,
1452. Chavez, D. J., and N. E. Knap. 2006. Manager perceptions of issues and actions
for off-highway vehicle management on National Forests in California. Research
Paper PSW-RP-250. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific
Southwest Research Station, Albany, CA.
1118. Chin, A., D. M. Rohrer, D. A. Marion, and J. A. Clingenpeel. 2004. Effects of allterrain vehicles on stream dynamics. Pp. 292-296 in: J. M. Guldin (editor),
Ouachita and Ozark Mountains Symposium: Ecosystem Management Research.
General Technical Report GTR-SRS-74. USDA Forest Service, Southern
Research Station, Asheville, NC.
1200. Cole, David N. 1986. Resource impacts caused by recreation. INT4901
Publication # 165. The Commission, Washington D.C.
9. Cole, David N., and Peter B. Landres. 1995. Indirect effects of recreation on wildlife.
Chapter 11. Island Press., Washington D. C.
10. Cordell, H. Ken, Carter J. Betz, Gary Green, and Matt Owens. 2005. Off-Highway
Vehicle Recreation in the United States, Regions and States: A National Report
from the National Survey on Recreation and the Environment (NSRE). U.S.
Department of Agriculture, Southern Research Station, Athens, GA. 86 p.
1454. Cordell, H. K., C. J. Betz, G. Green, and M. Owens. 2005. Off-highway vehicle
recreation in the United States, regions, and states: a national report from the
National Survey on Recreation and the Environment (NSRE), U.S. Department of
Agriculture, Forest Service, Southern Research Station.
1455. Council on Environmental Quality. 1979. Off-road vehicles on public land. CEQ
Publication No. 0-283-769. U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington D. C.
11. Creel, S., J. E. Fox, A. Hardy, H. Sands, B. Garrott, and R. O. Peterson. 2002.
Snowmobile activity and glucocortoid stress responses in wolves and elk.
Conservation Biology 16(3): 809-814.
1418. Davenport, J., and T. A. Switalksi. 2006. Environmental impacts of transport
related to tourism and leisure activities. Pp. 333-360 in: J. Davenport and J.
Davenport (editors), The Ecology of Transportation: Managing Mobility for the
Environment. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht, Netherlands.
1272. Davidson, E., and M. Fox. 1974. Effects of off-road motorcycle activity on Mojave
Desert vegetation and soil. Madrono 22: 381-412.
1419. Defenders of Wildlife. 2002. Out of control: the impacts of off-road vehicles and
roads on wildlife habitat in Florida's National Forests. Defenders of Wildlife,
Washington D. C.
12. Delaney, D. K., and T. G. Grubb. 2003. Effects of off-highway vehicle noise on the
northern spotted owls: 2002 results. State of California Department of Parks and
Recreation, Sacramento, CA. 38 p.
13. Delaney, D. K., T. G. Grubb, P. Beier, L. L. Pater, and M. H. Reiser. 1999. Effects
of helicopter noise on Mexican spotted owls. Journal of Wildlife Management
63(1): 60-76.
1343. Doak, D. F., P. Kareiva, and B. Klepetka. 1994. Modeling population viability for
the desert tortoise in the western Mojave Desert. Ecological Applications 4(3):
446-460.
14. Dorrance, M. J., P. J. Savage, and D. E. Huff. 1975. Effects of snowmobiles on
white-tailed deer. Journal of Wildlife Management 39(3): 563-569.
1420. Dregne, H. E. 1983. Soil and soil formation in arid regions. Pp. 15-30 in: R. H.
Webb and H. G. Wilshire (editors), Environmental Effects of Off-Road Vehicles:
Impacts and Management in Arid Regions. Springer-Verlag, New York, NY.
1275. Duevers, L. 2002. Out of control: the impacts of off-road vehicles and roads on
wildlife and habitat in Florida's National Forests, Defenders of Wildlife,
Washington D.C.
