A REPORT FOR THE CITY OF TSHWANE METROPOLITAN MUNICIPALITY
City of Tshwane Greenhouse Gas Emissions Inventory
2012/2013
An overview of the City of Tshwane’s carbon footprint of its 2012/2013 financial
year (July 2012 - June 2013).
In partnership with:
The South African Cities Network (Pty) Ltd.
EcoMetrix Africa (Pty) Ltd.
Mhlane Management Consulting (Pty) Ltd.
Confidential
Version:
Final Report
Date:
30th of July 2014
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Table of Contents
Disclaimer ....................................................................................................... 3
Acknowledgements ....................................................................................... 3
1 Executive Summary ................................................................................ 4
2 Introduction ................................................................................................. 8
2.1 The City of Tshwane ........................................................................................................... 8
2.2 The foot printing methodology ...................................................................................... 9
3 Background ............................................................................................... 11
3.1 Climate change mitigation in South Africa ...............................................................11
3.2 A Greenhouse Gas Emissions Inventory ...................................................................12
3.3 Parameters of the City of Tshwane GHG emissions inventory .........................14
4 The CoT emission inventory .................................................................... 17
4.1 Tshwane total carbon footprint 2013 ........................................................................17
4.2 Tshwane Community carbon footprint 2013 .........................................................18
4.3 Tshwane Corporate footprint 2013 ............................................................................19
4.4 CoT GHG emissions forecast ..........................................................................................20
5 CoT climate action plan ............................................................................ 22
5.1 CoT intensity factors compared ...................................................................................22
5.2 CoT emission reduction activities ...............................................................................24
6 Summary and the way forward ................................................................ 27
6.1 CoT GHG emission inventory summary findings ...................................................27
6.2 The way forward ................................................................................................................28
References.................................................................................................... 30
Glossary of Terms ....................................................................................... 31
Annex 1: GHG emission factors ................................................................. 32
Annex 2: Activity data sources ................................................................... 33
Annex 3: Contact details of contributors ................................................... 34
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Disclaimer
This Report has been prepared by EcoMetrix Africa (Pty) Ltd. for internal use within the City
of Tshwane only.
EcoMetrix Africa (Pty) Ltd has taken all reasonable care to ensure that the facts stated herein
are true and accurate in all material aspects. However EcoMetrix Africa (Pty) Ltd. nor any of
its directors, officers, employees, advisors or agents makes any representation or warranty or
gives any undertaking of any kind, express or implied, as to the actuality, adequacy,
accuracy, reliability or completeness of any opinions, forecasts, projections, assumptions and
any other information contained in, or otherwise in relation to, this Report, or assumes any
undertaking to supplement any such information as further information becomes available
or in light of changing circumstances.
No liability of any kind whatsoever is assumed by EcoMetrix Africa (Pty) Ltd. any of its
directors, officers, employees, advisors or agents in relation to any such opinions, forecasts,
projections, assumptions or any other information contained in, or otherwise in relation to,
this Report.
This report is confidential as it contains confidential information pertaining to the City of
Tshwane as well as intellectual property of EcoMetrix Africa (Pty) Ltd. Therefore, this Report
shall not be released to other parties than the aforementioned unless explicit written
permission has been given by both parties.
Acknowledgements
This report could not have been completed without the extensive support of:
-
City of Tshwane City Sustainability
City of Tshwane Solid Waste department
City of Tshwane Metering and Invoicing Section
City of Tshwane Waste Water Treatment department
City of Tshwane Corporate Fleet
Department of Energy
The contact details of the contributors to this report can be found in Annex 3.
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1 Executive Summary
In line with national policy and provincial policy, the City of Tshwane metropolitan
municipality (CoT) published a Green Economy Strategic Framework in 2013 which defines
the City’s approach to a green economy transition and provides a strategic guide for lowcarbon, resource efficient and climate resilient equitable economic development. The Green
Economy Strategic Framework identifies a number of actions categorised under mitigation
and adaptation actions.
To be able to measure the impacts of these actions the CoT endeavoured to develop both a
mitigation and adaptation baseline against which progress and results can be assessed.
Through its partner, the South African Cities Network (SACN), the CoT assigned EcoMetrix
Africa (Pty) Ltd. (EcoMetrix) to compile the CoT Greenhouse Gas (GHG) emissions inventory
for its 2012/2013 financial year which runs from the 1st of July 2012 – 30th of June 2013.
This report provides a summary overview of the CoT’s GHG Emissions Inventory (CoT GHGEI)
as was compiled during the first and second quarter of 2014.
At this stage the CoT GHG emissions inventory is limited to carbon dioxide (CO2), methane
(CH4) and nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions within the energy, transport and waste sectors. The
inventory is divided into two sub-inventories, one for the community within the Tshwane
municipal area (Tshwane Community) and one for the local government (Tshwane
Corporate). The Tshwane Corporate “sub-inventory” includes GHG emissions from activities
under the control of the CoT local government, whilst the Tshwane Community inventory
includes GHG emissions related to other residential, commercial and industrial activities
within the boundary of the Tshwane municipal area.
The total greenhouse gas emissions recorded, under the guidance of the Local Government
GHG Emissions Analysis Protocols (developed by ICLEI), for the entire CoT GHGEI was
13,180,010 tCO2e for the 2012/2013 financial year. The figure below provides a graphical
breakdown of the inventory per activity (figure 1).
13,180,010 4,100,702
(31.11%)
Total CoT GHGEI
CoT Corporate GHGEI
CoT Community GHGEI
4,061,851
(30.82%)
tCO2e /Year
2,417,646
(18.34%)
1,123,886
(8.53%) 922,674
(7.00%)
Total CoT Industrial Transport Residential Commercial Solid
GHGEI
Waste
Facilities
280,644
(2.13%)
143,252
(1.09%)
59,757
(0.73%)
30,392
(0.23%)
2,281
(0.02%)
926
(0.01%)
Solid
Waste
Buildings
Waste
water
Vehicle
Fleet
Power
Generation
Streetlights
Figure 1: Breakdown of CoT GHGEI per activity (2012/2013 financial year in tCO2e).
The largest contribution to the CoT GHGEI is the Industrial Activities (31.11% of the total
emissions) followed closely by emissions from Transport Activities (30.82%). The table below
provides a more detailed breakdown of the emissions by source (figure 2).
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Inventory
Sector
Activities
Residential
Energy
Tshwane
Community
Commercial
Industrial
Transport
On-road and
Off-road
Vehicles
Waste
Solid Waste
GHG source
Stationary Fuel
Combustion
Electricity
Consumption
Electricity
Consumption
Stationary Fuel
Combustion
18.03%
40,937
0.31%
1,123,886
8.53%
10,284
0.08%
Electricity
Consumption
4,090,418
31.04%
Mobile Fuel
Combustion
4,061,851
30.82%
Fugitive
Emissions
280,644
2.13%
11,984,729
90.93%
2,281
0.02%
19
0.00%
143,233
1.09%
926
0.01%
30,392
0.23%
38,647
0.29%
57,110
0.43%
921,580
6.99%
1,094
0.01%
1,195,282
9.07%
13,180,010
100%
Power
Generation
Facilities
Stationary Fuel
Combustion
Buildings &
Other Facilities
Stationary Fuel
Combustion
Purchased
Electricity
Streetlights &
Traffic Signals
Tshwane
Corporate
Transport
Vehicle Fleet
Wastewater
Facilities
Waste
Solid Waste
Facilities
Total Tshwane Corporate
Total
%
2,376,710
Total Tshwane Community
Energy
tCO2e
Electricity
consumption
Mobile fuel
combustion
Stationary and
process
emissions
Purchased
electricity
Fugitive
emissions
Purchased
electricity
Figure 2: Breakdown of Tshwane GHG Footprint by source.
The emissions from the Tshwane Corporate sub-inventory represent 9.07% of the CoT GHGEI
and the largest contributor to the sub-inventory results from the operations of the CoT’s
landfill sites. The table below provides an overview of the CoT’s emission intensity factors in
relation to other municipalities within South Africa (figure 3).
