Concept List
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AP Biology Concept List (Yes, I know it’s ridiculously long. Don’t blame me, I didn’t invent biology.) CH 1 – Evolution and Science Hypothesis Independent Variable Dependent Variable Experimental Group Control Group Repetition Minimizing Variables CH 2 – Water Polarity Cohesion Adhesion Surface Tension Specific Heat Heat of Vaporization Solution Solute Solvent Hydrophobic Hydrophilic Hydrogen ion Hydroxide ion Acid Base pH Buffer CH 3 – Macromolecules Monomer Polymer Condensation Hydrolysis Carbohydrate Monosaccharide Glycosidic Linkage Disaccharide Polysaccharide Starch Glycogen Cellulose Chitin Lipid Fatty Acid Glycerol Saturated Unsaturated Triglyceride Ester linkage Phospholipid Steroid Cholesterol Protein Polypeptide Amino Acid Peptide Bond Primary Structure Secondary Tertiary Quaternary Denaturation CH 4 - Cytology Cell wall (cellulose, chitin, peptidoglycan) Central vacuole Cilium/flagellum Cytoskeleton (microtubules, microfilaments) Endoplasmic reticulum (smooth, rough) Vacuole Golgi apparatus Lysosome Nucleus (envelope, pores, nucleolus, chromatin, chromosome) Ribosome Mitochondrion Chloroplast Endosymbiotic Theory Cell Junction (gap, plasmodesma, tight, desmosome) CH 5 – Transport Selective permeability Passive transport concentration gradient Diffusion Facilitated diffusion carrier protein Channel protein Aquaporin gated channel Transport protein Osmosis Water potential Solute potential Pressure potential Isotonic solution hypertonic solution plasmolysis Hypotonic solution turgor pressure Cytolysis Active transport Electrochemical gradient Membrane potential pump Endocytosis phagocytosis pinocytosis exocytosis Paracrine signaling synaptic signaling Endocrine signaling reception Signal molecule (ligand) Transduction Kinase (phosphorylation) Phosphatase (dephosphorylation) Response CH 6 - Metabolism Catabolic Anabolic Endergonic Exergonic Activation energy Enzyme Substrate Active site Allosteric site Saturation Denaturation Cofactor Coenzyme Competitive inhibitor Noncompetitive inhibitor Feedback inhibition Cooperativity CH 7 – Cellular Respiration Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP) Proton / Hydrogen ion ATP Synthase Water (H2O) NADH FADH2 Pyruvate Carbon dioxide (CO2) Glucose (C6H12O6) Oxaloacetate Acetyl Coenzyme A Citrate Lactic Acid Ethanol Cytoplasm Mitochondrion Matrix Inner mitochondrial membrane Intermembrane space Cellular Respiration Glycolysis Krebs cycle Chemiosmosis Fermentation Electron Transport Chain CH 8 – Photosynthesis Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP) Proton / Hydrogen ion ATP Synthase Water (H2O) NADPH Chlorophyll Carbon dioxide (CO2) Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate Glucose (C6H12O6) Ribulose bisphosphate Ribulose bisphosphate carboxylase Chloroplast Thylakoid space Thylakoid membrane Stroma Photosystem II Photosystem I Photosynthesis Light Reactions Chemiosmosis Electron Transport Chain Dark Reactions Carbon Fixation C4 Pathway CAM Pathway CH 9 – Cell Cycle Chromosomes Somatic Cells Gametes Chromatin Sister chromatids Centromere Mitosis Cytokinesis Interphase S phase G1 phase G2 phase Prophase Metaphase Anaphase Telophase Centrosome Spindle Kinetochore Microtubule Metaphase plate Cleavage furrow Cell plate Binary fission Density dependence Anchorage dependence Cancer Tumor Benign Malignant Metastasis CH 10 – Meiosis Heredity Variation Genetics Gene Asexual reproduction Sexual reproduction Karyotype Homologous Autosomes Sex chromosomes Haploid Diploid Fertilization Meiosis Alternation of generations Tetrad Synapsis Chiasma(ta) Recombination Independent assortment CH 11 – Mendelian Genetics Gene Allele Dominant Recessive Independent assortment Punnett square Homozygous Heterozygous Genotype Phenotype