mass = amount of stuff = kg
COUNTING PARTICLES
weight = force due to mass and gravity
Metric Units
seconds
grams
meters
liters
joules
Energy Forms
The two most basic substances in the entire
(Greek 335 BC) - deductive
universe are matter and energy. Aristotle
EARTH; WIND; FIRE; WATER
matter: stuff, takes up space- volume, has
mass and weight, does not move – by itself
energy: the ability to do work or make E=MC2
things move, does not have mass or
volume, moves, described by the things
that it does - its interaction with
matter; measured in joules (J)
 force (f): any push or pull; any influence, such as
gravity, that can change the motion of an object;
measured in newtons (N)
weight = pounds = lbs = FORCE DUE TO GRAVITY
horsepower = foot pounds = torque (twisting power)
F=ma; force = mass times acceleration
kg*m/s2
 work (W): a force that acts over a distance or
the movement of an object from one location or
position to another; transfer of energy - all
energy transformations are work; measured in
joules (J); work equals force times distance
W=f×d
Metric unit: J = newton* meter
English unit: calories
1 BTU = 255 calories = 1055J
meter = one ten-millionth of the distance
from the Earth's equator to the North Pole
(at sea level),
How much work has been done if a 200N box is pushed 3 meters?
Energy forms: PE, KE
Energy types: ME, SE, RE, EE, TE, NE, CE
Energy Sources: biomass, solar, wind, petroleum, geothermal, etc
Energy Forms - 2
 Energy can either be used right away or stored
for use later. Energy is described by:
Distance = 0
1
2
so work = 0
NO WORK its position / shape or chemistry / W=f*d
3
composition - Potential Energy GPE = weight
times height
WORK  its motion - Kinetic Energy
These are ways that energy is measured – not types of energy!
Energy that is stored and is not being used is
called potential energy (PE). It is the energy an
1
2
object has because of its position or shape and its
3
chemistry or composition (what it is made of). PE
is measured in joules (J) Examples:
stretched rubber band or spring charged battery
tank of gasoline
sugar heavy object
any type or fuel or food
Kinetic energy (KE) is energy in motion that is
being used. All moving objects have kinetic energy
and are doing work. The amount of kinetic energy
of an object depends on its mass and speed. The
faster an object moves or the more massive it is,
the more kinetic energy it has. Kinetic energy is
also measured in joules (J).
2
KE = ½ mv
Energy Forms- 3
The seven forms of energy are:
ME
mechanical = PE + KE
SE
sound = PE+ KE
CE
chemical = PE
NE
nuclear = PE
TE
RE
EE
thermal = KE
radiant = KE
electrical = KE
ME system = any moving object – pendulum,
ball, gears, bicycle, car, you, etc.
Mechanical energy (ME): the energy of moving
objects; may include either potential or kinetic energy
types, or it may include both at the same time.
When PE is maximum then KE = 0;
When KE is maximum then PE = 0
The mechanical energy of an object can be measured
by adding its potential and kinetic energies together.
The amount of an object’s PE or KE may change, but it
mechanical energy must remain constant. When KE
increases, PE must decrease, or when KE decreases, PE
must increase.
ME = PE + KE
conservation of energy?
1st law of thermodynamics?
If ME is constant and KE
then PE
If ME is constant and KE
then PE
Energy Forms – 4
 A pendulum clock is a compound machine that uses
stored energy to do work. A spring stores energy,
and with each swing, some of the PE is converted to
KE to move the hands. At the top of the swing PE is
greatest and KE = 0. At the bottom of the swing, KE
is the greatest and PE = 0. At any time, the PE and
KE can be added to find the total energy of the
system. The
If the KE = 200J and
increases, and the PE
= 200J, what is the
ME? Where is it in its
swing? _____
_____
same concept
applies with
stretching
materials like
PE = Max
PE = Max
springs and
rubber bands.
In a pendulum if the ME =
200J and the KE = 150J
and decreasing, what is
the PE and where is it in
its swing?
_____
_____
A
E
B
C
KE = Max
D
Sound = compression wave = P wave, like dominoes
Is there sound in outer space?
Energy Forms - 5
Sound energy (SE): the vibration of
particles along a path; Vibrating particles
transmit their KE to the resting PE particle
next to it. The energy is transmitted from
particle to particle forming a chain or
compression wave. PE and KE are determined
by the spacing or position of the particles.
The closer the particles, the faster the wave,
and the higher the KE.
SE = KE + PE
KE – closely spaced particles push
speed of sound: air 68°F = 1130 ft/s, 770 mph
water = 5000 ft/s, 3409 mph
PE – widely spaced particles
are at rest - equilibrium
steel = 20,000 ft/s, 13,636 mph
Polymer = chains of molecules: CH4 methane; C3H8 propane; C7 H16 gasoline; C12 diesel/fuel oil;
C16 lubricating oil; C20+ asphalt/tar/wax
Energy Forms - 6
1 BTU = 255 calories = 1055J
Most oil is turned into plastic not gasoline!
Chemical energy: Stored energy (PE) that holds
atoms and molecules together. All stuff has chemical
energy! Larger molecules have more chemical energy
than smaller ones. Examples: releasing their stored energy
ANYTHING INTO OIL?
sugar (carbohydrates)
gasoline (hydrocarbons) Thermal Depolymerization?
peak oil - point at which the earth's supply of oil will no
be able to meet our energy needs. Oil is not a
ATP (cells)
acids/bases - batteries longer
renewable energy source, will be exhausted at some
any type or fuel or food all molecules!!! point in the future.
