25TQ: Organic and Biochemistry
Name: _________________________
Text Questions from Brown, et. al.
1. Phenylketonurics lack an enzyme that does what?
2. In order to understand biology, we need to…
3. Organic chemistry is the study of…
4. What is biochemistry?
25.1
5. What plays an essential role in the behavior of organic and biochemical molecules?
6. Why does carbon form four bonds in all its compounds?
7. When all of a carbon atom’s bonds are single bonds, the electron pairs are in a ________________
arrangement and the carbon atom is ____ hybridized. If there is one double bond, the electron
domains form a __________ _________ arrangement and the carbon atom is ____ hybridized. If
triple-bonded, the carbon atom is ____ hybridized, and the electron domain geometry is _________.
8. Why are hydrogen atoms always located on the surface of organic molecules?
9. With what elements does carbon form strong bonds?
10. As the number of bonds increases, the bond strength ___________ and the bond length ___________.
11. Why are most organic molecules stable indefinitely at room temperature, despite being combustible?
12. Why is the C–H bond nearly nonpolar?
13. What is a functional group?
14. What is special about a functional group?
15. What are the two parts of surfactant organic molecules?
16. Write the formula(s) for the most common functional group of…
…organic acids?
…organic bases?
25.2
17. What are hydrocarbons?
18. What is unique about the element carbon?
19. Why are alkanes called saturated hydrocarbons?
20. What is the difference between alkenes and alkynes?
21. What connect the C atoms to each other in the rings of aromatic hydrocarbons?
22. Why are alkenes, alkynes, and aromatic hydrocarbons called unsaturated hydrocarbons?
23. Hydrocarbons are insoluble in water because they are relatively ___________, and THAT is because…
24. WHAT determine the melting and boiling points of hydrocarbons?
25. For hydrocarbons, what is the general relationship between molecular weight and boiling point?
25.3
26. Condensed structural formulas show….
but DON’T show…
27. With reference to Table 25.1, write the PREFIX and the number of carbon atoms it refers to.
28. Lewis structures and condensed structural formulas do NOT tell us about…
29. Why does a long-chain alkane constantly undergo motions that change its shape?
30. Hydrocarbons form either _______________ hydrocarbons or ________________ hydrocarbons.
31. What are structural isomers?
32. Name alkanes as follows:
A. Find the longest chain of…
B. Number the carbon atoms in the chain, beginning with…
C. Name and give the location of…
D. When two or more substituents are present, list them…
33. In numbering substituents of the same type, use ___ for “two,” ____ for “three,” and so forth.
34. What is the difference between a vertex in a cycloalkane and one in an aromatic compound?
35. Why are rings of three or four carbon atoms more reactive than their straight-chain counterparts?
36. At room temperature, alkanes don’t react with what three things?
37. The low reactivity of alkanes is due to what two things?
38. To name alkenes:
A. Base the name on the longest carbon chain that contains…
B. Instead of the ending –ane, use…
C. The chain is always numbered from the end that…
39. In what two ways are geometric isomers the same? In what one way are they different?
40. What is the difference between cis and trans isomers?
41. Why does geometric isomerism arise in alkenes?
42. Of what does a double bond consist?
43. Rotation about the C=C would require what?
44. Why are alkynes not widely distributed in nature?
45. Alkynes are named by finding the longest carbon chain that contains the ________ _______. The
name ends in the suffix ______.
46. What happens during an addition reaction?
47. During addition, what happens to the  bond? What happens to the  bond?
48. Hydrogenation is a reaction between…
49. Normally, H2 doesn’t react easily with alkenes due to the high bond ___________ of the H2 bond. To
promote the reaction, we need a ___________, which is usually a finely divided __________.
50. What is a mechanism?
51. For WHAT do chemists often use curved arrows, and what does the direction of the arrows show?
52. Why are aromatic compounds more stable than alkenes and alkynes?
53. Even though aromatics are _____________, they do not readily undergo ________ reactions. Instead,
they undergo ________________ reactions, in which one atom of a molecule is…
54. Using the pattern shown in the middle of page 1069, draw
the structures of ortho-, meta-, and para-dibromobenzene.