Testcross Incomplete dominance Codominance Multiple Alleles Polygenic inheritance Pedigree Cystic Fibrosis Tay-sachs disease Sickle-cell disease Huntington disease Amniocentesis Chorionic villus sampling CH 12 – Chromosomal Inheritance X-linked genes Mosaic expression Linked genes Chi-squared analysis Recombination Parental type Recombinant type Recombination frequency Linkage map Sex chromosomes Barr body Nondisjunction Aneuploidy Trisomy (2n+1) Monosomy (2n-1) Polyploidy Deletion Duplication Inversion Translocation Extranuclear inheritance CH 13 – Molecular Inheritance DNA structure Deoxyribose Phosphate group Adenine Guanine Cytosine Thymine Antiparallel DNA replication Semiconservative Origin of replication Helicase Single-strand binding protein Topoisomerase Primase DNA polymerase Leading strand Lagging strand Okazaki fragments Ligase Nuclease Telomere Telomerase Recombinant DNA Gene cloning Restriction enzymes Sticky ends Plasmid Polymerase Chain Reaction Gel electrophoresis RFLP DNA Fingerprinting CH 14 – Geneď Protein Transcription RNA polymerase Promoter Transcription factor Messenger RNA RNA splicing Intron Exon Ribozyme Translation Codon Transfer RNA Anticodon Signal peptide Signal recognition particle Point mutations Substitution Insertion Deletion Silent mutation Missense mutation Nonsense mutation Frameshift mutation CH 15 – Regulation Operon Inducible Repressible Promoter Operator Repressor Transformation Conjugation Transduction Chromatin Heterochromatin Euchromatin Histone Methylation Acetylation Alternative splicing RNA Degradation Protein Degradation Ubiquitin Proteasomes Proto-oncogenes Amplification Transposition Tumor suppressor genes CH 17 – Viruses Virus Capsid Envelope Budding Glycoprotein Lytic Virulent Lysis Lysogenic Temperate Prophage Provirus Retrovirus Reverse Transcriptase Vaccine Viral emergence Viroid Prion CH 19 – Descent with Modification Descent with modification Fossil record (paleontology) Morphology Homology Analogy Vestigial structures Embryology Molecular comparison Natural selection Adaptation CH 20 – Phylogeny Molecular clock [Linnaean classification levels] Specific epithet Phylogeny Phylogenetic tree Shared ancestral character Shared derived character Monophyletic Paraphyletic Polyphyletic Domain CH 21 – Population Genetics Population Species Gene Pool Hardy-Weinberg Theorem p, q, p2, q2, 2pq Genetic Drift Gene Flow Bottleneck Effect Founder Effect Natural Selection Mutation Directional Selection Diversifying Selection Stabilizing Selection CH 22 – Speciation r-selected species K-selected species Macroevolution Speciation Allopatric Sympatric Prezygotic barriers Postzygotic barriers Habitat isolation Behavioral isolation Temporal isolation Gametic isolation Mechanical isolation Reduced hybrid viability Reduced hybrid fertility Hybrid breakdown Adaptive radiation Hybrid zones Reinforcement Fusion Stability CH 24 – Prokaryotes Prokaryote Bacteria Archaea Domain Peptidoglycan Gram stain Gram + Gram – Capsule Taxis Plasmid Binary fission Transformation Conjugation Transduction Endospore Antibiotics Photoautotroph Chemoautotroph Photoheterotroph Chemoheterotroph Nitrogen fixation Obligate aerobe Facultative anaerobe Obligate anaerobe Symbiosis Mutualism Parasitism Commensalism Exotoxin Endotoxin Bioremediation 25 – Protists Eukarya Protista Serial endosymbiosis Monophyletic Paraphyletic Algae Protozoa Giardiasis Mixotrophic Dinoflagellate Algal bloom Red tide Bioluminescence Malaria Ciliates Diatoms Silica Unicellular Colonial Multicellular Brown algae Agar Green algae Amoeba Cytoplasmic streaming CH 26 – Fungi Fungi Yeast Mold Saprobe Hypha Mycelium Spore Budding Plasmogamy Dikaryotic Heterokaryotic Karyogamy Lichen Mycorrhizae Zygomycota Ascomycota Basidiomycota CH 27 – Animalia Blastula Gastrula Protostomia