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Intensity factor
City of Tshwane
(tCO2e/year)
eThekwini
(tCO2e/year)
Kwadukuza
(tCO2e/year)
Steve Tshwete
(tCO2e/year)
Emissions per
inhabitant
4.51
8.03
7.30
30.90
Emissions per
household
16.69
3.76
Unknown
Unknown
Emissions per city
official
53.12
76.16
Unknown
Unknown
0.67
57.21
Unknown
6.78
2.90
286.27
Unknown
31.18
Emission per
operating
expenditure
Emission per
capital
expenditure
Figure 3: Intensity factor comparison.
As is apparent from the above table, the emission intensity factors for the CoT are
substantially lower than those of the other municipalities reviewed. This could be attributed
to the difference in economic activity in the sense that the Tshwane is the administrative
capital of the country and therefore has fewer emissions than municipalities where high
levels of industrial activity form the basis of the local economy. On the other hand it is also
reasonable to assume that part of the difference can be explained by the limitation in the
number of sectors included under the CoT GHGEI, which number is expected to be increased
over time when the CoT becomes more adapt to the process of capturing and aligning the
large volumes of data required to develop an all-encompassing emission inventory.
Assuming that the GHGEI for the City of Tshwane grows with 2.7% per year (i.e. 355,860
tCO2e/year) between 2013 and 2030 in line with the national forecast as derived from the
Long Term Mitigation Scenarios (LTMS),1 in 2030 the overall emissions inventory will be
approximately 21,272,999 tCO2e.
To keep up with this systemic increase over time in the City of Tshwane’s emissions and to
reduce its emissions profile the City has implemented and planned a range of mitigation
measures for both the Tshwane Community and Tshwane Corporate sub-inventories. At this
moment in time the data required to determine the potential of the implemented and
planned mitigation activities initiated by the CoT is unavailable. Due to the absence of this
critical information no emission reduction targets have been set for the CoT at this stage.
Going forward the CoT will determine the mitigation potential of the activities it has initiated
and based on that set emission reduction targets to be achieved by the CoT as a whole as
well as the different disciplines within the City.
1 Source: Scenario building Team 2007. Long Term Mitigation Scenarios: Scenario Document, Department of Environment Affairs and Tourism,
Pretoria, October 2007
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High quality data is the cornerstone to developing achievable and measurable targets and
strategies and activities that reduce the emission of GHGs. To this aim the following
recommendations should be taken into consideration by the CoT when developing GHGEIs
going forward (figure 5).
Recommendation
Description
Improve data collection process
The most material hurdle in the development of the CoT GHGEI was the
collection of activity data (i.e. electricity consumption, fuel consumption,
etc.) from within the different departments of the CoT. Going forward it is
recommended that more senior management attention is given to the data
requirements of developing a GHGEI and incentivise key stakeholders
within the CoT to participate in the process.
Accelerate data collection cycle
The 2013 GHGEI was the CoT’s first endeavour towards the development of
a GHGEI for both Tshwane Community and Corporate which resulted in a
data requirement for the full 12 month period over which the GHGEI was
developed. It is recommended that going forward this process is conducted
on a monthly or quarterly basis to reduce the total data requirement per
inquiry and to accelerate the ability to identify and challenge data sets. The
most efficient manner in which this acceleration can be achieved is via the
implementation of a dedicated software tool by the CoT.
Improve data quality assurance
process
There are several ways in which the quality of the data used for the
development of a GHGEI can be verified. In this instance the data was cross
referenced with other data sets to establish alignment where possible (i.e.
cross reference electricity consumption data with financial data on
electricity expenditure). To improve the quality of the data used, it is
recommended that the quality assurance process is extended to include
more cross-reference possibilities and to include evidence based inputs
including substantiating documentation.
Expand scope of GHGEI
To develop a more accurate and complete GHGEI it is recommended to
expand the scope of the GHGEI beyond the Energy, Transport and Waste to
include (among others) Agriculture, Tourism and Manufacturing.
Utilise local data
Part of the data used to develop the CoT GHGEI is based on nationally
available data which was downscaled to be applicable to the CoT. There are
material concerns as to the applicability if this ‘localised data’. It is
therefore recommended that where possible the CoT develops data
gathering capabilities to replace localised data sets and liaises with local
business to obtain a wide range of data.
Figure 5: Summary of recommendations.
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2 Introduction
In late 2013 the South African Cities Network (SACN) on behalf of the City of Tshwane
Metropolitan Municipality (CoT) assigned EcoMetrix Africa (Pty) Ltd. (EcoMetrix) to compile
the CoT Greenhouse Gas (GHG) emissions inventory for its 2012/2013 financial year which
runs from the 1st of July 2012 – 30th of June 2013. In this chapter a high-level overview of
the CoT climate change commitments and aspirations is provided, followed by a description
of the framework and methodology under which the CoT GHG inventory was developed.
2.1 The City of Tshwane
The CoT covers an area of 6,260 km² and is the result of an amalgamation of the previous
City of Tshwane, which was established on 5th of December 2000, and the three Metsweding
Municipalities (Nokeng tsa Temane Local Municipality, Kungwini Local Municipality,
Metsweding District Municipality), found directly east and south east of the previous City of
Tshwane. The CoT is the second largest municipality in Gauteng and is among the six biggest
metropolitan municipalities in South Africa. Pretoria, as one components of Tshwane, is the
administrative capital of South Africa and houses the Union Buildings.
In December 2009 President Zuma, during CoP15 (the 15th Conference of Parties as in the
15th annual gathering of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change
(UNFCCC)) in Copenhagen pledged to reduce the county’s total annual emissions with 34%
below ‘business-as-usual’ levels by 2020 and by 42% by 20252. The South African
Department of Environmental Affairs states that the green economy refers to two
interlinked developmental outcomes for the South African economy, namely:

Growing economic activity (which leads to investment, jobs and competitiveness) in
the green industry sector; and

A shift in the economy as a whole towards cleaner industries and sectors with a low
environmental impact compared to its socio-economic impact.
Central to achieving these outcomes is the creation of green jobs and the decoupling of
economic growth from resource consumption. The first of these, namely green jobs, refers
to employment in sectors such as agriculture, administration, services and manufacturing,
which contribute substantially to preserving or restoring environmental quality. The second
concept, namely decoupling, involves “reducing the amount of resources such as water or
fossil fuels used to produce economic growth and delinking economic development from
environmental deterioration” 3. The implementation of South Africa’s transition towards a
green economy is significantly decentralised and, therefore, involves all spheres of
government.
In line with national policy and provincial policy, CoT published a Green Economy Strategic
Framework in 2013 which defines the City’s approach to a green economy transition and
2 Source: Department of Environmental Affairs, South African Government’s position on Climate Change [Online]
http://www.climateaction.org.za/cop17-cmp7/sa-government-position-on-climate-change
3 Source: UNEP (2011). Towards a Green Economy: Pathways to Sustainable Development and Poverty Eradication, p 16. Available at:
http://www.unep.org/.
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provides a strategic guide for low-carbon, resource efficient and climate resilient equitable
economic development. The City’s Green Economy vision arose from the overall vision of the
City as captured in the 2055 Growth and Development Strategy. The 2055 vision statement
sees growth and development within the CoT driven by an economy that supports a
sustainable, vibrant, liveable and prosperous city, through integrated ecological, social,
economic and spatial agendas that promote human and environmental well-being. The
Green Economy Strategic Framework identifies a number of actions categorised under
mitigation and adaptation actions. To be able to measure the impacts of these actions the
CoT endeavoured to develop both a mitigation and adaptation baseline against which results
can be benchmarked. The purpose of this report is to outline this mitigation baseline as was
conducted in the form of a GHG emission inventory for the CoT 2012/2013 financial year.
2.2 The foot printing methodology
Globally the fight against climate change is conducted along two lines:

Climate change mitigation: which focusses on reducing the total volume of manmade GHGs released into the atmosphere over time and thereby reducing future
climate change;

Climate change adaptation: which focusses on adapting to the climate change this is
already happening and will continue to materialise over the foreseeable future.