1277. Eckert Jr., R. E., M. K. Wood, W. H. Blackburn, and F. F. Petersen. 1979.
Impacts of off-road vehicles on infiltration and sediment production of two desert
soils. Journal of Range Management 32: 394-397.
1278. Eckstein, R. G., T. F. O'Brien, and O. J. Rongstad. 1979. Snowmobile effects on
movements of white-tailed deer: a case study. Environmental Conservation 6:
45-51.
1421. Executive Order no. 11644 February 8, 1972. 43 - Public Lands. 1972. Use of offroad vehicles on the public lands, Federal Register.
1422. Executive Order no. 11989 (Amendment to EO 11644), May 24, 1977. 1977. Use
of off-road vehicles on the public lands, Federal Register.
1172. Fang, Shoufan, Stephen Wente, George Z. Gertner, Guangxing Wang, and Alan
Anderson. 2002. Uncertainty analysis of predicted disturbance from off-road
vehicular traffic in complex landscapes at Fort Hood. Environmental
Management 30(2): 199-208.
1168. Fernandez-Juricic, Esteban, Raul Vaca, and Natalia Schroeder. 2004. Spatial and
temporal responses of forest birds to human approaches in a protected area and
implications for two management strategies. Biological Conservation 117(4): 407416.
1456. Fisher, A. L., D. J. Blahna, and R. Bahr. 2001. Off highway vehicle uses and
owner preferences in Utah. Utah State University Professional Report IORT
PR2001-02. Institute for Outdoor Recreation and Tourism, Department of Forest
Resources, Utah State University, Logan, UT.
1280. Forbes, B. C. 1992. Tundra disturbance studies, I: long-term effects of vehicles
on species richness and biomass. Environmental Conservation 19: 48-58.
1281. Foreman, D. 1979. ORVs threaten a wild canyon. The Wilderness Society 43: 1418.
1165. Frederick, Glenn P. 1991. Effects of forest roads on grizzly bears, elk, and gray
wolves: a literature review. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Kootenai National
Forest, Libby, MT. 41 p.
16. Gaines, W. L., P. H. Singleton, and R. C. Ross. 2003. Assessing the cumulative
effects of linear recreation routes on wildlife habitats of the Okanogan and
Wenatchee National Forests. USDA Forest Service PNRS, 1-80.
472. Garber, Steven D., and Joanna Burger. 1995. A 20-yr study documenting the
relationship between turtle decline and human recreation. Ecological Applications
5(4): 1151-1162.
1052. Gelbard, J. L., and S. Harrison. 2003. Roadless habitats as refuges for native
grasslands: interactions with soil, aspect and grazing. Ecological Applications
13(2): 404-415.
1423. Gilbert, B. K. 2003. Motorized access on Montana's Rocky Mountain Front: a
synthesis of scientific literature and recommendations for use in revision of the
travel plan for the Rocky Mountain Division. The Coalition for the Protection of
the Rocky Mountain Front, Logan, UT.
1445. Grant, Tyler J. 2005. Flat-tailed horned lizards (Phrynosoma mcallii): population
size estimation, effects of off-highway vehicles, and natural history. M.S. Thesis.
Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO. 97 p.
19. Graves, T., and V. Reams. 2001. Record of the snowmobile effects on wildlife:
monitoring protocols workshop. Volume 1. Biological Resources Management
Division and National Park Service, Denver, Colarado. 110 pg.
20. Graves, T., and V. Reams. 2001. Record of the snowmobile effects on wildlife:
monitoring protocols workshop. Volume 2. Biological Resources Management
Division and National Park Service., Denver, Colorado. 28 pg.
1189. Griggs, Gary B., and Barbara L. Walsh. 1981. The impact, control, and mitigation
of off-road activity in Hungry Valley, California. Environmental Geology 3(4): 229243.
1055. Groom, Jeremiah D., Lloyd B. McKinney, Lianne C. Ball, and Clark S. Winchell.
2007. Quantifying off-highway vehicle impacts on density and survival of a
threatened dune-endemic plant. Biological Conservation 135(1): 119-134.
