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-I- -I- Dr/ Abd Elghany Hefnawy Abd Elghany BVSc., MVSc., Ph.D (UNAM-Mexico) Assistant professor of animal medicine Faculty of Veterinary Medicine Benha University – Egypt Guide in ruminant medicine (2nd. Edition 2015) 4002\55811 -:رقم االيداع ISPN 25515515554 - 3 -:الترقيم الدولي -IContents Part (I) ...................................................................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined. Small Ruminant Medicine ....................................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined. Chapter No.(1) ......................................................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined. Metabolic diseases..................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined. 1-Ovine Pregnancy Toxemia (OPT) ..................... Error! Bookmark not defined. 2-Hypocalcaemia (HC) ......................................... Error! Bookmark not defined. 3- Hypomagnesemia (HM).................................... Error! Bookmark not defined. Chapter No.(2) ......................................................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined. Nutritional Deficiency Disease ................................. Error! Bookmark not defined. 1- Iodine Deficiency (Goiter) ................................ Error! Bookmark not defined. 2-Cobalt Deficiency (CD) ..................................... Error! Bookmark not defined. 3-Iron deficiency ................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined. 4-Vitamin-D Deficiency ........................................ Error! Bookmark not defined. 5-Vitamin E and/or Selenium Deficiency ............. Error! Bookmark not defined. 6- Zinc Deficiency ................................................ Error! Bookmark not defined. 7-Copper Deficiency ............................................. Error! Bookmark not defined. 8-Hypovitaminosis-A ............................................ Error! Bookmark not defined. 9-Thiamin (Vitamin B1) Deficiency...................... Error! Bookmark not defined. Chapter No.(3) ......................................................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined. Digestive System ....................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined. 1-Dental Attrition or Tooth wear .......................... Error! Bookmark not defined. 2- Periodental Disease (PD) .................................. Error! Bookmark not defined. 3- EsophagealObstruction ..................................... Error! Bookmark not defined. 4- Bloat or Tympany (smal & large ruminants) .... Error! Bookmark not defined. 5- Ruminitis ........................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined. 6-Ruminal Parakeratosis ....................................... Error! Bookmark not defined. 7- Abomasal and Doudenal Ulcers ....................... Error! Bookmark not defined. 8-Lactic Acidosis or Impaction ............................. Error! Bookmark not defined. 9-Enteritis .............................................................. Error! Bookmark not defined. Chapter No.(4) ......................................................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined. Urinary System .......................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined. Urinary Calculi or Urollithiasis ............................. Error! Bookmark not defined. Chapter No.(5) ......................................................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined. -IIRespiratory System.................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined. 1-Rhinitis ............................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined. 2-Nasal Myiasis ..................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined. 3-Pulmonary Adenomatosis or pulmonary Carcinoma ........ Error! Bookmark not defined. 4-Pneumonia .......................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined. 5-Ovine Adenovirus (OAV) .................................. Error! Bookmark not defined. 6-Mycoplasma & Chlamydial Pneumonia ............ Error! Bookmark not defined. Chapter No ( 6 ) ....................................................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined. Skin Diseases ............................................................. Error! Bookmark not defined. 1-Photosensitization .............................................. Error! Bookmark not defined. 2-Eczema or False Mange ..................................... Error! Bookmark not defined. 3- Dermatitis .......................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined. 4-Acne & Folliculits or Sycosis ............................ Error! Bookmark not defined. 5-Pityriasis or Dandruff ......................................... Error! Bookmark not defined. 6-Parakeratosis ...................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined. 7- Hyperkeratosis .................................................. Error! Bookmark not defined. 8- Urticaria ............................................................ Error! Bookmark not defined. 9- Alopecia ............................................................ Error! Bookmark not defined. 10 -Anasarca ....................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined. 11-Angioneurotic oedema ..................................... Error! Bookmark not defined. Part (II) ...................................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined. Large Ruminant Medicine ......................................... Error! Bookmark not defined. (Cows and Buffalos).................................................. Error! Bookmark not defined. Chapter No.