The SACN has entered into a memorandum of understanding with the CoT to support its
research endeavours on transitioning into the green economy as envisaged in the Tshwane
Vision 2055 Strategy document. As part of this partnership the SACN has assigned EcoMetrix
to assist with the development of the CoT’s GHG emissions inventory which will serve as the
baseline against which the CoT’s climate change mitigation activities will be monitored and
verified. This project is jointly coordinated with the Sustainability Unit of the CoT and will
also be coordinated closely with the parallel process of determining the City’s Vulnerability
Assessment to Climate Change which is undertaken by the Council for Scientific and
Industrial Research (CSIR). Jointly, the two projects will provide valuable data to the
development of the Sustainability Indicators for the City. Both projects are heavily
dependent on information from within a wide range of departments of the CoT. In order to
efficiently and effectively obtain this information from within the CoT, Mhlane Management
Consulting (Pty) Ltd. was contracted by the SACN with the specific task of managing the data
collection process.
To determine the CoT GHG emission inventory the activity data (such as fuel consumption) is
multiplied by an emissions factor to convert all data to tonnes carbon dioxide equivalent
(tCO2e). Emission factors are generally internationally accepted values, but are published by
a range of different entities. To date, South Africa has not published a list of emission factors
for specific use in South Africa, with the one exception being an emission factor for
electricity provided by South Africa’s national utility Eskom. Therefore the United Kingdom
Government Department of Environment, Food and Rural Affairs (DEFRA) and the
International Panel for the Climate Change (IPCC) published emission factors have been
used. Annex 1 to this report contains an overview of the emission factors used for both the
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Tshwane Community and Tshwane Corporate sub-inventories including reference to the
sources from which the emission factors were extracted.
The technical backbone for the CoT GHG emission inventory consists of the EcoMetrix
Carbon Action Model (the ECAM model). The model aggregates the decentralised parts of
the data provided by the CoT and utilises this information to generate a carbon footprint
according to a predefined standard. The reporting function of the model allows for detailed
analysis of the footprint as well as emission forecasting and emission mitigation planning.
The diagram below provides a schematic overview of the ECAM model’s functionality (figure
6).
Output modules
Input modules
Manual data collection: data
collected via a straight forward
excel file can be manually
transferred into the data
repository.
Mitigation planner: This
module allows users to plan
their mitigation activities at a
sector level based on
activity/projects and emission
inputs per activity/projects.
Dispatch data collection: this
module allows supper users
to automatically dispatch a
request for activity data to
the different users assigned
to a specific data set.
Objective determination: This
module allows a super users to
set emission reduction targets
at sector or sub-sector level.
Verification model: This module conducts cross
reference verification and change management
tracking on the data provided in the data
repository.
Data repository: This
module collects and
aggregates all that
data generated by
the other input
manuals and
conducts a ‘sanity’
check on the data
provided based on
deviations from the
benchmark and
historic inputs.
Footprint calculator:
This module forms the
heart of the ECAM
model and converts
meta and activity data
from the data
repository into
emission data
Standard application: This module assesses the
compliance to and data quality of the data
received in relation to the standard selected for
the GHG footprint.
Operations dashboard: This
module allows the user to
analyse that emission profile by
slicing it across a timeframe,
scope and sectors.
Target manager: This module
allows users to monitor and
manage progress towards their
mitigation targets.in relation to
the forecasted emission profile
Compliance reporting: This
module allows super users to
issue standard emission reports
for internal and compliance
purposes.
Bespoke reporting: This module
allows super users to generate
once-off bespoke reports of the
data captured in the Footprint
calculator.
User
Super user
Configuration
Figure 6: EcoMetrix Carbon Action Model functionality overview.
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3 Background
This chapter provides the background against which the GHG emissions inventory for the
CoT was developed. In the first section an overview of the global and domestic climate
change trends and developments is provided. This is followed by a section detailing the
definitions and fundamentals underlying the development of the GHG emission inventory.
The final section defines the boundaries within which the City of Tshwane GHG emissions
inventory was developed.
3.1 Climate change mitigation in South Africa
With the increased global awareness of the contribution that manmade emission of GHGs
make towards climate change, the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate
Change (UNFCCC), signed in 1992, represents an international agreement to stabilize
greenhouse gas concentrations in the atmosphere at 1990 levels. Parties to the Convention
are divided into those countries that take on responsibility for achieving the convention’s
goal, the Annex I countries (all developed countries and countries with economies in
transition), and those that do not, the non-Annex I countries (developing countries). The
UNFCCC specifically states that the Parties may implement measures to reduce GHG
emissions jointly with other Parties. The Parties to the Convention meet once a year at the
Conference of Parties (CoP) to discuss and negotiate measures against global climate
change. To further the goals of the UNFCCC, the Kyoto Protocol was adopted at CoP-3 in
1997. The Kyoto Protocol entered into force in February 16th, 2005, which binds the
countries that have ratified to emission limitations and reduction commitments against 1990
levels.
With an annual output of approximately 450 million tonnes of CO2e per year, South Africa’s
contribution to global GHG emissions is small, accounting for less than 2% of total emissions.
However, South Africa’s highly energy-intensive economy and reliance on coal-based
electricity makes the country the 12th largest emitter on the planet in absolute terms. The
majority of its emissions can be attributed to the generation of electricity by burning coal
and the production of liquid fuel, such as petrol, from coal.
As a Party to the Convention, South Africa is considered to be a Non-Annex I country which
in terms of the convention means that it is not required to actively participate in realising
the aims of the convention. South Africa is considered to be part of the group of countries
that did not materially contribute to the creation of climate change and therefore it is not
expected to put measures in place to reduce its GHG output into the atmosphere. However,
President Zuma (in December 2009), during CoP15 (the 15th Conference of Parties as in the
15th annual gathering of the UNFCCC) in Copenhagen pledged to reduce the country’s total
annual emissions with 34% below ‘business-as-usual’ levels by 2020 and by 42% by 2025.
The President stated that the pledge was on condition that South Africa receives the
necessary finance, technology and support from the international community that would
allow the country to achieve these commitments.
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3.2 A Greenhouse Gas Emissions Inventory
A GHG Emissions Inventory or GHGEI (commonly referred to as a ‘carbon footprint’) can be
defined as ‘A measure of the total set of greenhouse gas emissions caused by an
organization, event, product or person over a defined period.‘. An individual's, nation's, or
organization's carbon footprint can be measured by undertaking a GHG emissions
assessment or other calculative activities denoted as carbon accounting. Once the size of a
carbon footprint is known, a strategy can be devised to manage and/or reduce it via the
implementation of a range of measures (i.e. by technological developments, better process
and product management, changed in public or private procurement processes, etc.). Before
compiling a carbon footprint, a set of parameters needs to be set to clarify the dimensions of
the footprint. The diagram below (figure 7) provides a schematic overview of the parameters
followed by a more detailed description of each parameter.
•
The GHG inventory standard utilised
The Greenhouse Gas Protocol, Carbon Footprint
Standard, ISO14067, ICLEI IEAP, etc.
•
The scope of GHG emissions covered
Direct emissions, Indirect energy related emission,
Other indirect emission
•
The gases included in the inventory
Carbon Dioxide, Methane, Nitrous oxide,
Hydrofluorocarbon, Sulphur hexafluoride, etc.
•
The activities covered
Energy, transportation, waste, agriculture, mining,
fishery, refining, etc.
•
The boundary of the GHG inventory
Geographic boundary, organisational boundary,
Product, event, etc.
Figure 7: Carbon footprint parameters.
GHG inventory standards
Over the last decade a wide range of GHG standards have been developed for a wide range
of purposes. The most common standards for the development of a GHG emissions
inventory are the: GHG protocol, International Organization for Standardization (ISO) 14064
International Standard Part 1, the International Council for Local Environmental Initiatives
(ICLEI) Local Government GHG Emissions Analysis Protocol. The first step towards developing
a GHG emissions inventory consists of identifying the standard that is most appropriate for
the task at hand.