21. Gutzwiller, K. J. 1991. Assessing recreation impacts on wildlife: the value and
design of experiments. Transactions of the 56th North American Wildlife and
Natural Resources Conference: 249-255.
22. Gutzwiller, K. J. 1993. Serial management experiments: an adaptive management
approach to reduce recreational impacts on wildlife. Transactions of the 58th NA
Wildlife and Natural Resources Conference: 528-536.
1425. Hall, J. A. 1980. Direct impacts of off-road vehicles on vegetation. Pp. 63-74 in: P.
G. Rowlands (editor), The Effects of Disturbance on Desert Soils, Vegetation and
Community Processes with Emphasis on Off-Road Vehicles: a Critical Review.
U.S. Department of the Interior, Bureau of Land Management, Riverside, CA.
1430. Harrison, R. 1976. Environmental Effects of Off-Road Vehicles. Engineering
Technology Information System, San Dimas Equipment Development Center,
San Dimas, CA.
1199. Harrison, R. T. 1979. Predicting off-road vehicle acoustic impact on forest
recreation: a simplified method. Pp. 120-137 in, Recreational impact on
wildlands: conference proceedings, October 27-29, 1978, Seattle, Washington.
U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Region,
Portland, OR.
1429. Havlick, D. G. 2002. No Place Distant: Roads and Motorized Recreation on
America's Public Lands. Island Press, Washington D.C.
1432. Heede, B. H. 1983. Control of rills and gullies in off-road vehicle traffic areas. Pp.
in: R. H. Webb and H. G. Wilshire (editors), Environmental Effects of Off-Road
Vehicles: Impacts and Management in Arid Regions. Springer-Verlag, New York,
NY.
1433. Hinckley, B. S., R. M. Iverson, and B. Hallet. 1983. Accelerated water erosion in
ORV-use areas. Pp. 83-96 in: R. H. Webb and H. G. Wilshire (editors),
Environmental Effects of Off-Road Vehicles: Impacts and Management in Arid
Regions. Springer-Verlag, New York, NY.
1169. Hosier, P. E., M. Kochhar, and V. Thayer. 1981. Off-road vehicle and pedestrian
track effects on the sea-approach of hatchling loggerhead turtles. Environmental
Conservation 8(2): 158-161.
1467. Issa, Brian. 2003. Development of Guidance and Evaluation Criteria for OffHighway Vehicle (OHV) Management Planning. M.S. Thesis. University of
Oregon,
1171. Iverson, Richard M., Bern S. Hinckley, Robert M. Webb, and Bernard Hallett.
1981. Physical effects of vehicular disturbance on arid landscapes. Science
212(4497): 915-917.
23. Joslin, G., and J. Youmans (editors). 1999. Effects of recreation on Rocky Mountain
wildlife: a review for Montana. Committee on Effects of Recreation on Wildlife,
Montana Chapter of the Willdife Society, Helena, MT.
1196. Kay, Jeanne. 1981. Evaluating environmental impacts of off-road vehicles.
Journal of Geography 80(1): 10-18.
1141. Knight, R. L., and D. N. Cole. 1995. Wildlife responses to recreationalists. Pp. 5169 in: R. Knight and K. Gutzwiller (editors), Wildlife and Recreationists:
Coexistence Through Management and Research. Island Press, Washington,
D.C.
1142. Knight, R. L., and K. J. Gutzwiller. 1995. Wildlife and Recreationists: Coexistence
Through Management and Research. Island Press, Washington, D.C.
1457. Knopp, T. B., and J. B. Tyger. 1973. A study of conflict in recreational land use:
snowmobiling versus ski-touring. Journal of Leisure Research 5(3): 6-17.
1090. Kolbe, Jay A., John R. Squires, Daniel H. Pletscher, and Leonard F. Ruggiero.
2007. The effect of snowmobile trails on coyote movements within lynx home
ranges. Journal of Wildlife Management 71(5): 1409-1418.
