Dynamics of Collective Action, 1960-1995
Procedures for Mapping a Policy Agenda Project Code Onto Each Protest Event
from DAC
February 25, 2010
Candy Ku, Pat Rafail & Dan Wang
Introduction
The “crosswalk” generated claims codes for the Dynamics of Collective Action
(DCA) data that are comparable with Baumgartner and Jones’ Policy Agendas Project
(PAP) topic codes, which is called AGENDA_CODE in the dataset. Two major
procedures were used: first, the majority of the cases were recoded based on a similar
substantive topic grouping for both the DCA and PAP. Second, a total of 3,294 cases
were examined individually and given appropriate PAP codes. These cases either had
DCA values 1350 (Not In My Backyard), 1400 (Other Claims), and 1713 (Historical
Grievances, Anti-Land Seizures), or had impossible values due to minor errors in data
entry. Please note: only CLAIM1 was used in the crosswalk procedure.
Some events do not have PAP codes that are compatible with their claim
(CLAIM1). For these events, the PAP code of 99 (“Other, Miscellaneous, and Human
Interest”) was assigned. DCA claims codes (CLAIM1) for these events tend to also be
1350, 1400, and 1713 (See Table A2 for some examples of these events). Users should
also bear in mind that the PAP codes do not always align perfectly with the DCA codes.
A prime example is the DCA code of 2517 (“Racial/Ethnic Conflicts, Riots, Melees,
Confrontations”), which has the PAP code of 201 (“Racial Discrimination”). Another
prime example is the DCA code of 2503 (“Anti-Semitism”), which has the PAP code of
207 (“Freedom of Speech and Religion”). Other examples have implications on the
scope of analysis: for instance, for events with the DCA code of 711 (“Anti-Vietnam
War”) with the PAP code of 1619 (“Direct war-related issues”), the DCA code is
arguably more specific than the PAP code. And, there are examples that have
implications for the level of analysis. For example, many local events in the DCA
database do not, by definition, have a PAP code, which tend to be more federally derived
(see Table A2 below for concrete examples). Thus, users should consult the complete list
of DCA and PAP codes (see Table A1 below) and consider the codes that best match
their research needs when working with the data. It is important to note that only the
‘CLAIM1’ variable in the DCA was used to construct the crosswalk. A full listing of the
PAP codes we used is available at:
http://www.policyagendas.org/codebooks/topicindex.html (accessed 11/02/2009).
Generating the Crosswalk in Detail
To construct the claim-based recoding, two research assistants involved with the
Policy Agendas project independently created a list of plausible values using the full
listing of the DCA CLAIM1 values as a baseline. Upon completion, the results were
compared, and any disagreements were discussed until a consensus emerged. During this
process, it became apparent that certain claims codes (i.e., 1350, 1400, and 1713) could
not be reliably coded using the CLAIM1 values alone. These were added to a list of cases
that had either impossible or missing values for CLAIM1. A complete listing of the DCA
codes and the corresponding PAP values is appended as Table A1.
For the cases that were examined individually, a group of research assistants on
the PAP project developed two central steps to assure comparability. First, the original
article for each event was located in the New York Times Historical Archive and read in
its entirety. Second, codes from the PAP were selected that corresponded to the values in
the claims-based recoding. Any particularly difficult cases were sent to a senior research
assistant on the PAP for final review.