(7) ......................................................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined. Digestive System ....................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined. 1-Diseases Of The Muzzle .................................... Error! Bookmark not defined. 2- Stomatitis .......................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined. 3-Diseases Of The Teeth ....................................... Error! Bookmark not defined. 4-Parotitis .............................................................. Error! Bookmark not defined. -Diseases Of The Pharynx And Esophagus .............. Error! Bookmark not defined. 1- Pharyngitis ........................................................ Error! Bookmark not defined. 2-Pharyngeal Obstruction ...................................... Error! Bookmark not defined. 3-Pharyngeal Paralysis .......................................... Error! Bookmark not defined. 4-Esophogitis ......................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined. -III5-Esophageal Obstruction (Choke) ....................... Error! Bookmark not defined. -Diseases of the stomach ........................................... Error! Bookmark not defined. -Introduction .......................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined. 1-Simple Indigestion ............................................. Error! Bookmark not defined. 2-Ruminal Impaction............................................. Error! Bookmark not defined. 3-Ruminal tempany or Bloat ................................. Error! Bookmark not defined. 4- Ruminal drinker ................................................ Error! Bookmark not defined. 5-Traumatic Reticuloperitonitis (Hardwire disease) ............ Error! Bookmark not defined. 6-Vagus Indigestion .............................................. Error! Bookmark not defined. 7-Left Sided Displacement of The Abomasum (LDA) ........ Error! Bookmark not defined. 8-Right Sided Displacement Of Abomasum (RDA) And Abomasal Volvulus ............................................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined. 9-Peritonitis ........................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined. - Diseases of the liver ................................................ Error! Bookmark not defined. Hepatitis................................................................. Error! Bookmark not defined. Chapter No (8) ......................................................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined. Cardiovascular System .............................................. Error! Bookmark not defined. 1-Traumatic Pericarditis(Hardware disease) ......... Error! Bookmark not defined. 2-Congestive Heart Failure (CHF) ........................ Error! Bookmark not defined. 3- Acute Heart Failure ........................................... Error! Bookmark not defined. 4- Peripheral Circulatory Failure........................... Error! Bookmark not defined. 5- Pericarditis ........................................................ Error! Bookmark not defined. 6- Venous Thrombosis .......................................... Error! Bookmark not defined. 7-Myocardial Diseases & Cardiomyopathy .......... Error! Bookmark not defined. 8-Endocarditis ....................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined. 9-Vavular Diseases ................................................ Error! Bookmark not defined. Chapter No (9) ......................................................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined. Respiratory System.................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined. 1-Pulmonary Congestion & Oedema .................... Error! Bookmark not defined. 2-Pulmonary Emphysema ..................................... Error! Bookmark not defined. 3-Pneumonia .......................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined. 4-Pulmonary Abscess ............................................ Error! Bookmark not defined. 5-Calf Diphtheria ................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined. -IV6-Paranasal Sinusitis.............................................. Error! Bookmark not defined. 7-Rhinitis ............................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined. Chapter No.( 10 ) ..................................................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined. Urinary System .......................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined. 3- Renal Ischemia .............................................. Error! Bookmark not defined. 2-Pyelonephritis..................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined. 3-Renal Abscess or Emboli ................................... Error! Bookmark not defined. Clinical Symptoms:-................................................................................. Error! Bookmark not defined. 4-Cystitis ............................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined. 5-Acute Tubular Necrosis ATN ( Tubular Nephrosis) ........ Error! Bookmark not defined. Chapter No.(11) ....................................................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined. Nutritional & Metabolic Disorders ........................... Error! Bookmark not defined. 1-Rickets ................................................................ Error! Bookmark not defined. 2- Osteomalacia ..................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined. 3-Hypomagenesemic Tetany ................................. Error! Bookmark not defined. 4-Copper Deficiency ............................................. Error! Bookmark not defined. 5-Hypophosphatemia ............................................ Error! Bookmark not defined. 