1068. Kristan III, William B., and William I. Boarman. 2007. Effects of anthropogenic
developments on common raven nesting biology in the west Mojave Desert.
Ecological Applications 17(6): 1703-1713.
863. Kurczewski, F. E. 1998. Distribution, status, evaluation, and recommendations for
the protection of Tachysphex pechumani Krombein, the antennal- waving wasp.
Natural Areas Journal 18(3): 242-254.
864. Kurczewski, F. E. 2000. History of white pine (Pinus strobus)/oak (Quercus spp.)
savanna in southern Ontario, with particular reference to the biogeography and
status of the antenna-waving wasp, Tachysphex- pechumani (Hymenoptera :
Sphecidae). Canadian Field Naturalist 114(1): 1-20.
1459. Kutiel, P., E. Eden, and Y. Zhevelev. 2000. Effect of experimental trampling and
off-road motorcycle traffic on soil and vegetation of stabilized coastal dunes,
Israel. Environmental Conservation 27(1): 14-23.
1436. Larkin, R. P. 1996. Effects of military noise on wildlife: a literature review.
USACERL Technical Report 96/21. Illinois Natural History Survey, Champaign,
IL.
1176. Lathrop, E. W. 1983. The effect of vehicle use on desert vegetation. Pp. 153-165
in: R. H. Webb and H. G. Wilshire (editors), Environmental effects of off-road
vehicles: impacts and management in arid regions. Springer-Verlag, New York,
NY.
1177. Lei, S. A. 2004. Soil compaction from human trampling, biking, and off-road motor
vehicle activity in a blackbrush (Coleogyne ramosissima) shrubland. Western
North American Naturalist 64: 125-130.
1183. Li, Q., P. D. Ayers, and A. B. Anderson. 2007. Prediction of impacts of wheeled
vehicles on terrain. Journal of Terramechanics 44(2): 205-215.
1113. Lord, B. E. 2007. Motorized recreation in Pennsylvania. Pp. 607-611 in: R. Burns
and K. Robinson (compilers), Proceedings of the 2006 Northeastern Recreation
Research Symposium. General Technical Report NRS-P-14. USDA Forest
Service, Northern Research Station, Newtown Square, PA.
453. Lovich, Jeffrey E., and David Bainbridge. 1999. Anthropogenic degradation of the
southern California desert ecosystem and prospects for natural recovery and
restoration. Environmental Management 24(3): 309-326.
1077. Luckenbach, Roger A., and R. Bruce Bury. 1983. Effects of off-road vehicles on
the biota of the Algodones Dunes, Imperial County, California. Journal of Applied
Ecology 20: 265-286.
343. Matchett, John R., Leila Gass, Matthew L. Brooks, Amy M. Mathie, Robert D.
Vitales, Michael W. Campagna, David M. Miller, and James F. Weigand. 2004.
Spatial and Temporal Patterns of Off-Highway Vehicle Use at the Dove Springs
OHV Open Area, California. U.S. Geologic Survey, Sacramento. 17.
1056. McGowan, Conor P., and Theodore R. Simons. 2006. Effects of human
recreation on the incubation behaviour of American Oystercatchers. The Wildson
Journal of Ornithology 118(4): 485-493.
1112. McGrann, A. M., M. C. McGrann, and R. J. Dial. 2005. Off-highway vehicle impact
on Astragulus magdalenae var. Piersonii, and other critical plant species of the
Algodones Dunes, California. California Fish and Game 91(2): 61-82.
1111. McGrann, M. C., G. R. Wright, R. J. Dial, and A. M. McGrann. 2006. Off-highway
vehicle impact on the flat-tailed horned lizard, Phyrnosoma Mcallii, in the
Colorado desert of southern California. California Fish and Game 92(2): 67-80.
1411. Melvin, S. M., A. Hecht, and C. R. Griffin. 1994. Piping plover mortalities caused
by off-road vehicles on Atlantic Coast beaches. Wildlife Society Bulletin 22(3):
409-414.
