Special Issue in Climatic Change
Annex
Table A1: Characteristics of the case study basins (GRDC station number, drainage area, average air
temperature and average annual precipitation for the period 1971-2000) and the regional and global hydrological models applied in the study (* * indicates application by two different teams with different
model parametrization)
Basin
Gauge
GRDC No.
Drainage area, km2
Average T, deg.C
Average P, mm/yr
Regional models
ECOMAG
HBV
HYMOD
HYPE
mHM
SWAT
SWIM
VIC
WaterGAP3
Global Models
CLM
DBH
H08
LPJmL
Mac-PDM.09
MATSIRO
MPI-HM
PCR-GLOBWB
WaterGAP2
Number of cases
Rhine
Lobith
Tagus
U. Niger Blue Nile Ganges U. Yellow U. Yangtze
Almourol Koulikoro El Deim Farakka Tangnaihai
Cuntan
6435060
160800
8.7
1038
6113050
67490
14
671
1134100
120000
26.5
1495
--238977
19.4
1405
2846800
835000
21.1
1173
--121000
-2
506
--804859
6.8
768
* *
*
*
*
*
*
*
* *
*
Lena
Stolb
2903430
2460000
-10.2
384
Darling U. Mississippi U. Amazon
Louth
Alton
SP Olivenca
5204250
489300
19.2
590
4119800
444185
7.3
967
3623100
990781
21.7
2122
*
*
*
* *
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
* *
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
17
13
15
14
16
14
12
13
12
16
15
*
*
1
Special Issue in Climatic Change
Table A2: Global and regional models applied in the study and key literature references.
Global-scale models
Regional-scale models
Name
Reference
Name
Reference
CLM
Oleson et al. 2010
ECOMAG
Motovilov et al. 1999
DBH
Tang et al. 2007
HBV
Bergström & Forsman 1973
H08
Hanasaki et al. 2008a&b
HYMOD
Boyle 2001
LPJmL
Rost et al. 2008
HYPE
Lindström et al. 2010
Mac-PDM.09
Gosling & Arnell 2011
mHM
Samaniego et al. 2010
MATSIRO
Pokhrel et al. 2012
SWAT
Arnold et al. 1998
MPI-HM
Stacke & Hagemann 2012
SWIM
Krysanova et al. 2005
PCR-GLOBWB
Wada et al. 2014
VIC
Liang et al. 1994
WaterGAP3
Verzano 2009
WaterGAP2
Döll et al. 2003, 2012; Flörke
et al. 2013
2
Special Issue in Climatic Change
Table A3: A short description of the models applied for the intercomparison in 11 river basins (Tmin =
minimum temperature, Tmax = maximum temperature, Tmean = mean temperature, P = precipitation,
AH= air humidity, RAD = solar radiation, WS = wind speed, LAI = leaf area index)
Model
Spatial
disaggregation
Grid
cells
with
sub-grid
heterogeneity
accounting
method
Subbasins
and hydrotopes
Representation of soils
WaterGAP3
(regional)
mHM
(regional)
VIC
(regional)
SWIM
(regional)
HBV
(regional)
HYMOD
(regional)
SWAT
(regional)
HYPE
(regional)
ECOMAG
(regional)
CLM
(global)
DBH
(global)
Three
soil
layers,
19 parameters
Representation of vegetation
Fixed monthly plant
characteristics
Input
climate
parameters
5 parameters: Tmin,
Tmax,
P,
AH, WS
Method: potential evapotranspiration
PenmanMonteith
Up to 10 soil
layers, 11 soil
parameters
A simplified
EPIC
approach
Priestley-Taylor
or
Turc-Ivanov
Grid cells (5
arc-min)
with elevation subgrid
(1 arc-min)
One
soil
layer, 2 soil
parameters
Temperaturedependent
LAI,
fixed
rooting depth
Grid
cells
with sub-grid
heterogeneity
accounting
method
Subbasins,
10 elevation
zones & land
use classes
Lumped
model,
a
single basin
structure
N soil layers
(here two soil
layers were
used)
Fixed monthly
plant
characteristics
6 parameters: Tmin,
Tmean,
Tmax,
P,
AH, RAD
4 parameters:
Tmean, P,
RAD (short
&
longwave)
Tmax,
Tmin,
Tmean and
P
One
soil
layers, 2 soil
parameters
Fixed monthly plant
characteristics
NA
Subbasins
and hydrologic
response units
(HRU)
Subbasins
and hydrological
response units
(HRU)
Up to 10 soil
layers, 11 soil
parameters
Subbasins,
soil and landuse classes
within them
Grid
cells
with sub-grid
heterogeneity
accounting
method
Grid
cells
(0.5 degree)
Method:
snow melt
Two-layer
energy
Balance at
the
snow
surface
An
extended
degree-day
method
Method:
runoff routing
Linearized
St. Venant’s
equations
Muskingum
method
+
reservoirs
and irrigation
Linear reservoir,
flow
velocity
based
on
ManningStrickler
Muskingum
method
Priestley-Taylor
Degreeday method
Hargreaves and
Samani method
+ aspect correction
Enhanced
Degreeday method
2 parameters: Tmean