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Emission scopes
Most carbon foot printing standards apply what are commonly referred to as scope 1, 2 and
3 emissions, where:



Scope 1 emissions: are direct emissions from owned or controlled sources;
Scope 2 emissions: are indirect emissions from the generation of purchased energy;
Scope 3 emissions: are all indirect emissions (not included in scope 2) that occur in
the value chain of the reporting entity, including both upstream and downstream
emissions.
As per the below diagram (figure 8) the three scopes are not mutually exclusive and are
commonly used as an expansion model for quantifying an entities emissions by initially
starting with the determination of an installation’s scope 1 emission after which this is
expanded to include scope 2 and over time scope 3.
Scope 1: are direct emissions from owned or controlled
sources.
Scope 2: are indirect emissions from the generation of
purchased energy.
Scope 3: are all indirect emissions (not included in scope 2)
that occur in the value chain of the reporting entity,
including both upstream and downstream emissions.
Figure 8: GHG emission scopes.
Greenhouse gasses
In the early nineties, the Parties to the UNFCCC identified six GHGs (commonly referred to as
the Kyoto GHG basket) as the most relevant contributors to climate change. The table below
(figure 9) provides an overview of these gases and their contribution to manmade climate
change expressed in the so called Global Warming Potential (GWP).
#
Name
Composition
GWP
1
2
3
Carbon dioxide
Methane
Nitrous oxide
(CO2)
(CH4)
(N2O)
GWP: 1
GWP: 21
GWP: 310
4
Perfluorocarbons
(PFC)
GWP: 9,200
5
Hydrofluor carbons
(HFC)
GWP: 11,700
6
Sulphur hexafluoride
(SF6)
GWP: 23,900
Figure 9: GHGs and their Global Warming potential.
A carbon footprint is expressed in tonnes of CO2-equivalent (tCO2e) whereby the non-CO2 gasses
are converted into tonnes of CO2e by multiplying them by their GWP. For example, the
emission of one tonne of sulphur hexafluoride equates to the emission of 23,900 tCO2e.
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Activities and sectors
In principle, a carbon footprint should include all activities (and/or sectors) which result in
GHG emissions within scope 1, 2 and 3. However the data collection efforts required to
include all activities and/or sectors from the start is enormous. It has therefore become
common practice to start with the most material set of activities and/or sectors and
overtime expand the approach with additional activities and sectors. The diagram below
(figure 10) provides a breakdown of the different sectors and their share in the total global
GHG emission4 within South Africa.
#
Sector
1
Energy Industries
2
Annual GHG emission
(000, tCO2e)
% of total footprint
219,491
71%
Transport
39,511
13%
3
Manufacturing Industries and construction
39,091
13%
4
Residential
5,928
2%
5
Agriculture/forestry/fishing
3,718
1%
6
Commercial/institutional
1,911
1%
7
Other
161
0%
Total
309,811
100%
Figure 10: South African GHG emissions per sector.
Inventory boundaries
When defining the parameters along which a GHGEI is developed it is critical to define
upfront which boundaries will be set for the GHGEI. The footprint boundaries can be set for
a geographical area, organisation, product, event, etc. It is critical to determine which
emissions would fall into scope 1, 2 or 3 in order to prevent overlap and double counting.
For example, the footprint’s scope 1 emissions of a certain entity can be the scope 2
emissions of the footprint of another entity.
3.3 Parameters of the City of Tshwane GHG emissions inventory
At this stage the GHGEI for the CoT is limited to CO2, CH4 and N2O emissions in the energy,
transport and waste sectors and is divided into two sub-inventories, one for the community
within the Tshwane municipal area (Tshwane Community) and one for municipality or local
government emissions (Tshwane Corporate). The total greenhouse emissions are recorded
under the guidance of the Local Government GHG Emissions Analysis Protocols, developed
by ICLEI. The remainder of this section provides additional detail on the parameters set for
the CoT GHG emission inventory.
4 Source: Department of Environmental Affairs, Republic of South Africa ‘South Africa’s Second National Communication under the United
Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change’, November 2011.
15 | P a g e
GHG inventory standards
The following Local Government GHG Emissions Analysis Protocols, developed by ICLEI –
Local Governments for Sustainability, were used to guide the development of the CoT
GHGEI:


International Local Government GHG Emissions Analysis Protocol Version 1.05; and
Local Government Operations Protocol for the Quantification and Reporting of
Greenhouse Gas Emissions Inventories Version 1.16.
These protocols provide a standardized set of guidelines to assist local governments in
quantifying and reporting GHG emissions associated with their government and community
operations. Both protocols are based upon the Corporate GHG Protocol7 developed by the
World Resources Institute (WRI) and the World Business Council for Sustainable
Development (WBCSD) as well as technical guidance provided by the United Nations
Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC).
Emission scopes
For the CoT GHGEI only direct emissions from owned or controlled sources (scope 1) and
indirect emissions from the generation of purchased energy (scope 2) where considered. It is
important that scopes are clearly differentiated between to avoid the possibility of double
counting emissions and misrepresenting emissions when reporting a GHG emission
inventory.
Greenhouse gasses
For the CoT GHG emissions inventory only carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4) and nitrous
oxide (N2O) emissions where considered.
Inventory boundaries
In line with the International Local Government GHG Emissions Analysis Protocol the CoT
GHG emissions inventory takes into account the emission from within the geographical
boundary of the CoT municipal area (Tshwane Community) and those of the CoTs local
government operations (Tshwane Corporate) are included as a sub-inventory of the
Tshwane Community emissions. The Tshwane Corporate “sub-inventory” includes GHG
emissions from activities under the control of the CoT Municipality entity, whilst the
Tshwane Community inventory includes GHG emissions from the energy, transport and
waste related activities within the boundary of the Tshwane municipal area but not under
control by the CoT.
5 Available at http://www.icleiusa.org/tools/ghg-protocol.
6
Available at http://www.icleiusa.org/tools/ghg-protocol.
7
Available at http://www.ghgprotocol.org/standards/corporate-standard.
16 | P a g e
The City of Tshwane Metropolitan Municipality includes the following areas:








Akasia
Atteridgeville
Bronberg
Bronkhorstspruit
Centurion
Crocodile River
Cullinan/Rayton/Refilwe
Eersterust








Ekangala
Elands River
Ga-Rankuwa
Hammanskraal
Laudium
Mabopane
Mamelodi
Pienaarsrivier








Pretoria
Soshanguve
Rethabiseng
Roodeplaat
Soshanguve
Temba
Winterveld
Zithobeni
Activities and sectors
For the CoT GHG emissions inventory only specific activities within the Energy, Transport and
Waste sectors were considered at this stage. The table (figure 11) below provides an
overview of the activities that were included for both Tshwane Corporate and Tshwane
Community as part of the captured sectors.
Inventory
Sector
Activities
Residential
Energy
Tshwane
Community
Commercial
Industrial
Transport
On-road and Off-road Vehicles
Waste
Solid Waste
Power Generation Facilities
Energy
Tshwane
Corporate
Transport
Buildings & Other Facilities
GHG source
Stationary Fuel Combustion
Electricity Consumption
Electricity Consumption
Stationary Fuel Combustion
Electricity Consumption
Mobile Fuel Combustion
Fugitive Emissions
Stationary Fuel Combustion
Stationary Fuel Combustion
Purchased Electricity
Streetlights & Traffic Signals
Electricity consumption
Vehicle Fleet
Mobile fuel combustion
Wastewater Facilities
Waste
Solid Waste Facilities
Stationary and process emissions
Purchased electricity
Fugitive emissions
Purchased electricity
Figure 11: Activities included per sector.
The data underlying the CoT GHGEI was compiled in the following three ways: :
•
•
•
Calculated: Whereby actual activity data was used to calculate the emissions;
Derived: Whereby national and international activity data and/or modelling was
used to calculate the emission;
Estimated: whereby activity data was estimated based on default factors.
Annex 2 provides a detailed overview of the data sources used to determine the activity data
per GHG source and the assumptions adopted in this regard.