324. Meyer & Glitzenstein, Schubert & Associates, and Bluewater Network. 1999.
Petition to prohibit snowmobiling and road grooming in National Parks. Meyer
and Glitzenstein, Schubert and Associates, Bluewater Network, 60 p.
1462. Meyer, K. G. 2002. Managing degraded off-highway vehicle trails in wet,
unstable, and sensitive environments. Report 0223-2821-MTDC. U.S.
Department of Agriculture, Forest Service Technology and Development
Program, Missoula, MT.
1463. Miller, N. P. 2002. Transportation noise and recreational lands. 2002 International
Congress on Noise Control Engineering, Dearborn, MI.
1464. Munger, J. C., B. R. Barnett, S. J. Novak, and A. A. Ames. 2003. Impacts of offhighway motorized vehicles on the reptiles and vegetation of the Owyhee Front.
Idaho Bureau of Land Management Technical Bulletin 03-3.
1410. Oliff, T., K. Legg, and K. Baeding (editors). 1999. Effects of winter recreation on
wildlife of the Greater Yellowstone Area: a literature review and assessment.
Report to the Greater Yellowstone Coordinating Committee, Yellowstone
National Park, WY.
26. Palmer, A. G., D. L. Nordmeyer, and D. D. Roby. 2003. Effects of jet aircraft
overflights on parental care of peregrine falcons. Wildlife Society Bulletin 31(2):
499-509.
1114. Parker, S. P. S. 2007. Development of guidelines for descending steep grades:
British Columbia coastal off-highway truck applications. Advantage Forest
Engineering Research Institute of Canada FERIC 8(5): 15 pp.
1190. Payne, Gene F., John W. Foster, and Wayne C. Leininger. 1983. Vehicle impacts
on northern Great Plains range vegetation. Journal of Range Management 36(3):
327-331.
28. Pepper, C. B., M. A. Nascarella, and R. J. Kendall. 2003. A review of the effects of
aircraft noise on wildlife and humans, current control mechanisms, and the need
for further study. Environmental Management 32(4): 418-432.
1115. Petel, T. D. V. P., J. M. Terhune, M. A. Hindell, and M. A. Giese. 2006. An
assessment of the audibility of sound from human transport by breeding Weddell
seals (Leptnychotes weddellii). Wildlife Research 33(4): 275-291.
1064. Pickering, Catherine Marina, and Wendy Hill. 2007. Impacts of recreation and
tourism on plant biodiversity and vegetation in protected areas in Australia.
Journal of Environmental Management 85(4): 791-800.
1408. Pomerantz, Gerri A., Daniel J. Decker, Gary R. Goff, and Ken G. Purdy. 1988.
Assessing impact of recreation on wildlife: a classification scheme. Wildlife
Society Bulletin 16(1): 58-62.
29. Preisler, Haiganoush K., Alan A. Ager, and Michael J. Wisdom. 2006. Statistical
methods for analysing responses of wildlife to human disturbance. Journal of
Applied Ecology 43: 164-172.
1465. Priskin, J. 2003. Physical impacts of four-wheel drive related tourism and
recreation in a semi-arid, -natural coastal environment. Ocean and Coastal
Management 46: 127-155.
351. Radle, Autumn Lyn. 2003. The effects of noise on wildlife: a literature review,
University of Oregon. 2003.
32. Reed, S. E. 2007. Natural and Human Disturbance Factors Influencing Carnivore
Distributions and Implications for Conservation. Doctor of Philosophy. UC
Berkeley, Berkeley, CA. 226
463. Reijnen, Rien, and Ruud Foppen. 1995. The effects of car traffic on breeding bird
populations in woodland. IV. Influence of population size on the reduction of
density close to a highway. Journal of Applied Ecology 32(3): 481-491.
563. Reijnen, Rien, Ruud Foppen, Cajo Ter Braak, and Johan Thissen. 1995. The
effects of car traffic on breeding bird populations in woodland. III. Reduction in
density in relation to the proximity of main roads. Journal of Applied Ecology
32(1): 187-202.