and
precipitation
Precipitation,
Tmean and
PET
Blaney–Criddle
Degreeday method
A
simple
time
lag
method
Hargreaves and
Samani method
Degreeday method
A simplified
EPIC
approach
Three
parameters:
Tmin,
Tmax, P
PenmanMonteith, Hargreaves,
Priestely-Talyor
Degreeday method
Quick and
slow flows
tanks
and
linear reservoirs
Muskingum
method
Three
soil
layers and up
to 10 soil
types
with
individual
parameters
Three
soil
layers,
5 parameters
Fixed plant
characteristics
Priestley-Taylor,
modified
Hargreaves-Semani
and other
Degreeday method
or
simplified
energy
approaches
Degreeday method
Reservoir
cascade from
ground and
surface
discharge
15 soil layers
(soil moisture
is simulated
for the first
10 layers)
Three
soil
layers,
9
Fixed monthly plant
characteristics
Mandatory:
Tmean & P,
optional:
Tmin,
Tmax, AH,
RAD
3 parameters:
Tmean, P,
AH
Tmean, P,
AH, RAD,
WS, surface pressure
9 parameters:
Modified Penman-Monteith
Degreeday method
Linear reservoir,
constant
flow
velocity
Energy balance
Energy
balance
Linear reservoir
One
soil
layer, 7 soil
parameters
Fixed plant
characteristics
Fixed monthly plant
Dalton formulae
Kinematic
wave equations
3
Special Issue in Climatic Change
parameters
characteristics
H08
(global)
[For nosoc
run] Globally
covered
0.5X0.5
degree resolution
1-layer leaky
bucket soil.
Its
runoff
properties
vary
with
climate
zones.
[For nosoc
run]
Natural use:
Globally
uniform. Nospecific land
type is assigned,
as
known
as
Manabe's
bucket.
LPJML
(global)
Grid
cells
(30 arc min
resolution)
with
land
cover
and
land
use
classes
Five hydrologically
active
soil
layers, coupled to carbon
and
thermal
balance
MacPDM.09
(global)
0.5x0.5° grid
across
the
land-surface
of the globe
One
soil
layer, 7 soil
texture types
Dynamic
simulation of
growth and
productivity
(with
prescribed spatial distribution of crops
and pasture);
daily
Fixed plant
charactertistcs,
13
types
of
natural landcover
MATSIRO
(global)
Grid
cells
(0.5x0.5
degree)
19
layers
with dynamical ground
water schime.
13 soil type
with 7 parameters.
Monthly
LAI,
and
fixed vegetation characteristics for
12 types of
natural land
cover
MPI-HM
(global)
Grid
cells
(0.5 deg)
PCRGLOBWB
(global)
Grid
cells
(30 arc min.)
with eleva-
1 soil layer
(bucket
scheme), 6
parameters
Two
soil
layers
and
one underly-
Fixed climatology
of
vegetation
fraction
Prescribed
vegetation,
agriculture,
P,
Tmax,
Tmin,
Tmean,
RAD, AH,
WS, Surface
Air
Pressure,
longwave
radiation
8 parameters:
Tmean,
Rain,
Snow, WS,
AH, RAD,
longwave
radiation,
surface
pressure
Bulk formula
Energy
balance
[For nosoc
run]
Saturationexcess, with
a non-linear
function of
soil
moisture.
Precipitation, mean
air temperature,
radiation
Priestley-Taylor
(modified
for
transpiration)
Degreeday method
with
precipitation factor
Continuity
equation
derived from
linear reservoir model
Precipitation, Temperature,
Wind
speed,
Specific
humidity,
Longwave
and
),
Shortwave
radiation
fluxes
8 parameters:
Tmean,
Rain,
Snow, AH,
long
and
short wave
RAD, WS,
Surface
pressure
(3hrly)
Temperature,
precip, PET
PenmanMonteith
Degreeday method
Two linear
reservoirs
for
direct
runoff
PenmanMonteith
Energy
balance
Linear reservoir,
fixed
flow velocity
at 0.5 m/s
globally
PenmanMonteith
Degreeday method
Linear reservoir
P, Tmean,
PET
Hamon
Degreeday method
Characteristic distance
approach
4
Special Issue in Climatic Change
WaterGAP2.2
(global)
tion subgrid
(30 arc sec.)
ing groundwater layer at
the bottom
and land use
cover
Grid
cells
(0.5 degree)
with elevation subgrid
(1 arc-min)
One
soil
layer,
2 soil parameters
Temperaturedependent
LAI,
fixed rooting
depth
4 parameters:
Tmean, P,
RAD
(short- &
longwave)
Priestley-Taylor
Degreeday method
based
on
channel
characteristics.
Linear reservoir,
flow velocity
based
on
ManningStrickler
5
Special Issue in Climatic Change
Figure A1: Relative changes in seasonal flows modelled by the Glob-HMs and Cat-HMs (scenario
RCP8.5, differences in the long-term average monthly discharge in the period 2071-2099 compared to the
reference period for 1971-2000).
6