A PPENDIX L
(Source: 2003 Guidebook – Appendix G)
Appendix L
Examples of Municipal Water Conservation Measures
Sample Universe of Water Conservation Measures10
End Use
Conservation Measure
Customer Class
Shower
Low-flow showerheads (2.75 GPM)
Ultra-low flow showerheads (1.9 GPM)
Shower flow restrictors
SFR, MFR, COM
SFR, MFR, COM
SFR, MFR, COM
Faucets
Low-flow faucets
Low-flow faucet aerators
SFR, MFR, COM, IND, GVT
SFR, MFR, COM, IND, GVT
Toilets
Gravity-flow tank-type ULFT
Pressurized tank type ULFT
<1 GPF ULFT
SFR, MFR, COM
SFR, MFR, COM
SFR, MFR, COM
Toilet Retrofit
Displacement bags
Displacement bottles
Displacement dams
Dual-flush adapters
Fill cycle regulators
Early closure flappers
SFR, MFR, COM
SFR, MFR, COM
SFR, MFR, COM
SFR, MFR, COM
SFR, MFR, COM
SFR, MFR, COM
Leaks – Faucet
Faucet Washers
SFR, MFR, COM
Leaks – Toilet
Flapper valves Fill valves
Leak detection tablets
Flapper valves Fill valves
SFR, MFR, COM
SFR, MFR, COM
SFR, MFR, COM
Washers
Lower volume vertical axis
Horizontal axis machines
SFR, MFR
SFR, MFR
Dishwashers
Lower volume dishwashers
SFR, MFR
Residential – Misc.
Replace self-regenerating water softeners
Point-of-use water heaters
Individual dwelling unit sub-meters
Separate irrigation sub-meters
Metering all accounts
Water pressure regulator
SFR, MFR
SFR, MFR
MFR
MFR, COM, IND, IRR, GVT
SFR, MFR, COM, IND, IRR, GVT
SFR, MFR
10
Source: American Water Works Association (AWWA), undated, Integrated Water Resource Planning, A Balanced Approach to Water
Resources Decision Making.
APPENDIX L
A PPENDIX L
Residential – Outdoor
Hose control nozzles
Garden hose timers
Drip irrigation system
Bubbler/soaker irrigation system
Automatic sprinkler system
Soil sensors
Rain sensors
Water efficient plant material
Xeriscaping
Turf replacement/reduction
Irrigation scheduling
Soil preparation/mulching
Greywater systems
Rainwater collector/cistern
Swimming pool covers
SFR, MFR
SFR, MFR
SFR, MFR
SFR, MFR
SFR, MFR
SFR, MFR
SFR, MFR
SFR, MFR
SFR, MFR
SFR, MFR
SFR, MFR
SFR, MFR
SFR, MFR
SFR, MFR
SFR, MFR
Commercial – Toilets
Commercial ULFT
ULFT valve replacement
Ultra-low flush urinals
Ultra-low flush urinal valve replacement
Infra-red activated flushing
COM, IND, GVT
COM, IND
COM, IND, GVT
COM, IND, GVT
COM, IND, GVT
Commercial – Faucets
Pressure closing
Spring loaded infrared activated
Ultrasonic activated
Foot operated
COM, IND, GVT
COM, IND, GVT
COM, IND, GVT
COM, IND, GVT
Commercial – Misc.
Point-of-use water heaters
Recirculating hot water systems
Swimming pool covers
Centralized regeneration water softeners
Meter-controlled flushing water softeners
COM, IND, GVT
COM, IND, GVT
COM,GVT
COM, GVT
COM, GVT
Commercial – Washers
Efficient machines (laundromat capacity)
Recycling machines
Batch washers
Tunnel washers
Rinse water reclaim systems
Ozonated washing machines
COM, GVT
COM, GVT
COM, GVT
COM, GVT
COM, GVT
COM, GVT
Car Washes
Low volume car washes
Recirculating/counter-current car washes
COM, GVT
COM, GVT
APPENDIX L
A PPENDIX L
Air-Cooled Machinery
Air conditioners (HVAC)
Chillers
Pumps
Compressors
Ice-makers
Cold-water drinking fountains
Medical equipment (sterilizers, X-ray equipment, etc.)
Laboratory equipment (pumps. Deionizers, etc.)