6-Parturient Paresis ( Milk Fever) ......................... Error! Bookmark not defined. 7-Hypomagnesemia ............................................... Error! Bookmark not defined. 8-Ketosis ................................................................ Error! Bookmark not defined. 9-Downer Cow Syndrome ..................................... Error! Bookmark not defined. 10-Fat Cow Syndrome .......................................... Error! Bookmark not defined. Chapter No.(12) ....................................................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined. Nervous System......................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined. 1-Meningitis .......................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined. 2-Polioencephalomalacia ...................................... Error! Bookmark not defined. Part (III) ................................................................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined. General Systemic & Toxic Diseases ........................................................ Error! Bookmark not defined. Chapter No.(13) ....................................................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined. General Systemic & Toxic Diseases ........................................................ Error! Bookmark not defined. 1-Dehydration ........................................................ Error! Bookmark not defined. 2-Oedema .............................................................. Error! Bookmark not defined. 3-Hypothermia....................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined. 4-Anemia ............................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined. -V5- Toxemia ............................................................ Error! Bookmark not defined. 6- Septicemia ......................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined. 7-Sudden Death ..................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined. 8-Stress .................................................................. Error! Bookmark not defined. 9-Pain..................................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined. 10-Hyponatremia ................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined. 11-Hypchloremia ................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined. 12-Hypokalemia & Hyperkalemia ........................ Error! Bookmark not defined. 13-Acid-base imbalance ........................................ Error! Bookmark not defined. 14-Acidosis ............................................................ Error! Bookmark not defined. 15-Alkalosis........................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined. 16-Organophosphrous Toxicity............................. Error! Bookmark not defined. 17-Selenium Toxicity(Selenosis) .......................... Error! Bookmark not defined. 18-Snake Bites ....................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined. 19- Copper Toxicity .............................................. Error! Bookmark not defined. 20-Milk Allergy..................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined. Chapter No. (14) ...................................................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined. -Inspection & General Examination of Large Rum. ........... Error! Bookmark not defined. -Animal Description In Large Ruminant .............. Error! Bookmark not defined. -Signs of Health in Large Ruminant ..................... Error! Bookmark not defined. -Restraining of the animal and sites of injection ... Error! Bookmark not defined. -Physical Examination of Large Ruminant ........... Error! Bookmark not defined. -Examination of body temperature in large ruminant ......... Error! Bookmark not defined. -Examination pulse in large ruminant ................... Error! Bookmark not defined. -Examination of respiration in large ruminant ...... Error! Bookmark not defined. -Examination of the lymph nodes in large ruminant ............ Error! Bookmark not defined. -Examination of mucous membranes in large ruminant ...... Error! Bookmark not defined. -Clinical examination of the udder ........................ Error! Bookmark not defined. Chapter No (15) Clinical examination......................................... Error! Bookmark not defined. Urinary System in Large Ruminant .......................... Error! Bookmark not defined. Chapter No (16) Clinical Examination ....................................... Error! Bookmark not defined. -VIRespiratory System In Large Ruminant .................... Error! Bookmark not defined. Chapter No (17) Clinical Examination ........................................... Error! Bookmark not defined. Skin Of Large Ruminant ........................................... Error! Bookmark not defined. Chapter No (18) Clinical Examiantion ............................................ Error! Bookmark not defined. Cardiovascular System In Large Ruminant .............. Error! Bookmark not defined. Chapter No (19) Clinical examination............................................. Error! Bookmark not defined. Digestive System in Large Ruminant ....................... Error! Bookmark not defined. Chapter No (20) Clinical Examination ............................................. Error! Bookmark not defined. Immune System ......................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined. Chapter No (21) Clinical Examination ................................................ Error! Bookmark not defined. Musculo-Skeletal System ......................................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined. Chapter No (22) ....................................................