Chapter 1 animalia Archaea Bacteria bioinformatics biology biosphere cell community controlled experiment data deductive reasoning deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) discovery science ecosystem emergent properties Eukarya eukaryotic cell Fungi gene genome hypothesis inductive reasoning inquiry model molecule natural selection negative feedback organ organ system organelle organism plantae population positive feedback prokaryotic cell reductionism system systems biology technology theory tissue Chapter 2 anion atom atomic mass atomic nucleus atomic number cation chemical bond chemical equilibrium chemical reaction compound covalent bond dalton electron electron shell electronegativity element energy energy level hydrogen bond ion ionic bond ionic compound isotope mass number matter molecular formula molecule neutron nonpolar covalent bond orbital periodic table of the elements polar covalent bond potential energy product proton radioactive isotope reactant salt structural formula trace element valence valence electron valence shell van der Waals interactions Chapter 3 acid acid precipitation adhesion aqueous solution base buffer calorie (cal) Celsius scale cohesion colloid evaporative cooling heat heat of vaporization hydration shell hydrogen ion hydrophilic hydrophobic hydroxide ion joule (J) kilocalorie (kcal) kinetic energy molarity mole (mol) molecular mass pH polar molecule solute solution solvent specific heat surface tension temperature Chapter 4 amino group carbonyl group carboxyl group cis enantiomer functional group geometric isomer hydrocarbon hydroxyl group isomer organic chemistry phosphate group structural isomer sulfhydryl group trans Chapter 5 alpha (a) helix amino acid antiparallel beta (b) pleated sheet carbohydrate catalyst cellulose chaperonin chitin cholesterol condensation reaction dehydration reaction denaturation deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) deoxyribose disaccharide disulfide bridge double helix fat (triacylglycerol) fatty acid gene glycogen glycosidic linkage hydrolysis hydrophobic interaction lipid macromolecule monomer monosaccharide nucleic acid nucleotide peptide bond phospholipid polymer polynucleotide polypeptide polysaccharide primary structure protein purine pyrimidine quaternary structure ribonucleic acid (RNA) ribose saturated fatty acid secondary structure starch steroid tertiary structure triacylglycerol unsaturated fatty acid X-ray crystallography