17 | P a g e
4 The CoT emission inventory
This chapter describes the CoT GHG emissions inventory as was developed over the 2013
financial year using the Local Government GHG Emissions Analysis Protocols. The first
section looks at the overall footprint followed by a detailed breakdown of both the Tshwane
Community and Tshwane Corporate sub-inventories.
4.1 Tshwane total carbon footprint 2013
The total greenhouse emissions recorded for the entire Tshwane municipal area was
13,180,010 tCO2e for the 2013 financial year of which 11,984,729 tCO2e can be attributed to
the Tshwane Community (90.93%) and 1135,947 tCO2e to Tshwane Corporate (9.07%). The
figure below provides a graphical breakdown of the inventory per activity (figure 12).
13,180,010 4,100,702
(31.11%)
Total CoT GHGEI
CoT Corporate GHGEI
CoT Community GHGEI
4,061,851
(30.82%)
2,417,646
(18.34%)
tCO2e /Year
1,123,886
(8.53%) 922,674
(7.00%)
Total CoT Industrial Transport Residential Commercial Solid
GHGEI
Waste
Facilities
280,644
(2.13%)
143,252
(1.09%)
59,757
(0.73%)
30,392
(0.23%)
2,281
(0.02%)
926
(0.01%)
Solid
Waste
Buildings
Waste
water
Vehicle
Fleet
Power
Generation
Streetlights
Figure 12: Breakdown of Tshwane GHG Footprint per activity (2012/2013 financial year in tCO2e).
The largest contribution to the footprint are Industrial activities (31.11% of the total GHGs)
followed closely by emission from Transport activities (30.82% of the total GHGs). The table
below (figure 13) provides a breakdown of the different types of GHG for both the emission
of the Tshwane Community and Tshwane Corporate.
Inventory
Community
GHG
CO2
11,683,724
CH4
265,684
N2O
35,320
Total Tshwane Community
Municipal
tCO2e
11,984,729
CO2
400,225
CH4
794,693
N2O
363
1,195,282
Total Tshwane Corporate
13,180,010
Total
Figure 13: CoT GHGEI per GHG.
18 | P a g e
In line with expectations, the above table show that the majority of the emissions are CO2
based and result of the combustion of fossil fuel in both the transport and energy sector.
4.2 Tshwane Community carbon footprint 2013
The total Tshwane Community (excluding Tshwane Corporate) emissions equated to
11,984,729 tCO2e. The Tshwane Community emissions inventory includes GHG emissions
associated with activities occurring within the CoT geopolitical boundary generated during
the 2013 financial year. The table below shows a breakdown of the Tshwane Community
emissions by sector (figure 14).
11,984,729
4,100,702
(34.22%)
4,061,851
(33.89%)
tCO2e /Year
2,417,646
(20.17%)
1,123,886
(9.38%)
Total CoT
Community
GHGEI
Industrial
Transport
Residential
Commercial
280,644
(2.34%)
Solid Waste
Figure 14: Breakdown of Tshwane Community per sector.
The Industrial sector contributing 34.22% to the total Tshwane Community GHG emissions is
the largest contributor. The second major contributor was the Transport sector contributing
33.89% to overall Tshwane Community emissions as a result of electricity consumption. The
Residential sector is also significant, at 20.17% or 2,417,646 tCO2e. Figure 15 below
illustrates the total Tshwane Community emissions produced per sector/activity and
emission source.
Sector
Activities
Residential
Energy
Commercial
Industrial
Transport
On-road and Off-road
Vehicles
Waste
Solid Waste
GHG source
tCO2e
Stationary Fuel Combustion
2,376,710
Electricity Consumption
40,937
Electricity Consumption
1,123,886
Stationary Fuel Combustion
10,284
Electricity Consumption
4,090,418
Mobile Fuel Combustion
4,061,851
Fugitive Emissions
Total Tshwane Community
Figure 15: Tshwane Community emissions per GHG source.
280,644
11,984,729
19 | P a g e
4.3 Tshwane Corporate footprint 2013
Total Tshwane Corporate emissions over the 2012/2013 financial year were 1,135,923 tCO2e.
The Tshwane Corporate emissions sub-inventory included operations that are directly under
the CoT municipality’s control and emissions arising from the use of significant assets during
the period. The diagram below (figure 16) summarises the Tshwane Corporate emissions per
government infrastructure type.
1,195,282
922,674
(77.19%)
tCO2e /Year
144,101
(10.04%)
Total CoT
Corporate
GHGEI
Solid
Waste
Buildings
57,661
(5.08)
Waste
water
30,392
(2.68%)
7,605
(0.67%)
2,281
(0.20%)
Vehicle Fleet
Streetlights
Power
Generation
Figure 16: Breakdown of Tshwane Corporate emissions per sector.
The largest contributor to the Tshwane Corporate emissions is the Solid waste sector by the
CoT with 922,674 tCO2e per year, contributing 77.19% to the total municipal footprint. The
second largest source of emission result from the electricity consumption by the Buildings
and other facilities owned or controlled by the CoT local government. Figure 17 below
illustrates the total Tshwane Corporate emissions produced per activity and emission
source.
Sector
Activities
Power Generation Facilities
Energy
Transport
Buildings & Other Facilities
tCO2e
2,281
Stationary Fuel Combustion
19
Purchased Electricity
143,233
Streetlights & Traffic
Signals
Electricity consumption
926
Vehicle Fleet
Mobile fuel combustion
30,392
Stationary and process emissions
38,647
Purchased electricity
57,110
Fugitive emissions
921,580
Purchased electricity
1,094
Wastewater Facilities
Waste
GHG source
Stationary Fuel Combustion
Solid Waste Facilities
Total Tshwane Corporate
1,195,282
Figure 17: Tshwane Corporate emissions per GHG source.
20 | P a g e
4.4 CoT GHG emissions forecast
The CoT GHG emissions inventory as presented in this report, consist of a snapshot of the
emissions over the period July 2012 – June 2013. Although the purpose of the footprint is to
set a baseline against which future footprints can be assessed, it is important to develop
some insight into the systemic development of the footprint over time to be able to
distinguish changes to the footprint resulting from targeted emission reduction efforts from
the ‘natural’ movement of the footprint.
In October 2007 the South African government’s Department of Environmental affairs
published the Long Term Mitigation Scenarios (LTMS)8. The document outlines the
development of South Africa’s GHG emissions inventory over the period between 2003 and
2050 under a range of scenarios. The diagram below provides a snapshot of the emission
forecast between 2013 and 2030 under the ‘Current Development Plans’ scenario (figure
18).
1000
900
800
700
600
570 585 595 595
650
615 637
670 690
710
740
775 795
860
820 840
900 920
500
400
300
200
100
0
Figure 18: LTMS emission forecast 2013 -2030 Current Development Plans scenario (MtCO2e/year)
In the absence of detailed data regarding the future GHG emission development for the CoT,
it is assumed that the systemic growth of the CoT GHG emission inventory will be in line with
the growth scenario of the country on a percentage growth bases. The table below provides
the percentage growth per year as derived from the LTMS scenario and how this would
translate in the development of the CoT GHG emissions inventory over the period (figure
19).
8 Source: Scenario building Team 2007. Long Term Mitigation Scenarios: Scenario Document, Department of Environment Affairs and Tourism,
Pretoria, October 2007
21 | P a g e
Year
% growth
LTMS
CoT GHGEI
forecast
(tCO2e/year)
Year
% growth
LTMS
CoT GHGEI
2013
N/A
13,180,010
2022
2.9%
16,417,206
2014
2015
2.6%
1.7%
13,526,853
13,758,081
2023
2024
4.2%
4.7%
17,110,891
17,920,190
2016
0.0%
13,758,081
2025
2.6%
18,382,646
2017
3.4%
14,220,538
2026
3.1%
18,960,717
2018
3.6%
14,729,240
2027
2.4%
19,423,173
2019
2.0%
15,029,837
2028
2.4%
19,885,630
2020
3.1%
15,492,293
2029
4.7%
20,810,543
2021
3.0%
15,954,750
2030
2.2%
21,272,999
Figure 19: CoT GHGEI till 2030.