Fuel = molecules that break apart easy
C6H12O6 = sugar
carbs = long sugar chains
fats = long carb chains
ANWR?
Where does stuff go when it burns up? Chemical
reactions (breaking of atomic bonds) such as burning
gasoline or digesting food releases the stored chemical
energy and changes it into another form of energy
(usually heat) which leaves the system. Energy is lost
but total mass always stays the same. Combustion
(burning) changes the size and shape of the materials,
but the total mass is exactly the same before and after.

1st LAW
Thermodynamics
Law of Conservation of Mass:
Mass (matter) cannot be created or destroyed.
mass in (reactants) = mass out (products)
Matter is never lost! It goes somewhere, even if you can’t see it!!
Difference between CE and NE?
CE = atoms; NE = protons and neutrons; NE = most energy of all types
Energy Forms - 7
Nuclear energy: the energy that holds protons
and neutrons together inside the nucleus of an
atom; PE; produced in two ways. energy source every discovered.
It is the most powerful
Nuclear fusion: energy stored in hydrogen atoms join to
form helium releasing large amounts of electromagnetic
energy
Nuclear waste/pollution? Nuclear energy is clean!!!! Environmentally friendly!!
sun’s energy!
safety? driving vs flying
Nuclear fission: the nuclei of large atoms are split
converting the potential nuclear energy into kinetic

reactors – technology; 230 years to 1000 yrs?
electromagnetic energy nuclear
still nonrenewable; 10 million times as much heat as coal
Cold metal versus warm plastic?
Conductors versus insulators?
Thermal energy: TE is also called heat energy.
All atoms and molecules are in motion at all times.
At room temperature, atoms jiggle at about 1000
mph. Heat energy is the total kinetic energy (KE)
of the particles that make an object or the
random motion or vibration of atoms or molecules
within matter.
Friction = heat from things touching = energy conversion ME (KE) changing into TE (KE)
atoms - tiny particles that make all matter;
include protons, neutron, electrons
molecules - combinations of atoms
At high temps, atoms giggle faster and melt or evaporate
At low temps, atoms giggle slower and condense or freeze
Energy Forms - 8
Electrical energy: the movement of electrons
through matter; KE; electricity is created when
electrons are knocked out of their orbit
Electrons are tiny particles that spin around the
nucleus of atoms and bind them together.
Two kinds of electricity:
static electricity: the random and scattered
movement of electrons, they spread out; no work is
electrical safety? 50,000 Volts versus 0.1 Amps – heart
done. lightning?
attack/death; 0.018A breathing difficulty/suffocation; 0.0001A human perception
current electricity is the continuous flow of
electrons along a directed path called a circuit;
work is done.
EE is measured by its electromotive force (EMF) or
volatage in volts (V), by its volume of flow of electrons
in amperes (A), and by its resistance to electron flow
in ohms (Ω).
EE: secondary source of energy - must use another
energy source to make it. Coal is the number one
energy source used for generating electricity.
EE: Energy carrier because it is an efficient and safe
way to move energy from one place to another.
Energy Forms - 9
Making electricity:
We use magnets to make electricity.
Power plants use huge turbine generators
that spin really fast by the use of steam or
by the use of wind, or rushing water in a
dam.
Steam can be produced by various fuel
sources such as coal, oil, natural gas, or
uranium (nuclear).
The turbine is attached to a shaft with
coils of wire surrounded by permanent
magnets. As the shaft spins, electrons are pushed by the
magnetic field. The moving electrons are the electricity that
flows to our houses. It moves very fast. In just one second,
electricity can travel around the world seven times.
12,000 volts
residence
120 volts
230,000 volts
Receiving Station
69,000 volts
Distribution Station
local substations
Energy Forms - 10
Energy Forms - 11
Difference between light and sound?
Radiant energy: the energy from electromagnetic
waves; KE; travels at 186,000 miles per second; can
be travel through a vacuum - does not need matter.
electromagnetism - a wave of pure energy defined
by its wavelength and frequency (the amount of
energy in a space). It includes radio waves (not
sound waves), TV waves, infrared (heat), visible
light, ultra violet, X-rays, gamma rays.
Light is pure energy that moves in waves
spectrum = range of energy types
PEAK OIL
World discovery of oil peaked in the 1960s, and has declined since then. If the
40 year cycle seen in the US holds true for world oil production, that puts
global peak oil production, right about now; after which oil becomes less
available, and more expensive.
Today we consume around 4 times as much oil as we discover.
If we apply Hubbert's Peak to world oil production we estimate that
approximately half of all oil that will be recovered, has been recovered, and oil
production may reach a peak in the near future, or perhaps already has.
http://peakoil.com/what-is-peak-oil/
HYDROCARBONS
In a 42 gallon
barrel of crude oil
20 gal
0.2 gal
4 gal
9 gal
0.5 gal
2 gal
6 gal
NUCLEAR REACTION
ELECTRICAL SAFETY
As shown in the chart, shock is relatively more severe as the current rises. For
currents above 10 milliamps, muscular contractions are so strong that the victim
cannot let go of the wire that is shocking him. At values as low as 20 milliamps,
breathing becomes labored, finally ceasing completely even at values below 75
milliamps.
As the current approaches 100 milliamps, ventricular fibrillation of the heart
occurs - an uncoordinated twitching of the walls of the heart's ventricles which
results in death.
Above 200 milliamps, the muscular contractions are so severe that the heart is
forcibly clamped during the shock. This clamping protects the heart from going
into ventricular fibrillation, and the victim's chances for survival are good.