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined. Inspection & General Examination of Small Ruminant ...... Error! Bookmark not defined. -General signe of unhealthy small ruminant:-....... Error! Bookmark not defined. -Some different characters between sheep and goat ............ Error! Bookmark not defined. -Some feeding practice .......................................... Error! Bookmark not defined. -Restraining and handling of small ruminant ........ Error! Bookmark not defined. -Examination of body temperature in small ruminant ......... Error! Bookmark not defined. -Examination of respiration in small ruminant ..... Error! Bookmark not defined. -Examinationof mucous membrane in small ruminant ........ Error! Bookmark not defined. -Examination of pulse in small ruminant .............. Error! Bookmark not defined. -Examination of lymph nodes in small ruminant .. Error! Bookmark not defined. Chapter No (23) Clinical examintion................................................ Error! Bookmark not defined. Digestive System in Small Ruminant ....................... Error! Bookmark not defined. Chapter No (24) Clinical examiantion.............................................. Error! Bookmark not defined. Respiratory System in Small Ruminant .................... Error! Bookmark not defined. Chapter No (25) Clinical examination............................................ Error! Bookmark not defined. Cardiovascular System in Small Ruminants ............. Error! Bookmark not defined. Chapter No (26) Clinical examination............................................. Error! Bookmark not defined. Urinary System in Small Ruminants ......................... Error! Bookmark not defined. Chapter (27) ............................................................................................. Error! Bookmark not defined. Indications of the most common clinical signs ..... Error! Bookmark not defined. -VIIPart (V) ..................................................................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined. Camel Medicine ....................................................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined. Chapter No (28) ....................................................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined. Clinical examination of the camel ............................. Error! Bookmark not defined. Chapter No (29) ....................................................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined. -Most Common Diseases Of The Camel .................. Error! Bookmark not defined. - Cough, Colds and Pneumonia ................................. Error! Bookmark not defined. -Diarrhea .................................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined. -Bloat ......................................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined. -Indigestion ................................................................ Error! Bookmark not defined. -Impaction of the Third and Fourth Stomachs .......... Error! Bookmark not defined. -Ingestion of Sand ..................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined. Chapter No (30) ....................................................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined. MCQ & study questions ............................................ Error! Bookmark not defined. Appendix .................................................................................................. Error! Bookmark not defined. Common Veterinary Terms (CVT) ........................... Error! Bookmark not defined. Veterinary Drug Index (VDI) .................................... Error! Bookmark not defined. Normal physiological parameters.............................. Error! Bookmark not defined. Normal labratory values ............................................ Error! Bookmark not defined. Reading list............................................................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined. -VIII- List of illustrations Fig (1) Listening attitude in OPT ......................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined. Fig (2) Star gazing position in OPT...................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined. Fig (3) Convulsions and recumbency in HM ....................................... Error! Bookmark not defined. Fig (4) Role of iodine in thyroid hormone synthesis ........................... Error! Bookmark not defined. Fig (5) Complete alopecia in iodine deficiency.................................... Error! Bookmark not defined. Fig (6) Normal pathway of ingested cobalt in ruminant ...................... Error! Bookmark not defined. Fig (7) Normal pathway of vitamine-D and role of the liver and kidney ............Error! Bookmark not defined. Fig (8) Types of osteoporosis ............................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined. Fig (9) Some types of GSH-Px ............................................................ Error! Bookmark not defined. Fig (10) Pathogenesis of selenium deficiency ...................................... Error! Bookmark not defined. Fig (11) Knuckling on the joint in WMD ............................................. Error! Bookmark not defined. Fig (12) Etiology of zinc deficiency .................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined. Fig (13) Biological role of Zinc ........................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined. Fig (14) Biological role of Zinc ............................................................ Error! Bookmark not defined. Fig (15) Pathogenesis of zinc deficiency ............................................. Error! Bookmark not defined. Fig (16) Wool eating in zinc deficiency ............................................... Error! Bookmark not defined. Fig (17) Biological role of copper and effect of its deficiency............ Error! Bookmark not defined. Fig (18) Some biological role of copper and the effect of its deficiency ............Error! Bookmark not defined. Fig (19) Hydrocephallus in hypovitaminosis-A. ................................. Error! Bookmark not defined. Fig (20 ) Nutritional elements and its deficiency ................................ Error! Bookmark not defined. Fig (21) Degrees of bloat: A - mild, B - moderate, C - severe ............. Error! Bookmark not defined. Fig (22) Trocar and canula in froathy tempany in cattle ...................... Error! Bookmark not defined. Fig (23) Effect of excessive lactic acid in the rumen .......................... Error! Bookmark not defined. Fig (24) Causes of enteritis .................................................................. Error! Bookmark not defined. Fig (25) Ruptured urinary bladder ....................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined. Fig (26) Biological factors of pneumonia in small ruminant .............. Error! Bookmark not defined. Fig (27) Environmental factors of pneumonia ..................................... Error! Bookmark not defined. Fig (28) Pathogenesis of photosensitization ........................................ Error! Bookmark not defined. Fig (29) Pathogenesis of eczema ......................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined. Fig (30) Pathogenesis of urticaria. ........................................................ Error! Bookmark not defined. Fig (31) Types of salivary glands and functions of saliva ................... Error! Bookmark not defined. Fig (32) Gastrointestinal tract of cattle. ............................................... Error! Bookmark not defined. Fig (33) Causes and symptoms of simple indigestion .......................... Error! Bookmark not defined. Fig (34) Pathogenesis of impaction ...................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined. Fig (35) Esophageal groove .................................................................. Error! Bookmark not defined. Fig (36) Pathogenesis of traumatic reticuloperitonitis ........................ Error! Bookmark not defined. Fig (37) Fate of perforating foreign body ............................................ Error! Bookmark not defined. Fig (38) Main causes of grunting ........................................................ Error! Bookmark not defined. Fig (39) A-Pathogenesis of vagus indigestion ..................................... Error! Bookmark not defined. Fig (40) Pathogensis of left sided abomasal displacement .................. Error! Bookmark not defined. Fig (41) Area of auscultation of the abomasums in LDA .................... Error! Bookmark not defined. Fig (42) Pathogenesis of righ sided displacment of abomasum .......... Error! Bookmark not defined. Fig (43) Area of auscultationof the abomasums in RDA ..................... Error! Bookmark not defined. Fig (44) Simple pathogenesis of congestive heart faliure ................... Error! Bookmark not defined. Fig (45) Pathogenesis of peripheral circulatory failure ....................... Error! Bookmark not defined. Fig (46) Pathogenesis of pulmonary congestion and edema ................ Error! Bookmark not defined. -IXFig (47) Biological factors of pneumonia............................................ Error! Bookmark not defined. Fig (48) Environmental factors of pneumonia .................................... Error! Bookmark not defined. Fig (49) The main points of treatment of pneumonia .......................... Error! Bookmark not defined. Fig (50) Paranasal sinuses (frontal and maxillary) in cattle ................ Error! Bookmark not defined. Fig (51) Serous nasal discharages in rhinitis ........................................ Error! Bookmark not defined. Fig (52) Etiology of cystitis .................................................................. Error! Bookmark not defined. Fig (53) Pathogenesis of cystitis .......................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined. Fig (54) Main roles of phosphorous .................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined. Fig (55) Pathogenesis of Hypophosphatemia ...................................... Error! Bookmark not defined. Fig (56) Hormonal control of blood Ca ............................................... Error! Bookmark not defined. Fig(57) Pathogenesis of hypocalcaemia .............................................. Error! Bookmark not defined. Fig (58) Response to low plasma Ca ................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined. Fig (59) Sternal recumbency with S-shaped neck in hypocalcemia ..... Error! Bookmark not defined. Fig (60) Role of magnesium in the action of parathyroid hormone .... Error! Bookmark not defined. Fig (61) Pathogenesis of hypomagnesaemia ....................................... Error! Bookmark not defined. Fig (62) Effect of hypomagnesaemia ................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined. Fig (63) Normal pathway of carbohydrate in the rumen ...................... Error! Bookmark not defined. Fig (64) Pathogenesis of ketosis .......................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined. Fig (65) Response of the body to limited carbohydrate supply ........... Error! Bookmark not defined. Fig (66) Main points of treatment of ketosis ....................................... Error! Bookmark not defined. Fig (67) How increased grains reduce ketosis? ................................... Error! Bookmark not defined. Fig (68) Theory of downer cow syndrome .......................................... Error! Bookmark not defined. Fig (69) Pathogenesis 0f fat cow syndrome ........................................ Error! Bookmark not defined. Fig (70) Pathogenesis of meningitis .................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined. Fig (71) Pathogenesis of polioencephalomalacia ................................ Error! Bookmark not defined. Fig (72) Etiology of dehydration ......................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined. Fig (73 ) Pathogenesis of dehydration .................................................. Error! Bookmark not defined. Fig( 74) Types of dehydration .............................................................. Error! Bookmark not defined. Fig( 75) Effect of dehydration on the body temperature ...................... Error! Bookmark not defined. Fig (76) Normal homeostasis in the venous and capillary ends .......... Error! Bookmark not defined. Fig (77) Increased hydrostatic pressure causing oedema ..................... Error! Bookmark not defined. Fig (78) Decreased oncotic pressure and formation of oedema ........... Error! Bookmark not defined. Fig (79) Lymphatic obstruction and formation of oedema .................. Error! Bookmark not defined. Fig (80) Different types of toxins causing toxemia ............................. Error! Bookmark not defined. Fig (81) Effect of endotoxins on the phagocytic cells .......................... Error! Bookmark not defined. Fig (82) Effect of endotoxins on the macrophages.............................. Error! Bookmark not defined. Fig (83) Effect of endotoxins on the cell membrane ........................... Error! Bookmark not defined. Fig (84) Pathogenesis of septicemia .................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined. Fig (85) Causes of sudden death.......................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined. Fig (86) Causes and results of stress ................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined. Fig (87) Simple pathogenesis of stress ................................................ Error! Bookmark not defined. Fig (88) Pathogenesis of pain .............................................................. Error! Bookmark not defined. Fig (89) Consequences of pain ............................................................ Error! Bookmark not defined. Fig (90) Normal homeostasis and hormonal control of K+................. Error! Bookmark not defined. Fig (91) Pathogenesis and clinical symptoms of hypokalemia ........... Error! Bookmark not defined. Fig (92) Effect of metabolic acidosis and alkalosis on K+ ion ........... Error! Bookmark not defined. Fig (93) Sites of injection in cattle ....................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined. Fig (94) Examination of lymph nodes in cattle ................................... Error! Bookmark not defined. Fig (95) Structure of the mammary gland. .......................................... Error! Bookmark not defined. Fig (96) Stimulation of the milk let down ............................................ Error! Bookmark not defined. Fig (97) CMT (California mastitis test) paddle .................................... Error! Bookmark not defined. Fig (98) Udder and belly oedema and congestion ............................... Error! Bookmark not defined. -XFig (99) Horse shoe like lesion on the teat in pseudocow pox ............ Error! Bookmark not defined. Fig (100) Area of percussion and auscultation in cattle ...................... Error! Bookmark not defined. Fig (101) Localized distention of the abdomen .................................... Error! Bookmark not defined. Fig (102) GIT in cattle ......................................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined. Figure (103) Development of bovine stomach compartments from birth to maturity ................. Error! Bookmark not defined. Fig (104) Position of stomach tube through the oral passage into the rumen ....Error! Bookmark not defined. Fig (105) Simple structure of immune system .................................... Error! Bookmark not defined. Fig (106) Classification of immundeficiecny diseases ........................ Error! Bookmark not defined. Fig (107) Dealing with hypothermic lamb .......................................... Error! Bookmark not defined. Fig (108) Schema of clinical examination of the animal ..................... Error! Bookmark not defined. -XI- List of tables Table (1) Biochemical parameters in pregnancy toxemic and normal pregnant goat does. ...... Error! Bookmark not defined. Table (2)Comparison between swayback and enzootic ataxia ............. Error! Bookmark not defined. Table (3) Clinical signs of acute and chronic enteritis ......................... Error! Bookmark not defined. Table (4) Different types of calculi according to urine pH .................. Error! Bookmark not defined. Table (5) Primary and secondary casues of urticaria............................ Error! Bookmark not defined. Table (6) Differential diagnosis of pharyngeal diseases: .................... Error! Bookmark not defined. Table (7) Different degrees of dehydration .......................................... Error! Bookmark not defined. Table (8) Clinical signs of hypothermia .............................................. Error! Bookmark not defined. Table (9 ) California mastitis test interpretation. .................................. Error! Bookmark not defined. Table (10) Examination of different valves of the heart ..................... Error! Bookmark not defined. Table (11) Abnormal percussion of the heart ...................................... Error! Bookmark not defined. Table (12) Normal heart sounds ........................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined. Table (13) Abnormal heart sound by ausculatation (Murmurs) ........... Error! Bookmark not defined. Table (14) Abnormal gait in small ruminant ........................................ Error! Bookmark not defined. Table (15) Different types of tremors and concvulsion ....................... Error! Bookmark not defined. Table (16) Symptoms and its indications in the ruminant .................... Error! Bookmark not defined. Table (17) Camel diseases and its common causes ............................. Error! Bookmark not defined. Table( 18) Terminology frequently used to designate body parts of organs: .....Error! Bookmark not defined. Table (19) Common drugs used in the veterinary field ........................ Error! Bookmark not defined. Table (20) Normal respiratory rate in ruminant .................................. Error! Bookmark not defined. Table (21) Normal Temperature Ranges in ruminant ......................... Error! Bookmark not defined. Table (22) Normal Pulse Rate (Beats/Minute )in ruminant ................ Error! Bookmark not defined. Table (23) Estrus, gestation, age of breeding and suckling period in ruminants. .. Error! Bookmark not defined. Table (24) Normal serum values in cow .............................................. Error! Bookmark not defined. Table (25) Normal Hematological Values for cow .............................. Error! Bookmark not defined. Table (26) Normal Hematological Values for sheep ........................... Error! Bookmark not defined. Table ( 27) Normal serum values in sheep .......................................... Error! Bookmark not defined. Table (28) Normal Hematology Values for Goat ................................ Error! Bookmark not defined. Table (29) Normal serum values in goat ............................................. Error! Bookmark not defined. Table (30) Saliva profile in buffaloes. ................................................. Error! Bookmark not defined. Table ( 31) Suspected diagnosis of clinical cases ................................ Error! Bookmark not defined. Table (32) Model answer of MCQ ..................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined. Table (33) Model answer of the most common causes ........................ Error! Bookmark not defined. Table (34) Model answer of ( ) and (X) questions:- ........................ Error! Bookmark not defined. -XII- List of abbreviations ACTH ADH ALT AST bpm Bl Ca CHF CNS CPK CSF CT Cu DCT DHCC DIC DLC DM DRS ECF ECG FMD GCB GGT GIT GLB GOT GSH-Px H+ HES H2O2 Hb HC HCO3HLB HM Hr ICF IL IM IU Adrenocorticotrophic hormone Antidiuretic hormone Alanine aminotransferase Aspartate aminotransferase Beats per minute Blood Calcium Congestive heart failure Central nervous system Creatine phosphokinase Cerebrospinal fluid Connective tissue Copper Distilled convoluted tubules Dihydroxycholecalciferol Disseminated intravascular coagulation Differential leucocytic count Dry matter Dorasal ruminal sac Extracellular fluid Electrocardiography Foot and mouth disease Grain concentrate bloat Gamma Glutamyltransferase Gastrointestinal tract Grain legume bloat Glutamate amino transferase Glutathion peroxidase Hydrogen ion Hydroxy ethyle starch Hydrogen peroxide Hemoglobin Hypocalcaemia Bicarbonate Hay legume bloat Hypomagnesaemia Hour Intracellular fluid Interleukin Intramuscular International unite -XIIIIV JVP LA LN Mg N NH4+ NMD OPT PCo2 PCT PCV PD ppm PTR RBCs SC Se SG Se RU VFA Vit T3 T4 TB TLC TNF TPP VDI VRS WLD WMD Ws Intravenous Jagular vein pulsation Long acting Lymph node Magnesium Normal Ammonia Nutritional muscular dystrophy Ovine pregnancy toxemia Partial pressure of carbon dioxide Proximal convoluted tubules Packed cell volume Periodental disease Parte per million Pulse,temperatura and respiration Red blood corpuscles Subcutaneous Selenium Salivary gland Selenium responsive unthriftness Volatile fatty acid Vitamin Triiodotyrosine Tetraiodtyrosine Tuberculosis Total leucocytic count Tumor necrosis factor Thiamin pyrophosphate Veterinary drug index Ventral ruminal sac White liver disease White muscle disease Weeks -14- Introduction Ruminant medicine is one of the most important branch in the veterinary medicine as the ruminant animals play an important role in the animal production and in the economic state of the country, so diseases that affecting the ruminant have great effect on the animal production as well as in the economic state of the country . In this book (Guide In Ruminant Medicine ) we try to highlight on the most important medicinal problems which can occur in the ruminant and affect on the general health and productivities of the ruminant with explanation of the main etiological and predisposing factors of the diseases as well as pathogenesis, clinical forms, methods of diagnosis and the main lines of treatment and control of the most important medicinal diseases that affecting sheep, goat, cattle, buffalos, and camel. This book consists of main six parts, (I)Small Ruminant Medicine ( sheep and goat), (II) Large Ruminant Medicine (cattle and buffalo) , (III) Some of general systemic and toxic diseases (IV) Practical ruminant medicine (V) Camel Medicine and (VI) MCQ and study questions with appendix including glossary of the most common veterinary terminology, veterinary drug index, normal physiological parameters and normal laboratory values of ruminants. We try in this book to be suitable for the students of the facilities of veterinary medicine, veterinarians as well as the students of the postgraduate studies. Abd Elghany Hefnawy Abd Elghany -15- Dedication I would like to thank all the members of my family, my father, my mother, my brothers and sisters as well as my family, my daughters Rewaa and Noran and my sons Karim, Basel, Mazen and Serag for their Permanente support and patient until completing this work. Also I would like to thank Mr. Samuel Gomez and his wife Esther Selene and their daughter Cesia for their support to me until completing this work in Mexico.