55. In what type of reaction can alkyl groups be substituted onto an aromatic ring?
25.4
56. What does the presence of a double or triple bond do to a hydrocarbon?
57. The chemistry of an organic molecule is largely determined by…
58. In general descriptions of organic compounds, what does an “R” represent?
59. Alcohols contain the _________ or ________ functional group, which is designated _____. The names
of alcohols end in _____, and the location of the functional group is designated by…
60. Why are alcohols more soluble in polar solvents than are other hydrocarbons?
61. Why are the boiling points of alcohols higher than those of parent alkanes?
62. One biochemically important alcohol is ___________ which, if present in high amounts, can precipitate
as ____________ in the gallbladder. Excessive levels of this alcohol can also contribute to ______
________ _____________ and other problems.
63. Describe ethers.
64. What are ethers formed from, and HOW?
65. A condensation reaction is…
66. A C=O group is called the __________ group.
67. Using “R” to designate “other” attached groups,
draw the essential structure of aldehydes.
68. Draw the essential structure of ketones.
69. Draw the essential structure of carboxylic acids.
70. Esters are formed via condensation reactions between…
71. Draw the essential structure of esters.
72. What is saponification?
73. Name two types of naturally occurring esters.
74. Amines are __________ ________, and they have the general formula…
75. From what two substances are amides formed?
76. Draw the essential structure of amides.
77. The amide linkage is the key functional group in the structures of __________. Also, draw its structure.
25.5
78. What does the term “chiral” refer to?
79. Nonsuperimposable mirror images are called __________ ___________ or ___________________.
80. Solutions of chiral substances may _______ the plane of ______________ light.
81. When an organic substance is synthesized, there are often _____ enantiomers produced in exactly the
same _____________.
82. Why does a racemic mixture of enantiomers NOT rotate the plane of polarized light?
83. Except for glycine, all of the _________ _______ are chiral and are found in nature as…
84. What often happens when a drug is administered as a racemic mixture?
25.6
85. _________ are NOT biopolymers, but the three broad categories of biopolymers in living systems are…
25.7
86. List at least three of the functions of proteins in living cells.
87. The building blocks of all proteins are ___ amino acids, which are substances in which the amino group
is located…
88. Draw the general structures for an -amino acid AND for
the zwitterion, which predominates at…
89. Amino acids differ in the nature of their ___ groups. There have been ___ amino acids identified in
nature, of which ___ have been found in our bodies. Of these, our bodies can synthesize ___; the
other ___ must be consumed, and so are called _____________ amino acids.
90. The two enantiomeric forms of amino acids are distinguished by the labels ___ and ___. Nearly all
amino acids in living things have the ___ configuration, with the exception that the proteins in the
_____ ______ of many ____________ are made up largely of ___ enantiomers.
91. Amino acids are linked into proteins by _______ groups, each of which is called a _________ ______,
which is formed by a condensation reaction between…
92. What is meant by a protein’s primary structure?
93. One of the most important secondary structures is the ___ _______, in which the protein chain can be
imagined to be wound in a _________ fashion around a cylinder. The _______ is held in position by
___________ _______. Another secondary structure is the ___ _______, in which two peptide strands
stick to each other via ___________ ______, somewhat resembling a _________.
94. Globular proteins are roughly __________ in shape. They have mainly _____________ functions, such
as combating foreign objects and acting as catalysts. _________ proteins align themselves roughly
parallel to each other and are the main components of _________, _________, and ______.
25.8
95. In terms of their structures, what is the difference between glucose and fructose?
96. HOW and FROM WHAT are disaccharides formed?
97. _________________ are made up of many monosaccharide units. The three most important types are
___________, ___________, and ________________.
25.9
98. Lipids are used by organisms for what two main purposes?
99. What is the difference between mono- and polyunsaturated fatty acids?
100. How do phospholipids differ structurally from fats and oils?
25.10
101. Genetic information is carried by ________ ______, two main types of which are _____ and _____.
These molecules are composed of monomers called _____________, which consist of WHAT three
basic units?
102. The replication process for DNA results in two identical double-helixes, each containing…