DCA Code
CLAIM1
200
300
400
500
501
502
503
600
603
604
606
607
608
609
610
611
700
702
703
704
705
708
709
710
711
712
713
721
Table A1: Crosswalk between the Dynamics of Collective Action and Policy Agendas Project codes
PAP Code
CLAIM1 Description
AGENDA_CODE
Policy Agendas Code Description
Anti-Nuclear (Power) Movement
801
Nuclear energy and Nuclear Regulatory Commission
Anti-Immigrant, Anti-Foreigner, Anti-Asylum Movement
530
Immigration and Refugee issues
Small or Family Farmers or Organic Movement (Not Farmworkers)
499
Agricultural/other
Anti-“Transnational Union” Movements
504
Employee Relations and Labor Unions
Anti-NAFTA
1802
Trade negotiations, disputes, agreements
Anti-UN
1926
IOs other than finance
U.S. and Other Defense Alliances,
Anti-NATO
1602
U.S Security Assistance
Women's Civil Rights, general
202
Gender and sexual orientation discrimination
Federal/state funding for women’s initiatives
202
Gender and sexual orientation discrimination
Anti-Violence against women
202
Gender and sexual orientation discrimination
Equal Pay/Comparable worth
202
Gender and sexual orientation discrimination
Gender quotas/Affirmative Action
202
Gender and sexual orientation discrimination
Equal Rights Amendment (ERA)
202
Gender and sexual orientation discrimination
More positive media depictions, more
202
Gender and sexual orientation discrimination
Anti-Discrimination in Employment
201
Ethnic and minority discrimination
Equality in Education
600
Education/combination
Peace, pacifism, general
1619
Manpower, military personnel, and dependents
Disarmament, general
1605
Arms Control and Nuclear nonproliferation
Anti-Atomic testing
1605
Arms Control and Nuclear nonproliferation
Anti-Atomic weapons (construction, purchase, distribution, storage)
1605
Arms Control and Nuclear nonproliferation
Anti-Biological/chemical weapons
1605
Arms Control and Nuclear nonproliferation
Anti-Afghanistan War
1619
Direct war-related issues
Anti-Gulf War
1619
Direct war-related issues
Anti-Yugoslavia War
1619
Direct war-related issues
Anti-Vietnam War
1619
Direct war-related issues
Anti-Military maneuvers
1614
Anti-Military infrastructure
1611
Military installations, construction, Land transfers
Anti-Export of conventional weapons
1605
Arms Control and Nuclear nonproliferation
DCA Code
CLAIM1
722
723
726
727
728
729
740
741
1000
1006
1100
1103
1106
1107
1108
1109
1110
1111
1113
1114
1115
1116
1300
1302
1305
1306
1311
1318
1323
CLAIM1 Description
Anti-Conventional weapons (construction, purchase, distribution, storage)
Anti-Draft
Anti-Korean War
Anti-US Military Involvement in Cuba
Anti-ROTC, Military/CIA recruitment
Anti- US Involvement in non-US Wars
Pro- Retrieving or Recovering POW/MIAs
Anti-US Involvement in Central Amer.
International Human and Civil
Rights/Democratization
Anti-Apartheid/Pro-University or Corporate Divestment
Environment, general
Soil protection
Landscape protection (plants, trees)
Reducing noise pollution
Air quality protection
Anti-Current Method of Solid Waste disposal
Limiting waste/recycle
Restriction of Pharmaceutical/chemicals
Water quality protection
Rainforest Preservation
Ozone Protection to prevent Global Warming, etc.
Zero Population Growth, as environmental issue
Miscellaneous Social Issues
Legalization of Illegal Substances
Increasing prices, general
Tax Increases
Plight of Homeless
Tenants' Rights Movement
Social Security Benefits
PAP Code
AGENDA_CODE
Policy Agendas Code Description
1209
Police, fire, and weapons Control
1619
Manpower, military personnel, and dependents
1619
Direct war-related issues
1914
Latin America
1619
Manpower, military personnel, and dependents
1619
Direct war-related issues
1619
Manpower, military personnel, and dependents
1914
Latin America
1925
Human rights
1912
Ethnic and minority discrimination
700
Environment/general
711
Land and water conservation
709
species and forest protection
705
Air pollution, global warming, noise pollution
705
Air pollution, global warming, noise pollution
703
Waste disposal
707
Recycling
Hazardous waste and Toxic Chemical
704
Regulation, Treatment, and disposal
701
Drinking water safety
709
species and forest protection
705
Air pollution, global warming, noise pollution
799
Environment - Other
1300
Social welfare/general
1203
Illegal Drug Production, Trafficking, and Control
101
Inflation, Prices, and Interest Rates
107
Taxation, tax policy, tax reform
1409
Housing assistance for homeless and homeless issues
1401
Housing and Community Development
1303
Poverty and assistance for low-income families
DCA Code
CLAIM1
1324
1325
1326
1327
1328
1329
1330
1331
1333
1334
1335
1336
1337
1338
1340
1341
1342
1343
1344
1345
1351
1352
1353
1500
1501
1502
1505
1506
1509
CLAIM1 Description
Medicaid/Medicare Benefits
AFDC/ADC (“Welfare”) or Unemployment Benefits
Drug Control
Gun Control
Drunk Driving
Healthy Nutrition/School Lunches
Consumer Protection
Housing Issues Other
Poverty/hunger, general
Government surveillance/Prosecution of Protesters
Child abuse, sexual crimes
Political figure
Anti-Crime Movement
Government policy, n.e.c.