519. Reimers, E., S. Eftestol, and J. E. Colman. 2003. Behavior responses of wild
reindeer to direct provocation by a snowmobile or skier. Journal of Wildlife
Management 67(4): 747-754.
1409. Reinhart, D. P. 1999. Effects of winter recreation on habituated wildlife. Pp. 151154 in: T. Oliff, K. Legg and K. Baeding (editors), Effects of winter recreation on
wildlife of the Greater Yellowstone Area: a literature review and assessment.
Report to the Greater Yellowstone Coordinating Committee, Yellowstone
National Park, WY.
1116. Rodgers Jr., J. A., and H. T. Smith. 1997. Buffer distances to protect foraging and
loafing waterbirds from human disturbance in Florida. Wildlife Society Bulletin
25(1): 139-145.
1179. Rowlands, P. G. 1983. Effects of disturbance on desert soils, vegetation, and
community processes with emphasis on off-road vehicles: a critical review.
Desert Plan Staff Special Publication. U. S. Department of the Interior, Bureau of
Land Management, Riverside, California.
1198. Schlacher, Thomas A., and Luke M. C. Thompson. 2007. Exposure of fauna to
off-road vehicle (ORV) traffic on sandy beaches. Coastal Management 35(5):
567-583.
687. Schueck, L. S., J. M. Marzluff, and K. Steenhof. 2001. Influence of military
activities on raptor abundance and behavior. The Condor 103(3): 606-615.
1201. Severinghaus, C. W., and B. F. Tullar. 1975. Wintering deer versus snowmobiles.
Conservationist 29(6): 31.
972. Sidle, R. C. 1980. Impacts of forest practices on surface erosion. Oregon State
University, Extension Service, Corvallis, OR.
1194. Slaughter, Charles W., Charles H. Racine, Donald A. Walker, Larry A. Johnson,
and Gunars Abele. 1990. Use of off-road vehicles and mitigation of effects in
Alaska permafrost environments: a review. Environmental Management 14(1):
63-72.
1188. Sparrow, S. D., F. J. Wooding, and E. H. Whiting. 1978. Effects of off-road vehicle
traffic on soils and vegetation in the Denali Highway region of Alaska. Journal of
Soil and Water Conservation 33: 20-27.
33. Stabbekoorn, H., and M. Peet. 2003. Birds sing at a higher pitch in urban noise.
Nature 424: 267.
1537. Stowkowski, Patricia A., and Christopher B. LaPointe. 2000. Environmental and
social effects of ATVs and ORVs: an annotated bibliography and research
assessment. University of Vermont, School of Natural Resources, Burlington, VT.
32 p.
34. Stynes, D., and E. P. White. National Forest Visitor Use Monitoring Program Project
Results Jan 2000 through Sep 2003. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest
Service, 10 p.
1145. Taylor, Audrey R., and Richard L. Knight. 2003. Wildlife responses to recreation
and associated visitor perceptions. Ecological Applications 13(4): 951-963.
1202. Taylor, Richard B. 2006. The effects of off-road vehicles on ecosystems. Texas
Parks and Wildlife, Uvalde, TX. 12 p.
36. Telesco, D. J., and F. T. Van Manen. 2006. Do Black Bears Respond to Military
Weapons Training? Journal of Wildlife Management 70(1): 222-230.
1444. The Wilderness Society. 2006. Addressing the ecological effects of off-road
vehicles (ORV's). Science and Policy Brief 3: 1-16.
1448. Thompson, Katherine A. 2007. Management perceptions of off-highway vehicle
use on National Forest system lands in Appalachia. M.S. Thesis. West Virginia
University, Morgantown, WV. 155 p.
1053. Tull, John C., and Peter F. Brussard. 2007. Fluctuating Asymmetry as an
Indicator of Environmental Stress From Off-Highway Vehicles. Journal of Wildlife
Management 71(6): 1944-1948.
25. U.S. Department of Agriculture. 2005. National Forest Visitor Use Monitoring
Program National Project Results January 2000 through September 2003. U.S.