As is apparent from the table above the carbon footprint of the CoT is expected to grow with
around 50% between 2013 and 2030. Although not uncommon within a developing world
environment, it is important to consider that an absolute emission reduction target set
against the benchmark year 2012/2013 needs to mitigate the systemic growth in emissions
over time, on top of the set absolute target at the time.
22 | P a g e
5 CoT climate action plan
The first step towards the development of a mitigation plan resulting from a GHG emissions
inventory consists of an analysis of the footprint from a emission intensity perspective to
enable an ‘apples with apples’ comparison with its own historic emission profile or emission
profiles from other (similar) other entities. The first section of this chapter provides a more
detailed explanation of the intensity factors applied and how they compare with those of
three other municipalities in the country. This is followed by a section outlining the emission
reduction activities the CoT has planned and, to some extent executed over the last few
years.
5.1 CoT intensity factors compared
Generically, an ‘emission intensity’ is the average emission rate of a given pollutant from a
given source relative to the intensity of a specific activity. For example the ratio of
greenhouse gas emissions produced to Gross Domestic Product (GDP). Emission intensities
provide useful insight on its own i.e. in our example, information on the carbon intensity of a
specific economy activity may also be used to compare the climate change impact of a
specified entity with that of similar entities. Both applications are very useful as they leave
out a range of variables that impact on the total footprint but are (for the most part) outside
of the control of the different entities such as population growth or size, etc. The following
emission intensities were considered for the Tshwane Community and Tshwane Corporate
(figure 20).
Inventory
Community
Municipal
Intensity factor
Definition
UoM
Emissions per
inhabitant
The GHG emissions per inhabitant of the
municipality.
tCO2e / inhabitant
Emissions per
household
The GHG emissions per household
within the geographic boundary of the
municipality.
tCO2e / household
Emissions per city
official
The GHG emissions per permanent
employee of the municipal government.
tCO2e / Permanent
employee
Emission per
operating
expenditure
Emission per capital
expenditure
The GHG emissions per million Rand of
operating expenditure of the local
municipality.
The GHG emissions per million Rand of
capital expenditure of the local
municipality.
tCO2e / million Rand of
operating budget
tCO2e / million Rand of
Capital budget
Figure 20: Tshwane Community and Tshwane Corporate intensity factors.
To be able to analyse the CoT GHG emissions inventory, the above mentioned intensity
factors were compared with those of the following local municipalities within South Africa:
-
eThekwini municipality: The eThekwini municipality (formally known as Durban)
published its GHG emission inventory over the 2011 calendar year in late 2012. The
municipality is located on South Africa’s east coast and has a population of 3.442
23 | P a g e
-
-
million and reported a carbon footprint of 27,649,400 tCO2e over their 2011 financial
year;
Kwadukuza local municipality: KwaDukuza (formally known as Stanger) is situated
inland from Blythedale, and the name epitomises the historical background of the
area. The town is home to King Shaka's memorial monument to commemorate his
death. The municipality has a population of 231,189 and reported a carbon footprint
of 1,684,733 tCO2e in 2012;
Steve Tshwete local municipality: The Middelburg, Mhluzi, Hendrina and
Kwazamokuhle where amalgamated into a new municipality under the name
Tshwete Local Municipality. The municipality is located east of Witbank within the
Mpumalanga province with a population of 229,831 and reported a carbon footprint
of 7,115,473 tCO2e in 2012.
Direct comparison of emissions inventories and corresponding intensity factors should be
undertaken with some caution. This is due to the different ages of inventories and the
different methodologies applied from city to city. For example one entity may include
emissions from aviation from all airports servicing the city, another may not. The table
below (figure 21) provides an overview of the intensity factors of the four municipalities as
described above.
Intensity factor
City of
Tshwane
(tCO2e/year)
eThekwini
(tCO2e/year)
Kwadukuza
(tCO2e/year)
Steve Tshwete
(tCO2e/year)
Emissions per inhabitant
4.51
8.03
7.30
30.90
Emissions per household
16.69
3.76
Unknown
Unknown
Emissions per city official
53.12
76.16
Unknown
Unknown
Emissions per operating
expenditure
0.67
57.21
Unknown
6.78
Emissions per capital expenditure
2.90
286.27
Unknown
31.18
Figure 21: Intensity factor comparison.
As is apparent from the above table, the emission intensity factor per inhabitant for the CoT
is substantially lower than those of the other municipalities reviewed. This could be
attributed to the difference in economic activity in the sense that the Tshwane is the
administrative capital of the country and therefore has less emission than municipalities
where high levels of industrial activity form the base of the local economies. On the other
hand it is also reasonable to assume that part of the difference can be explained by the
limited scope of the CoT GHGEI, which is expected to be expanded over time when the CoT
becomes more adapt to the process of capturing and aligning the large volumes of data
required to develop an all-encompassing emissions inventory.
24 | P a g e
5.2 CoT emission reduction activities
To reduce the CoT’s GHG emissions inventory over time and/or to manage the systemic
growth of the carbon footprint over time, the CoT has initiated a number of mitigation
measures. The table below provides an overview of these measures as were collected from
within the different departments of the CoT (figure 22 and 23).
#
Inventory
Title mitigation activity
Mass transit. Non-motorised
transport. Pedestrian lanes.
Cycle lanes
1
2
Light rail. Integrated systems.
Alternative fuels. Incentives for
car sharing
3
Device retrofits. Passive
measures. Energy efficiency bylaws
Showcase buildings. Roll out
new green infrastructure
4
Tshwane
Community
5
6
7
8
Reduce leaks. Increase
awareness. Faster reaction to
reports
Water recycling & re-use.
Rainwater harvesting. Local
basic water system repair
capability. Pipe network
rehabilitation
Infrastructure rehabilitation.
Community schemes.
Separation at source.
Description of Emission reduction activities
The CoT aims to reduce the communities transport
emission by introducing and motivating the public
to utilise non-motorized transport and thereby
reduce the city’s GHGEI with the emissions
associated with motorized transport whilst at the
same time implementing a range of less carbon
intensive public transport modes.
Biogas and biodiesel produced from our green
waste as well as sewerage treatment plants have
been earmarked for use alternative fuel sources.
Green Buildings by-laws were developed to provide
the City with Legislative Framework to ensure that a
more sustainable build environment is developed.
Retrofitting of lights and installation of Solar Water
Heaters in Municipal Resorts was initiated in
2011/2012 and is being rolled out to cover all
municipal buildings.
A project titled War on Leaks was developed by the
City to address the following: infrastructure
backlogs, Provide quality infrastructure for growth,
Ensure maintenance of existing infrastructure and
Ensure optimal resource utilization.
The planned Sustainable Neighbourhood project to
be implemented in Zithobeni Heights in 2014 / 15
financial year aims to incorporate all sustainability
elements including Water harvesting
Three existing buy-back centres and two new ones
will be refurbished and established respectively
during the before the end of 2014. These are
to the
encourage
sorting
at source
and
In intended
addition to
Buy-back
centres
mentioned
minimise
the
amount
of
waste
being
buried
at
above, a new Multi-purpose waste recycling and
landfill
sites
processing facility is being constructed in
Markets for recycled products.
Buy back centres. More waste
treatment facilities
Figure 22: Tshwane Community mitigation measures.
Kwaggasran
25 | P a g e
#
Inventory
9
10
11
Title mitigation activity
Mixed used development.
Densification
West Capital Project is the City's landmark
densification project which is poised to bring mixed
residential units to allow communities to reside
within easy access to economic opportunities and
thus eliminating the need to travel long distances.
Densification. Green jobs
West Capital Project is the City's landmark
densification project which is poised to bring mixed
residential units to allow communities to reside
within easy access to economic opportunities and
thus eliminating the need to travel long distances.
Local food production
programmes
Household Food Programme & Sustainable
Agricultural Programme: Producing food closer to
the city addresses the Von Thuren Theory of Spatial
Economics by reducing transportation costs and the
associated carbon emissions.
Agro processing. Capacity
building. Farmers organised
12
Tshwane
Corporate
13
14
15
16
Description of Emission reduction activities
Rehabilitation. Information.