Freedom of Speech/Assembly
Veteran’s Issues (not incl. POW)
Education
Victims’ Rights
Prisoners’ Rights
Death Penalty
Misc. Religious Claims
Anti-Pornography
AIDS/HIV Prevention, HIV/AIDS Victims’ Rights
African American Civil Rights, general
Any Desegregation Claim as applied to African Americans
Pro-Voting Rights/Political Power
Anti-Discrimination in Housing or Employment
Affirmative Action, as applied solely to African Americans
Black Pride, entrepreneurship, separatist
PAP Code
AGENDA_CODE
Policy Agendas Code Description
301
Comprehensive healthcare reform
1302
Employee benefits
1203
Illegal Drug Production, Trafficking, and Control
1209
Police, fire, and weapons Control
342
Alcohol Abuse and Treatment
1301
Food stamps and nutrition monitoring programs
1525
Consumer safety and consumer fraud
1400
Community Development and Housing Issues/General
1302
Poverty and assistance for low-income families
209
Anti-government activities
1207
child abuse and child pornography
2099
Government Operations/Other
1211
Riots and Crime Prevention
2000
Government Operations/General
207
Freedom of speech & religion
1609
VA issues
600
Education/combination
1211
Riots and Crime Prevention
1205
Prisons
1210
Criminal and Civil code
3100
Religion/General
207
Freedom of speech and religion
331
Prevention, communicable diseases & health promotion
201
Ethnic and minority discrimination
201
Ethnic and minority discrimination
206
Voting rights and issues
201
Ethnic and minority discrimination
201
Ethnic and minority discrimination
201
Ethnic and minority discrimination
DCA Code
CLAIM1
1517
1518
1519
1520
1600
1602
1603
1604
1605
1606
1608
1609
1610
1611
1612
1700
1705
1708
1709
1711
1712
1800
1803
1804
1805
1807
1808
1809
1810
PAP Code
CLAIM1 Description
AGENDA_CODE
Policy Agendas Code Description
Reduction of Black Poverty
1302
Poverty and assistance for low-income families
Anti-Police Brutality/Harassment
201
Ethnic and minority discrimination
More positive media depictions
201
Ethnic and minority discrimination
Anti- Environmental Racism
201
Ethnic and minority discrimination
Gay and Lesbian Rights, general
202
Gender and sexual orientation discrimination
Gay rights (males)
202
Gender and sexual orientation discrimination
Lesbian rights (female)
202
Gender and sexual orientation discrimination
Pro-Cohabitation/Domestic Partners
202
Gender and sexual orientation discrimination
Pro-Same Sex Marriage
202
Gender and sexual orientation discrimination
Anti-Discrimination in Housing or Employment
202
Gender and sexual orientation discrimination
Increased Funding for AIDS/HIV Research
331
Prevention, communicable diseases, and prevention
Anti-FDA Bureaucracy which slows down the approval of AIDS Medication
331
Prevention, communicable diseases, and prevention
More positive media depictions
202
Gender and sexual orientation discrimination
Anti-Police Brutality/Harassment
202
Gender and sexual orientation discrimination
Anti-Political Under-representation
202
Gender and sexual orientation discrimination
Native Am. Civil Rights, general
201
Ethnic and minority discrimination
Anti-Environmental Racism
201
Ethnic and minority discrimination
Anti-Police Brutality/Harassment
201
Ethnic and minority discrimination
Anti-Discrimination in Housing or Employment
201
Ethnic and minority discrimination
More positive media depictions
201
Ethnic and minority discrimination
Anti-Political Under-representation
201
Ethnic and minority discrimination
Mexican Am. Civil Rights, general
201
Ethnic and minority discrimination
Anti-Environmental Racism
201
Ethnic and minority discrimination
Pro-Bicultural/Bilingual education
602
Elementary and Secondary Education
Anti-Discrimination in Housing or Employment
201
Ethnic and minority discrimination
More Positive Media Depictions
201
Ethnic and minority discrimination
Anti-Police Brutality/Harassment
201
Ethnic and minority discrimination
Anti-Political Under-representation
201
Ethnic and minority discrimination
Affirmative Action, as applied to Mexican Americans
201
Ethnic and minority discrimination
DCA Code
CLAIM1
1900
1902
1903
1907
1908
1912
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2006
2007
2020
2021
2022
2100
2101
2102
2104
2105
2106
2200
2300
2400
CLAIM1 Description
Asian Am. Civil Rights, general
Compensation for WWII Internment of Japanese Americans
Anti-Discrimination in Housing or Employment
Anti-Environmental Racism
More Positive Media Depictions, more
Anti-Police Brutality/Harassment
Pan Latino Civil Rights, general
Pro-Bicultural/Bilingual education
Anti-Environmental Racism
More Positive Media Depictions
Anti-Discrimination in Housing or Employment
Anti-Police Brutality/Harassment
Affirmative Action, as applied to all or several Latino groups
Anti-Castro/Cuba
Puerto Rican Nationalism
Other movement on behalf of non-Latino group
Disabled Civil Rights, general
Access for Disabled
Anti-Discrimination in Housing or Employment or Schools
More Positive Media Depictions, more depictions,
fewer negative depictions
Provision of more humane medical treatment for disabled
Increase funding for disabled programs, hospitals,
rehabilitation centers, etc.