COM, GVT
COM, GVT
COM, GVT
COM, GVT
COM, GVT
COM, GVT
GVT
GVT
Food Handling
Water-efficient dishwashers
Recirculating dishwashers
Chemical sanitizer dishwashers
Conveyor dishwashers
Ultrasound dishwashers
Dishwasher water reuse systems
Warming tables with dry heat
Garbage disposers using recycled water
Off-site garbage disposal
COM, GVT
COM, GVT
COM, GVT
COM, GVT
COM, GVT
COM, GVT
COM, GVT
COM, GVT
COM, GVT
Heat Exchanges/Boilers
Closed loop
Steam condensate return systems
COM, GVT
COM, IND, GVT
Cooling Tower Modifications
Drift eliminators
Connections to alternative make-up sources
Conductivity meters for blow-down control
Flow meters on make-up and blow-down valves
Fixed ppm discharge minimum requirements
Eliminate/replace all single-pass cooling systems
COM, IND, GVT
Cooling Towers
Process changes to reach higher cooling tower of
concentration (from standard 1-2 to 6 or more)
- Ozonation systems
- Acid treatment systems
- Ion exchange systems
- Lime softening systems
- Sidestream filtration systems
- Magnetic attraction systems
- Electrostatic field generator systems
Evaporative Cooler
Reroute and reuse blow down
Thermostat controllers
COM, IND, GVT
COM, IND, GVT
APPENDIX L
A PPENDIX L
Solenoid and Other Automatic
Valves for Water Flow Control
Timer controls/delay switches
Mechanical motion-sensors
Electronic motion sensors
Float valves on make-up reservoirs
Conductivity probes
Temperature probes
Master off-hour control valves
IND
Industrial Washers and Rinsers
(least efficient-continuous
running bath rinsers)
Quick-dump rinsers with timers or conductivity
probes
Counter current washers and rinsers
Spray rinsing systems
Air knives
Drag-out elimination stages
Return drains
IND
High Pressure / Low Volume
Spray Nozzles
Conveyor systems
Washers and rinsers
Warmers
Chillers
IND
Closed System/Batch Dump
Chillers/Warmers
IND
On-Site Water Reclamation /
Treatment Systems
Ultrafiltration
Activated carbon filtration
Ion exchange processes
Reverse osmosis
Vapor compression evaporation
Deionized water reclaim loops
IND
Greywater: use reclaimed /
treated process water in a
lower quality process or
non-process use (includes
required dual-plumbing
modifications)
Cooling tower makeup systems
Landscape irrigation systems
Dust control systems
Cleaning systems
Once-through cooling systems
Toilet flushing systems
Fume/ gas scrubbing systems
Quenching systems
IND
Waste Stream Separation to
Facilitate Process Water
Reclamation
Separation of sanitary water stream and process
water stream
Segregation of toxic from non-toxic constituent
streams
Sewer bypass connections between point of
discharge and point of reuse
Facilities for temporary storage of process water
IND
APPENDIX L
A PPENDIX L
Custom Industrial Process
Operations (varies by industry)
Lower volume soap and water conveyor belt
lubrication systems
Lower volume bottle washer and rinser systems
Dyebath recirculation systems
High-pressure/ low-volume cleaning equipment
IND
Building – Outdoor
Sub-meter for irrigation
COM, IND, GVT
Large Landscape
Drip irrigation systems
Bubbler/Soaker irrigation systems
High-efficiency sprinkler system
Timers
Soil sensors
Rain sensors
Computer stations
Weather station hook-ups
Water efficient plant material
Xeriscaping
Turf replacement/reduction
Irrigation scheduling
Soil preparation/mulching
All weather artificial recreation surfaces
Recirculating water features
Greywater systems
Storage reservoir and pumping systems to capture
and use stormwater runoff
COM, IRR, IND, GVT
COM, IRR, IND, GVT
COM, IRR, IND, GVT
COM, IRR, IND, GVT
COM, IRR, IND, GVT
COM, IRR, IND, GVT
COM, IRR, IND, GVT
IRR, GVT
COM, IRR, IND, GVT
COM, IRR, IND, GVT
COM, IRR, IND, GVT
COM, IRR, IND, GVT
COM, IRR, IND, GVT
IRR, GVT
COM, IRR, IND, GVT
COM, IRR, IND, GVT
IRR, GVT
Distribution System
Leak detection and repair service training
Periodic valve servicing and adjustment
Periodic equipment servicing
UTL
UTL
UTL
Agricultural
Miscellaneous
ABBREVIATIONS
SFR:
Single Family Residences
GPM:
MFR:
Multi Family Residences
GPF:
COM:
Commercial
IND:
Industrial
GVT:
Government and Exempt Institutions
UTL:
Utility
IRR:
Irrigators / Large Landscapers
HVAC:
ULFT:
ppm:
Gallon(s) per minute
Gallon(s) per flush
Heating, ventilation, and air-conditioning systems
Ultra low flow toilet
parts per million
APPENDIX L
A PPENDIX L
This page left intentionally blank.
APPENDIX L