Capacity building
Rehabilitation. Capacity building
Waste to energy. Renewable
energy. Efficient household
devices. Awareness
Agricultural Training and Capacity Building
Programme; Agricultural Forums; Farmer's Days &
World Food Day: Continuous information on
sustainable agricultural practices is disseminated.
Agriculture by its nature of using natural resources
should contribute to efficiency of resources use
through sustainable use of land; using water-wise
technologies & incorporating green building designs
that reduce energy needs and water requirements.
Access to land for food production: Farmers’ access
to available derelict open spaces to make them
liveable is facilitated. This not only contributes to
food security (coping with shocks) but reduces
otherwise crime hot spots.
Regular ward meetings and quarterly Imbizos,
enhancing democracy and capacitating
communities in all aspects of governance.
Stakeholder engagements through the Tshwane
Green Outreach programme is aimed bringing in
education and awareness and thus facilitating
behavioural change.
Following the RFI process which was advertised in
2013, a number of Green economy interventions
were selected are due to be rolled out during
2014/15 financial year. Waste to energy, Solar farm
and bio-digesters are some of the considered
projects.
The smart system delivers electricity to customers
using two way digital technologies. This enables
IIP incentives. Decentralised
efficient use of electricity by customers and allows
gen. Smart metering. Universal
efficient use of the network by identifying and
electrification
correcting supply and demand imbalances, thereby
improving service quality, reliability and ultimately
reducing costs.
Figure 23: Tshwane Corporate mitigation measures.
At this moment in time the data required to determine the potential of the mitigation
activities initiated by the CoT was unavailable. To be able to set Specific, Measurable,
26 | P a g e
Attainable, Realistic, Time bound (SMART) targets it is critical to understand the mitigation
impact of the activities already initiated in order to know which target is realistically
achievable over a specific period of time.
Due to the absence of this critical information this report does not contain specific emission
reduction targets. Going forward the CoT will determine the mitigation potential of the
activities it has initiated and based on that set emission reduction targets to be achieved by
2020 in line with the national pledge and where needed implement additional mitigation
measures towards a meaningful emission reduction target for the CoT.
27 | P a g e
6 Summary and the way forward
This chapter summarises the findings surrounding the CoT GHGEI as was developed for the
CoT 2012/2013 financial year and provides a set of recommendations as to how to improve
and expand the development process of the GHGEI going forward.
6.1 CoT GHG emission inventory summary findings
When looking at the percentage contribution of the different sources of which the CoT
GHGEI is compiled and outlined in the table below (figure 24), the largest contribution to the
CoT GHGEI results from Industrial activities (31.04% of the total GHGs) followed closely by
emission resulting from Transport activities (30.82%). The emissions from Tshwane
Corporate represent 9.07% of the total emissions. The largest contribution to the Tshwane
Corporate footprint results from activities in the Solid Waste sector.
Inventory
Sector
Activities
Residential
Energy
Tshwane
Community
Commercial
Industrial
Transport
On-road and
Off-road
Vehicles
Waste
Solid Waste
GHG source
Stationary Fuel
Combustion
Electricity
Consumption
Electricity
Consumption
Stationary Fuel
Combustion
18.03%
40,937
0.31%
1,123,886
8.53%
10,284
0.08%
Electricity
Consumption
4,090,418
31.04%
Mobile Fuel
Combustion
4,061,851
30.82%
Fugitive
Emissions
280,644
2.13%
11,984,729
90.93%
2,281
0.02%
19
0.00%
143,233
1.09%
926
0.01%
30,392
0.23%
38,647
0.29%
57,110
0.43%
921,580
6.99%
1,094
0.01%
Power
Generation
Facilities
Stationary Fuel
Combustion
Buildings &
Other Facilities
Stationary Fuel
Combustion
Purchased
Electricity
Streetlights &
Traffic Signals
Tshwane
Corporate
Transport
Vehicle Fleet
Wastewater
Facilities
Waste
Solid Waste
Facilities
%
2,376,710
Total Tshwane Community
Energy
tCO2e
Electricity
consumption
Mobile fuel
combustion
Stationary and
process
emissions
Purchased
electricity
Fugitive
emissions
Purchased
electricity
28 | P a g e
Inventory
Sector
Total Tshwane Corporate
Total
Activities
GHG source
tCO2e
%
1,195,282
9.07%
13,180,010
100%
Figure 24: Breakdown of Tshwane GHG Footprint by source.
Assuming that the GHGEI for the City of Tshwane grows with 2.7% per year (i.e. 355,860
tCO2e/year) between 2013 and 2030, in line with the national forecast as derived from the
LTMS, the total CoT GHGEI in 2030 will be approximately 21,272,999 tCO2e. To keep up with
this systemic increase over time in the City of Tshwane’s emissions and to reduce its
emissions profile the City has implemented and planned a range of mitigation measures for
both the Tshwane Community and Tshwane Corporate sub-inventories. In addition to this it
is in the process of setting emission reduction targets for the different disciplines within the
City.
6.2 The way forward
High quality data is the cornerstone to developing achievable and measurable strategies and
activities that reduce the emission of GHGs. To this aim the following recommendations
should be taken into consideration by the CoT when developing GHGEIs going forward:




Improve data collection process: The most material hurdle in the development of
the CoT GHGEI was the collection of activity data (i.e. electricity consumption, fuel
consumption, etc.) from the different departments within the CoT. Going forward it
is recommended that more senior management attention is given to the data
requirements of developing a GHGEI and incentivise key stakeholders within the CoT
to participate in the process;
Accelerate data collection cycle: the 2013 GHGEI was the CoT’s first endeavour
towards the development of a GHGEI for both Tshwane Community and Corporate
which resulted in a data requirement for the full 12 month period over which the
GHGEI was developed. It is recommended that going forward this process is
conducted on a monthly or quarterly basis to reduce the total data requirement per
inquiry and to accelerate the ability to identify and challenge data sets. The most
efficient manner in which this acceleration can be achieved is via the
implementation of a dedicated software tool by the CoT;
Improve data quality assurance process: there are several ways in which the quality
of the data used for the development of a GHGEI can be verified. In this instance the
data was cross referenced with other data sets to establish alignment where
possible (i.e. cross referencing electricity consumption data with financial data on
electricity expenditure). To improve the quality of the data used, it is recommended
that the quality assurance process is extended to include more cross-reference
possibilities and to include evidence based inputs, including substantiating
documentation;
Expand scope of GHGEI: to develop a more accurate and complete GHGEI it is
recommended to expand the scope of the GHGEI beyond the Energy, Transport and
Waste to include (among others) Agriculture, Tourism and Manufacturing;
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
Utilise local data: Part of the data used to develop the CoT GHGEI is based on
nationally available data which was downscaled to be applicable to the CoT. There
are material concerns as to the applicability if this ‘localised data’. It is therefore
recommended that, where possible, the CoT develops data gathering capabilities to
replace localised data sets and liaises with local business to obtain a wide range of
data.
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References
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
International Local Government GHG Emissions Analysis Protocol Version 1.0,
http://www.icleiusa.org/tools/ghg-protocol.
Summary document, eThekwini Greenhouse Gas Emission Inventory 2011,
www.durban.gov.za/.
Urban energy profile infographic, Kwadukuza local municipality 2012,
www.kwadukuza.gov.za/.
Urban energy profile infographic, Steve Tshwete local municipality 2012,
www.stevetshwetelm.gov.za/.
Scenario building Team 2007. Long Term Mitigation Scenarios: Scenario Document,
Department of Environment Affairs and Tourism, Pretoria, October 2007.
Department of Environmental Affairs, South African Government’s position on
Climate Change [Online] http://www.climateaction.org.za/cop17-cmp7/sagovernment-position-on-climate-change.
UNEP (2011). Towards a Green Economy: Pathways to Sustainable Development
and Poverty Eradication, p 16. Available at: http://www.unep.org/.
Department of Environmental Affairs, Republic of South Africa ‘South Africa’s
Second National Communication under the United Nations Framework Convention
on Climate Change’, November 2011.