Civil Rights--Farm Workers/Migrant
Civil Rights -- Undifferentiated Minority Group
Abortion
PAP Code
AGENDA_CODE
Policy Agendas Code Description
201
Ethnic and minority discrimination
201
Ethnic and minority discrimination
201
Ethnic and minority discrimination
201
Ethnic and minority discrimination
201
Ethnic and minority discrimination
201
Ethnic and minority discrimination
201
Ethnic and minority discrimination
602
Elementary and Secondary Education
201
Ethnic and minority discrimination
201
Ethnic and minority discrimination
201
Ethnic and minority discrimination
201
Ethnic and minority discrimination
201
Ethnic and minority discrimination
1914
Latin America
2105
U.S. Dependencies and Territorial Issues
201
Ethnic and minority discrimination
205
Handicap or disease discrimination
205
Handicap or disease discrimination
205
Handicap or disease discrimination
205
334
334
603
201
208
Handicap or disease discrimination
Long-term care, home health, terminally ill,
and rehabilitation services
Long-term care, home health, terminally ill,
and rehabilitation services
Migrant and Seasonal workers, Farm Labor issues
Ethnic and minority discrimination
Right to privacy
DCA Code
CLAIM1
2500
2502
2503
2504
2505
2506
2508
2517
2525
2600
2900
CLAIM1 Description
Anti-Ethnic Attacks/Hate or Bias Crimes
White Supremacy, generally
Anti-Semitism
Anti-Black
Anti-Latino
Anti-Native American
Anti-Asian
Racial/Ethnic Conflicts, Riots, Melees, Confrontations
Anti-Gay/Lesbian/Bisexual
Animal Rights
Civil Rights - Senior Citizens
PAP Code
AGENDA_CODE
Policy Agendas Code Description
201
Ethnic and minority discrimination
201
Ethnic and minority discrimination
207
Freedom of speech & religion
201
Ethnic and minority discrimination
201
Ethnic and minority discrimination
201
Ethnic and minority discrimination
201
Ethnic and minority discrimination
201
Ethnic and minority discrimination
202
Gender and sexual orientation discrimination
709
species and forest protection
204
Age discrimination
Note: Dynamics of Collective Action codes are based on ‘CLAIM1’ values. A remaining 3,294 cases were examined and coded individually.
Table A2. Some examples of events with PAP codes of 99.
DCA
CLAIM1
code
1350
1400
1713
Event’s article title
Brief Description of the Event
3-town garbage plan draws protests
Residents Block Brooklyn Roads
Suit Lost by West Siders to Close Hotel
Jersey Site is Chosen after 400 Mountaineers Riot
Violence Breaks Up Meeting to Discuss
14 are Arrested in Princeton Riot
Brown to Discipline Students
4000 Teenagers Brawl at Coney
Police Break Up Sit-In on Coast
Passengers Sit In As Subway
Indian Hunting Rights Ignite a Wisconsin
95 ‘Star Wars’ Protesters Charged
Protest against a waste disposal plant construction
Protest against traffic due to new shopping center
Suit against hotel claimed to be used by prostitutes
Complaints about a strange camp in the mountains
Residents angry at promoters of a music festival
Students rioted; no reason given.
Mass student demonstration; no reason given.
Youth riot; no reason given.
Student protest at SFSU; no reason given.
Commuters refused to leave train; no reason given.
Dispute over right to hunt and fish in the region
Protesters against program seen as step towards third world war