Microbiology test (Chapters 24,25) STUDY GUIDE / REVIEW
Need to know:

Characteristics of Archae- and Eubacteria (habitat, characteristics, differences, etc)

Common shapes of bacteria


Diagram and parts of a typical bacterial cell
(pilus, capsule, plasmid, flagella, petidoglycan wall, etc)

Bacterial reproduction (fission, conjugation, etc)

Growth conditions (blooms, spores, etc)
o
Chemosynthesis, photosynthesis, saprophytic heterotrophs, pathogens

Bacterial classification:
o Gram staining differences
o Obligate and facultative (aerobe/anaerobe)
o Heterotrophic/photoautotrophic/chemoautotrophic

Name some diseases caused by bacteria

Toxins, endospores

Name some ways bacteria can be helpful to us

Uses of genetically engineered bacteria in medicine
SYMBIOTIC Bacteria
 Mutualism
 Commensalism
 Parasitism
o Pathogen
o Vector
o Body defenses against disease-causing organisms
o Antibiotics
o Vaccines
o Antibodies
o Immunity
o Interferon

Virus structure (capsid, nucleic acid)

How viruses are classified, their mode of action

Retrovirus

Reverse transcriptase enzyme

Diagram and steps in LYTIC and LYSOGENIC cycles (differences/similarities)

Name some disease caused by viruses
SAMPLE TEST QUESTIONS TO TRY:
____ 79. The earliest known group of living organisms on Earth was
a. viruses.
c. bacteria.
b. fungi.
d. protists.
____ 80. Bacteria can be classified according to their
a. type of cell walls.
c. Gram-staining characteristics.
b. methods of obtaining energy.
d. All of the above
____ 81. Refer to the illustration above. Which of the diagrams has a shape like the Bacillus bacterial
genus?
a. Organism “A”
c. Organism “C”
b. Organism “B”
d. None of the above
____ 82. Refer to the illustration above. The shape represented by Organism “C” is called
a. coccus.
c. bacillus.
b. spirillum.
d. filamentous.
____ 83. When tested with a Gram stain, gram-positive bacteria are stained
a. green.
c. pink.
b. yellow.
d. purple.
____ 84. Which of the following comparisons is incorrect?
PROKARYOTES
EUKARYOTES
a. smaller
larger
b. circular chromosomes
linear chromosomes
c. binary fission
mitosis
d. chloroplasts
mitochondria
____ 85. Structures found in a eukaryotic cell but not in a bacterial cell are
a. cell nuclei.
c. membrane-bound organelles.
b. chromosomes.
d. All of the above
____ 86. Cell organelles that E. coli and other bacteria have in common with eukaryotes are
a. chloroplasts.
c. nuclei.
____ 87.
____ 88.
____ 89.
____ 90.
____ 91.
____ 92.
b. mitochondria.
d. ribosomes.
Bacterial cells such as E. coli transfer pieces of genetic material in a process called
a. binary fission.
c. conjugation.
b. mitosis.
d. sexual reproduction.
A pathogen is an agent that is
a. beneficial to humans.
c. harmful to living organisms.
b. harmful only to plants.
d. nearly extinct.
viruses : nucleic acids::
a. water : ice
c. simplicity : complexity
b. brick : wood
d. a jigsaw puzzle : individual pieces
Viruses that use reverse transcriptase to cause their host cells to transcribe DNA from an RNA
template are called
a. bacteriophages.
c. retroviruses.
b. antibodies.
d. capsoviruses.
Unlike viruses, prions
a. are capable of reproducing outside of a host cell.
b. are composed only of protein.
c. can infect brain cells of mammals.
d. can be treated with antibiotics.
A typical virus consists of
a. a protein coat and a cytoplasm core.
b. a carbohydrate coat and a nucleic acid core.
c. a protein coat and a nucleic acid core.
d. a polysaccharide coat and a nucleic acid core.
____ 93. Refer to the illustration above. Which labeled structure could possibly be made of RNA?
a. Structure “B”
c. Structure “D”
b. Structure “C”
d. Structure “E”
____ 94. Viruses
a. are cellular organisms.
b. reproduce only in living cells.
c. have nuclei and organelles.
d. are surrounded by a polysaccharide coat.
____ 95. In which type of cell cycle(s) does viral DNA become integrated into the host cell’s DNA?
a. lytic
c. neither lytic nor lysogenic
b. lysogenic
d. lytic and lysogenic
____ 96. Antibiotics are ineffective against viral infections because
a. viruses are protected inside their host cells.
b. viruses have enzymes that inactivate the antibiotics.
c. antibiotics interfere with metabolic processes that viruses do not perform.
d. viral protein coats block the antibiotics from entering the virus.
____ 97. Which of the following is not a viral disease of humans?
a. hepatitis
b. rabies
c. shingles
d. All of the above are viral diseases of humans.
____ 98. Which of the following is not a virus linked to cancer?
a. Ebola
c. hepatitis B
b. human papillomavirus
d. Epstein-Barr
79.
80.
81.
82.
83.
84.
85.
86.
87.
88.
89.
90.
91.
92.
93.
94.
95.
96.
97.
98.
ANS:
ANS:
ANS:
ANS:
ANS:
ANS:
ANS:
ANS:
ANS:
ANS:
ANS:
ANS:
ANS:
ANS:
ANS:
ANS:
ANS:
ANS:
ANS:
ANS:
C
D
B
B
D
D
D
D
C
C
D
C
B
C
B
B
B
C
D
A