Local Government Operations Protocol for the Quantification and Reporting of
Greenhouse Gas Emissions Inventories Version 1.1,
http://www.icleiusa.org/tools/ghg-protoco.l
2011, Defra GHG Conversion Factors,
http://www.climatechange.gov.au/publications/greenhouse-acctg/nationalgreenhouse-factors.aspx.
IPCC Guidelines, 2006, http://www.ipcc-nggip.iges.or.jp/EFDB/find_ef_ft.php
Eskom Annual Report, 2011,
http://financialresults.co.za/2011/eskom_ar2011/downloads/eskom-ar2011.pdf
The Climate Registry, 2012,
http://www.theclimateregistry.org/downloads/2012/01/2012-Climate-RegistryDefault-Emissions-Factors.pdf
Green Economy Strategic Framework, 2013,
http://www.tshwane.gov.za/AboutTshwane/CityManagement/CityDepartments.
Corporate GHG Protocol, http://www.ghgprotocol.org/standards/corporatestandard.
31 | P a g e
Glossary of Terms
CH4
Methane
CO2
Carbon dioxide
CoP
Conference of Parties
CoT
City of Tshwane metropolitan municipality
GHG
Greenhouse Gas
GHGEI
Greenhouse Gas Emissions Inventory
HFC
Hydrofluor carbons
ICLEI
International Council for Local Environmental Initiatives
IPCC
Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
km²
Square kilo-meter
LTMS
Long Term Mitigation Scenarios
N2O
Nitrous oxide
PFC
Perfluorocarbons
SACN
South African Cities Network
SF6
Sulphur hexafluoride
tCO2e
Tonne Carbon dioxide equivalent
UNFCCC
United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change
WBCSD
World Business Council for Sustainable Development
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Annex 1: GHG emission factors
Fuel type
UoM
(kg CO2e
per unit)
CO2
CH4
N2O
Total kg
CO2e
Reference
HFO
tonnes
3212.5
2.8
13
3228.3
2011, Defra GHG Conversion
Factors
Bitumen
TJ
80700
210
186
81096
2006 IPCC Guidelines
Natural Gas
cubic
meters
2.0154
0.003
0.0012
2.0196
LPG
litres
1.4884
0.001
0.0023
1.4917
Coal (Industrial)
tonnes
2339
1.4
42.7
2383.1
Coke
tonnes
2955.4
30.4
70.7
3056.5
Illuminating
Paraffin (Burning
Oil)
litres
2.5299
0.0054
0.0069
2.5422
Acetylene
litres
0.00372
Paraffin Wax
TJ
73300
210
186
73696
2006 IPCC Guidelines
Refinery Gas
GJ
54.2
0.02
0.03
54.25
NGA 2010
Petrol
litres
2.3018
0.0046
0.0156
2.322
Diesel
litres
2.6413
0.0015
0.0292
2.672
Eskom
kWh
n/a
n/a
n/a
1.03
0.00372
2011, Defra GHG Conversion
Factors
2011, Defra GHG Conversion
Factors
2011, Defra GHG Conversion
Factors
2011, Defra GHG Conversion
Factors
2011, Defra GHG Conversion
Factors
2012, The Climate Registry
2011, Defra GHG Conversion
Factors
2011, Defra GHG Conversion
Factors
Eskom Annual Report, 2011
(T&D losses not included)
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Annex 2: Activity data sources
Source
Tshwane Corporate
Tshwane Corporate
Tshwane Corporate
Tshwane Corporate
Tshwane Community
Tshwane Community
Tshwane Community
Tshwane Community
Tshwane Community
Tshwane Community
Tshwane Community
Waste
Transport
Energy
Energy
Energy
Energy
Waste
Transport
Energy
Energy
Energy
Energy
Energy
Sol i d Wa s te Fa ci l i ties
Wa s tewa ter Fa ci l i ties
Wa s tewa ter Fa ci l i ties
Vehi cl e Fl eet
Streetli ghts & Tra ffi c Si gna l s
Bui l di ngs & Other Fa ci l i ties
Bui l di ngs & Other Fa ci l i ties
Power Genera tion Fa ci l i ties
Sol i d Wa s te
On-roa d a nd Off-roa d Vehi cl es
Indus tri a l
Indus tri a l
Commerci a l
Res i dentia l
Res i dentia l
Mobi l e fuel combus tion CoT Corpora te Fl eet Ma na gement
El ectri ci ty cons umption CoT Meteri ng a nd Invoi ci ng Section
Stationa ry Fuel Combus tion
Stationa ry Fuel Combus tion CoT Pretori a Wes t Power Station (4)
El ectri ci ty Cons umption CoT Meteri ng a nd Invoi ci ng Section
GHG source
Tshwane Corporate
Waste
Sol i d Wa s te Fa ci l i ties
Activities
Tshwane Corporate
Waste
Sector
Tshwane Corporate
Waste
Inventory
Tshwane Corporate
Purcha s ed el ectri ci ty CoT Meteri ng a nd Invoi ci ng Section
Fugi tive emi s s i ons CoT Wa s te Ma na gement Depa rtment (6,7)
Purcha s ed el ectri ci ty CoT Meteri ng a nd Invoi ci ng Section
Stationa ry a nd proces s emi s s i ons CoT Wa s te Ma na gement Depa rtment (5)
Purcha s ed El ectri ci ty CoT Meteri ng a nd Invoi ci ng Section
Fugi tive Emi s s i ons
Mobi l e Fuel Combus tion Depa rtment of Energy, petrol eum products , Fuel Sa l es Vol ume (3)
El ectri ci ty Cons umption CoT Meteri ng a nd Invoi ci ng Section
Stationa ry Fuel Combus tion Depa rtment of Energy, petrol eum products , Fuel Sa l es Vol ume
El ectri ci ty Cons umption CoT Meteri ng a nd Invoi ci ng Section (2)
Stationa ry Fuel Combus tion Depa rtment of Energy, petrol eum products , Fuel Sa l es Vol ume (1)
Tshwane Corporate
data compilation method:
Ca l cul a ted: Whereby a ctua l a ctivi ty da ta wa s us ed to ca l cul a te the emi s s i ons .
b
Es tima ted: whereby a ctivi ty da ta wa s es tima ted ba s ed on defa ul t fa ctors .
Deri ved: Whereby na tiona l a nd i nterna tiona l a ctivi ty da ta a nd/or model i ng wa s us ed to ca l cul a te the emi s s i on.
a
c
6
5
4
3
2
1
Ca l i forni a Ai r res ources Boa rd Impl ementation of IPCC's Ma thema tica l l y Extra ct Fi rs t-Order Deca y Model (AVR, %ANDOC: 8.91%)
Incl udi ng Ha terl ey, Onders tepoort, Bronkhors ts prui t, Shos ha nguve a nd Ga ra nkuwa l a ndfi l l s i tes
Ava ra ge COD, 79.27 kg COD/m3
Excl udi ng CoT Pretori a Wes t Power Station
Incl udi ng Di es el a nd Petrol
Incl udi ng Fa rmi ng
Incl udi ng Furna ce oi l a nd Pa rra fi n
Comments:
7
a
b
a
b
a
b
c
a
c
a
a
a
b
a
b
a
Rating
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Annex 3: Contact details of contributors
The list below provides the contact details of the contributors to this report:
City of Tshwane City Sustainability
Name: Sello Mphaga
Email: SelloMp@Tshwane.gov.za
City of Tshwane Solid Waste Department
Name: Frans Dekker
Email: FransD@Tshwane.gov.za
City of Tshwane Metering and Invoicing Section
Name: Grace Koopedi
Email: GraceK@Tshwane.gov.za
City of Tshwane Waste Water Treatment Department
Name: David Ntsowe
davidn@Tshwane.gov.za
City of Tshwane Corporate Fleet
Name: Philani Dlamini
Email: PhilaniD@Tshwane.gov.za
City of Tshwane West Power Station
Name: Fio Masut
Email: fiom@tshwane.gov.za
Department of Energy
Name: Ramaano Nembahe
Email: Ramaano.Nembahe@energy.gov.za
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