Spiral cleavage Deuterostomia Radial cleavage Porifera Pore-bearing Parazoa Spicules (skeletal structures) Calcium carbonate Sessile Intracellular digestion Filter feeding Cnidaria Stinging animals Eumetazoa Diploblastic Endoderm Ectoderm Radial symmetry Extracellular digestion Gastrovascular Cavity Incomplete gut Cnidocytes Platyhelminthes Flatworms Bilateral symmetry Triploblastic Mesoderm Central nervous system Cephalization Anterior Posterior Dorsal Ventral Acoelomate Nematoda Roundworms Pseudocoelomate Complete gut Annelida Segmented worms Coelomate Closed circulation Mollusca Soft-bodied Foot Mantle Pearls Siphon Gill Open circulation Closed circulation Arthropoda Exoskeleton Chitin Jointed appendages Chordata Vertebrata Dorsal nerve cord Notochord Pharyngeal pouches Postanal tail Agnatha Jawless Ectothermy Vertebrae External fertilization Gnathostome Jawed mouth Chondrichthyes Cartilaginous fishes Internal fertilization Osteichthyes Bony fishes Ossification Swim bladder Amphibia Double life Metamorphosis Larva Lateral line Tympanic membrane Lungs Ammonia Urea Reptilia Creeping Amniotic egg • Amnion • Chorion • Allantois • Yolk sac • Albumen Keratin Aves Aviation Endothermy Mammalia Mammary glands Monotreme Egg-laying Marsupial Uterus and marsupium Placental Uterus with placenta CH 32 - Regulation Epithelium Connective Nervous Muscle Smooth Skeletal Cardiac Homeostasis Thermoregulation Convection Radiation Evaporation Conduction Countercurrent exchange Acclimatization Cryoprotectant Torpor Hibernation Estivation Excretion Osmoregulation Ammonia Urea Uric acid Urine Filtrate Reabsorption Protonephridia Metanephridia Malpighian tubules Kidney Nephron Glomerulus Bowman’s capsule Loop of Henle Aquaporin Collecting duct Anti-diuretic hormone CH 33 - Nutrition Undernourishment Malnourishment Essential nutrients Glucagon Insulin Ingestion Digestion (Mechanical & Chemical) Absorption Elimination Intracellular digestion Lysosome Extracellular digestion Gastrovascular cavity Incomplete gut Complete gut Esophagus Gall bladder Large intestine Liver Oral cavity Pancreas Small intestine Stomach Bile Lipase Nuclease Pancreatic amylase Pepsin Salivary amylase Trypsin Acid chyme Bolus Feces Dentition Rumen Cecum CH 34 - Circulation Open circulation Hemolymph Closed circulation Blood Interstitial fluid Atrium Ventricle Septum Systemic circuit Pulmonary circuit Superior vena cava Inferior vena cava Right atrium Right atrioventricular valve Right ventricle Right semilunar valve Pulmonary artery Lungs Pulmonary vein Left atrium Left atrioventricular valve Left ventricle Left semilunar valve Aorta Systole Diastole Heart rate Stroke volume Cardiac output Sinoatrial node Atrioventricular node Artery Arteriole Capillary Venule Vein Endothelium Plasma Erythrocyte (red) Thrombocyte (platelet) Leukocyte (white) Fibrin CH 35 - Immunity Innate immunity Lysozyme Mucus Mucous membrane Phagocytosis Leukocyte Neutrophil Macrophage Eosinophil Natural killer (NK) cell Inflammatory response Mast Cell Histamine Edema Interferon Adaptive immunity Lymphocyte Antigen B cell Humoral immunity Plasma B cell Antibody T cell Cell-mediated immunity Cytotoxic T cell Helper T cell Primary immune response Memory cell Secondary immune response Bone marrow CH 26, 28-31 – Plantae Abscisic acid Angiosperm Annual Anther Apical dominance Apoplastic Apoptosis Bark Biennial Bryophyte (moss) Carpel Cork Cortex Cuticle Dermal tissue Dicot Endodermis Endosperm Ethylene Gametophyte Germination Gibberellin Ground tissue Guard cell Gymnosperm Megaspore Meristem Microspore Monocot Ovule Perennial Petal Phloem Pollen Primary growth Pteridophyte (fern) Secondary growth Seed dormancy Sepal Spore Sporophyte Stamen Stigma Stoma Style Symplastic Taproot Transpiration Triple response Vascular cambium Vascular tissue Xylem