CHAPTER IV
FINDING AND DISCUSSION
This chapter presents and discusses the finding that have found in the
teenlit Cinderella Rambut Pink by Dyan Nuranindya. Here the research finding to
be analyzed and answered the three problems study.
A. Data Presentation
Each point below is the answer of the study, those are : the types, reasons,
and frequency of occurrence code switching in the teenlit Cinderella Rambut Pink
by Dyan Nuranindya.
1. Types of code switching in the dialogues in the teenlit Cinderella Rambut
Pink by Dyan Nuranandya
The finding shows that there are four types use by speakers in the teenlit
Cinderella rambut pink by Dyan Nuranindya. Those are shown in the
explanation below:
a) Intra-sentential switches
This kind of code switching occurs within a clause or sentence boundary,
Examples are as follows:
Data (1)
“Dara, lima menit lagi on air, ya,”
Indonesia → English → Indonesia
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Data (2)
“Aku lagi pengen review CD Konig Band yang baru buat
majalah bulan depan.”
Indonesia (I) → English (E) → Indonesia (I)
Data (3)
“Masih jealous sama Bima?”
Indonesia (I) → English (E) → Indonesia (I)
In data (1), (2) and (3), the character switch from Indonesia to
English and back to Indonesia again.
Data (4)
“Double Ra. Dara, Rana. Dara and Rana,” ucapnya sambil
menunjuk Dara dan Rana bergantian.
English (E) → Indonesia (I) → English (E) → Indonesia (I)
In data (4) more complex than previous, because the character
switches code not only once in an utterance.
Data (5)
“Atau Bima loser?”
Indonesia (I) → English (E)
This data (5) is the simple one because only consist of switching
from Indonesia to English. Usually, it happens in the end of
sentence.
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Data (6)
“wait, wait, cowok itu…….”
English (E) → Indonesia (I)
This data (6) also is the simple one because only consist of
switching from English to Indonesia.
b) Inter-sentential switches
This kind of code switching occurs between clause or sentence
boundary, where each clause or sentence is in one language, these are the
examples of the data:
Data (7)
“Beres…. Cihuy deh!” teriak Jhony sambil mencium CD
pemberian Dara.”Love you, Darling!”
Data (8)
“Mata lo bagus. I like it.”
Data (9)
“Oh, jadi elo masih merasa diri lo malaikat? Hah? What a
pathetic person.”
For this kind of data (7), (8), and (9), the character switches Indonesia to
English in different utterance. The switching is begun from Indonesia first
then directly in English, but in different utterance.
(7)
“I’m not stupid,” Oscar. Kalo nggak begini, kamu nggak akan
mau ketemu aku.”
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In this example (10), almost same with example above but in English is
coming first then followed by Indonesia.
c) Establishing continuity switches
This kind of code switching occurs to continue the utterance of the
previous speaker, as when one Indonesian speaker speaks in English and
then another speaker tries to respond in English also.
These are the examples:
(13) Speaker 1
: “So, why don’t you go to Jakarta!” Papa tampak
emosi melihat tingkah laku anak bungsunya itu.
(14) Speaker 2
: “I have something to do here. Aku ingin
memperdalam hobi aku di sini, Pa….
For this example (13), both of speakers use English in their
conversation. The speaker 1 asks to speaker 2 with English, then speaker 2
directly answer with English too.
d) Emblematic switching
In this kind of code switching, tags, exclamation and certain set phrases in
one language are inserted into an utterance otherwise in another.
The examples are follows:
(16) “Cool….Peace!” ucap Dara nyengir sambil mengacungkan jari
tengah dan telunjuknya tanda damai.
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(17) “Love you, darling! teriak Jhony sambil mencium CD pemberian
Dara.
(18) “Wake up!” bentak orang itu bak pemimpin di sekolah militer.
(19) So, get out!
(20) “Sorry,” ucap Dara pelan, nggak enak hati.
(21) “Surprise!”
(22) “Peace”, Ran.