Department of Agriculture; National Visitor Use Monitoring, 10 p.
1439. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. 2002. Final Regulatory Support
Document: Control of Emissions from Unregulated Nonroad Engines.
Environmental Protection Agency, Washington D. C.
1440. U.S. Forest Service. 2005. Travel Management; Designated Routes and Areas
for Motor Vehicle Use. 36 CFR Parts 212, 251, 261, and 295. Federal Register
70(216): U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Washington D.C.
1195. Vollmer, A. T., B. G. Maza, P. A. Medica, F. B. Turner, and S. A. Bamberg. 1977.
The impact of off-road vehicles on a desert ecosystem. Environmental
Management 1(2): 115-129.
1515. Weaver, T. , and D. Dale. 1978. Trampling effects of hikers, motorcycles and
horses in meadows and forest. Journal of Applied Ecology 15: 451-457.
1516. Webb, R. H. 1982. Off-road motorcycle effects on a desert soil. Environmental
Conservation 9: 197-208.
1442. Webb, R. H. 1983. Compaction of desert soils by off-road vehicles. Pp. 51-79 in:
R. H. Webb and H. G. Wilshire (editors), Environmental Effects of Off-Road
Vehicles: Impacts and Management in Arid Regions. Springer-Verlag, New York,
NY.
1187. Webb, Robert H., H. Craig Ragland, William H. Godwin, and Oennis Jenkins.
1978. Environmental effects of soil property changes with off-road vehicle use.
Environmental Management 2(3): 219-233.
1431. Webb, R. H., and H. G. Wilshire (editors). 1983. Environmental Effects of OffRoad Vehicles: Impacts and Management in Arid Regions. Springer-Verlag, New
York, NY.
1181. Webb, R. H., and Howard G. Wilshire. 1978. A bibliography of the effects of offroad vehicles. Open file report 78-149. U.S. Department of the Interior,
Geological Survey, Menlo Park, CA.
43. Wilkinson, T. 1999. Crush of off-road vehicles plies West's public lands. Special to
The Christian Science Monitor.
1173. Wilshire, Howard G. 1976. Off-road vehicle effects on California's Mojave Desert.
California Geology 29(6): 123-132.
1182. Wilshire, Howard G. 1978. Study results of 9 sites used by off-road vehicles that
illustrate land modifications. Open file report 77-601. U.S. Department of the
Interior, Geological Survey,
1443. Wilshire, H. G. 1983. The impact of vehicles on desert soil stabilizers. Pp. 31-50
in: R. H. Webb and H. G. Wilshire (editors), Environmental Effects of Off-Road
Vehicles: Impacts and Management in Arid Regions. Springer-Verlag, New York,
NY.
370. Wisdom, Michael J., Alan A. Ager, Haiganoush K. Preisler, Norman J. Cimon, and
Bruce K. Johnson. 2004. Effects of off-road recreation on mule deer and elk. Pp.
531-550 in, Transactions of the 69th North American Wildlife and Natural
Resources Conference.
1446. Wright, Richard, David McKinsey, and Barbara Bell. 1992. Integrating soil loss
standards and geographic information systems in the management of offhighway vehicle parks. LIS 1992 Annual Conference and Exposition, San Jose,
CA, ACSM, ASPRS, AM/FM International, AG, URISA.
1447. Yack, Tina, Ann Bowles, Keith Slauson, William Zielinski, and Kenneth Plotkin.
2006. An acoustic technique for monitoring off-highway vehicle (OHV) use with
sound level meter data: comparison with trailmaster records. The Journal of the
Acoustical Society of America 120(5): 3337.
1466. Yankoviak, B. M. 2005. Off-road vehicle policy on USDA National Forests:
evaluating user conflicts and travel management. M.S. Thesis. University of
Montana, Missoula, MT.
1540. Zielinski, William J., Keith M. Slauson, and Ann E. Bowles. In Press. Effects of
off-highway use on the American marten. Journal of Wildlife Management.