In example above, almost the characters use exclamation without any
inserting or switching to Indonesia in one utterance.
2. Social factors that influence the characters in the teenlit Cinderella
Rambut Pink by Dyan Nuranindya switch their bahasa Indonesia
When code switching or code mixing occurs, the motivation or
reasons of the speaker is an important consideration in the process. Here
some reasons why the characters switch their language:
1. Talking about a particular topic
People sometimes prefer to talk about a particular topic in one
language rather than in another. Sometimes, a speaker feels free and more
comfortable to express his/her emotional feelings in a language that is not
his/her everyday language.
The case can be found in this statement “Ciri-ciri cowok yang bisa
bikin 70 persen cewek di dunia ini klepek-klepek itu adalah cowok yang
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kelihatan cool, perut six-pack, agak cuek, dan punya tatapan maut.”. The
statement above shows that speakers are talking about a sexy boy.
2. Being emphatic about something (express solidarity)
As usual, when someone who is talking using a language that is not
his native language suddenly wants to be emphatic about something, he
either intentionally or unintentionally, will switch from his second
language to his first language. Or, on the other hand, he switches from his
second language to his first language because he feels more convenient to
be emphatic in his second language rather that in his first language.
It could be found in this sentence ““Beres…. Cihuy deh!” teriak
Jhony sambil mencium CD pemberian Dara.”Love you, Darling!”. The
statement above shows that speakers express their happiness by saying
love to the interlocutor.
3. Interjection (inserting sentence fillers or sentence connectors)
Interjection is words or expressions, which are inserted into a
sentence to convey surprise, strong emotion, or to gain attention.
Interjection is a short exclamation like:
Darn!, Hey!, Well!, Look!, etc. They have no grammatical value, but
speaker uses them quite often, usually more in speaking than in writing.
Language switching and language mixing among bilingual or multilingual
people can sometimes mark an interjection or sentence connector. It may
happen unintentionally.
The following are examples of the usage of interjection in sentences:
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(1)
“Cool…. Peace!”ucap Dara nyengir sambil mengacungkan jari
tengah dan telunjuknya tanda damai.
(2)
“Peace, Ran..”
4. Intention of clarifying the speech content for interlocutor
When
bilingual
or
multilingual
person
talks
to
another
bilingual/multilingual, there will be lots of code switching and code
mixing occurs. It means to make the content of his speech runs smoothly
and can be understood by the listener. A message in one code is repeated
in the other code in somewhat modified form. The statement that shows
this reason is: “Lomba foto itu sangat penting buatku, Pa. Let me do it,
”pinta Oscar. It shows that switching language use to make conversation
could be understand that speaker want to follow the competition.
5. Expressing group identity
Code switching and code mixing can also be used to express group
identity. The way of communication of academic people in their
disciplinary groupings, are obviously different from the other groups. In
other words, the way of communication of one community is different
from the people who are out of the community.
This reason could be found in “Dara, lima menit lagi on air, ya.”
The example above shows the group identity of broadcaster. It also
support by the speaker occupation, which is a broadcaster in a radio
station.
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6. To soften or strengthen request or command
For Indonesian people, mixing and switching Indonesian into
English can also function as a request because English is not their native
tongue, so it does not sound as direct as Indonesian. However, code
mixing and code switching can also strengthen a command since the
speaker can feel more powerful than the listener because he can use a
language that everybody cannot.
It shows in the example below:
I love you, Dar..Please ma’afin aku..”
Speaker asks apologize to the interlocutor by switching language in order
to strengthen their request.
7. Because of real lexical need
The most common reason for bilingual/multilingual person to
switch or mix their languages is due to the lack of equivalent lexicon in the
languages. When an English-Indonesian bilingual has a word that is
lacking in English, he will find it easier to say it in Indonesian. And vice
versa, when he has a word that is lacking in Indonesian, he will use the
English term. If it put into Indonesian, the meaning will be hazy / vague,
and sometime it would not be used. For example, in Indonesia, the
technical topics are firmly associated with English and the topic itself can
trigger a switch or mix to/with English.
The following example will support this reason:
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“Double Ra. Dara, Rana.”
Actually, Hoffman (1991) gives ten reasons bilingual person switch their
language, but only seven numbers that can be found in the teenlit Cinderella
Rambut Pink by Dyan Nuranindya.
3. The Frequency of Occurrence Types of Code Switching in the teenlit
Cinderella Rambut Pink by Dyan Nuranandya
a) The Frequency of Occurrence Types of Intra-sentential switches
This section presents the percentage analysis of classification of
Intra-sentential switches.
Table 4.1- The frequency of occurrence of Intra-sentential switches
Types of Intra-sentential switches
Number
Percentage
I→E→I
22
51.2 %
E→I→E→I
3
7%
I→E
11
25.6 %
E→I
7
16.2 %
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100 %
Total
Note:
E = English
I = Indonesia
Based on the table above, the most frequent Intra sentential switches is in
the form of I → E → I since it is found 51.2 %. Next, it is followed by
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English to Indonesia 7%, then Indonesia to English 25.6 %. And the last
frequent is 16.2 %.
b) The Frequency of Occurrence Types of Inter-sentential switches
The result of percentage analysis of Inter-sentential switches from
the teenlit Cinderella Rambut Pink is presented in the following table:
Table 4.2 – The frequency of occurrence of Inter-sentential switches
Types of Intra-sentential switches
Number
Percentage
I→E
6
75 %
E→I
2
25 %
8
100 %
Total
Note:
E = English
I = Indonesia
The table above shows the occurrence of Inter-sentential switches.
From the percentage analysis, found that two patterns have different
number. The first pattern is found 75 % and the second is only found 25%.
c) The Frequency of Occurrence Types of Establishing continuity
switches
This section presents the percentage analysis of occurrence
establishing continuity switches. Researcher only found one pattern for
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this type, so the number of frequency is 100 %, this type only occurred
twice entire the teenlit.
d) The Frequency of Occurrence Types of Emblematic switching
And for the last type of code switching, researcher found 9
numbers of occurrence of code switching in teenlit.
Table 4.3 – The frequency of occurrence types of code switching
Types of Code Switching
Percentage
Intra-sentential switches
69.3 %
Inter-sentential switches
13 %
Establishing Continuity switches
3.2 %
Emblematic switching
Total
14.5 %
100 %
From table 4.3 it is found out that the highest frequency found in
the novel is intra-sentential switching. It may because there are some
English words that are familiar to the characters so that they can easily use
them in their dialogues (within the sentence). And the lowest rank is
establishing continuity with the previous speaker. It may occur because the
characters think that they do not have to respond to the utterances of the
speakers which contain code switching and code mixing in the same way.
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B. Discussion of Research Finding
Based on data analysis, there are four types of code switching
occurring in the teenlit Cinderella Rambut Pink. Intra-sentential switches,
inter-sentential switches, establishing continuity and emblematic switching
are the types of code switching.
This study also analysis the factors or reasons of occurring it based
on Hoffman’s assumption. He gives the ten reasons why the characters
switch their language, but only several numbers occur in the teenlit. Those
are because talking about particular topic, being emphatic about
something, interjection, intention of clarifying the speech content for
interlocutor, expressing group identity, to soften or strengthen request or
command, and because of real lexical need.
It is in line with previous study is done by Dias Astuti Cakrawarti
in her Analysis of Code Switching and Code Mixing in the Teenlit
Canting Cantiq By Dyan Nuranindya (2011). She finds out the types and
the factors of code switching and code mixing based on Hoffman’s theory.
Next, the findings of this study also show the frequency of
occurrence code switching. Percentage of Inter-sentential switches occurs
in the amount of 69.3 % and Intra-sentential switches about 13 %. Next,
establishing continuity switches in the number 3.2 % and the last is
emblematic switching in the number of 14.5 %.