Biology
Second Six Weeks Student Expectations (TEKS)
6G (R) Recognize the significance of meiosis to sexual reproduction.
 Meiosis, homologous, diploid, haploid, crossing-over, random assortment
1. Why are there 2 cell divisions in meiosis?
2. Compare and contrast the daughter cells that result from mitosis and meiosis.
3. Meiosis only happens in which structures of an organism?
4. What is random assortment and how is it helpful for genetic variation?
5. What is crossing-over and how is it helpful for genetic variation?
6A (S) Identify components of DNA, and describe how information for specifying the traits of an organism is
carried in the DNA.
 Nucleotide, base-pairing rule, chromatin
1. Draw and label all the parts of a nucleotide from memory. (nucleotide structure – deoxyribose sugar, phosphate
group, nitrogen base)
2. Draw and label all the parts of a DNA molecule from memory. (DNA – double helix, hydrogen bonds,
complementary base pairing)
3. How are specific traits for an organism carried in the DNA?
6B (S) Recognize that components that make up the genetic code are common to all organisms.
 Nucleotide, base-pairing rule, chromatin
1. List all 6 kingdoms.
2. Do all 6 kingdoms use the same DNA codes?
6C (S) Explain the purpose and process of transcription and translation using models of DNA and RNA.
 Gene, messenger RNA, ribosomal RNA, transfer RNA, RNA polymerase, promoter, codon, translation,
anticodon, transcription
1. List the steps of DNA transcription and translation.
2. Write out the “central dogma” and the “big picture” (gene to mRNA to protein) from memory.
3. Compare and contrast DNA and RNA.
4. Convert the codes from a DNA strand into mRNA codons, tRNA codons, and amino acids.
5. Correctly use the chart to convert mRNA codes into amino acids.
6D (S) Recognize that gene expression is a regulated process.
 Operator, operon, promoter, RNA polymerase, repressor, lactose, DNA, transcription, hox gene, differentiation,
intron, exon
1. Describe the role of introns and exons in mRNA processing.
2. Compare bacterial and eukaryotic gene expression (operons vs. transcription factors).
3. How does the presence of certain molecules in the environment cause a gene to be “turned off” or “turned on”?
4. How does a promoter, RNA polymerase, an operator, and operons work together to start transcription?
5. How can this process be stopped?
6. How does the hox gene control differentiation?
6E (R) Identify and illustrate changes in DNA and evaluate the significance of these changes.
 Mutation, gene, protein, point mutation, frameshift mutation, deletion, duplication, insertion, translocation,
inversion, polyploidy, non-disjunction
1. What causes mutations?
2. Compare and contrast a point and a frameshift mutation.
3. Describe what happens in deletion, substitution, and insertion.
4. What is a chromosomal mutation?
5. What is the difference between a deletion, duplication, inversion, and translocation?
6. Which mutations can cause a change in proteins?
7. Which mutations would cause the most change in a protein? Why?
8. Explain the cause and effects of sickle cell in detail.
6F (R) Predict possible outcomes of various genetic combinations such as monohybrid crosses, dihybrid crosses,
and non-Mendelian inheritance.
 Fertilization, trait, hybrid, gene, allele, segregation, gamete, homozygous, heterozygous, phenotype, genotype,
independent assortment, incomplete dominance, codominance, multiple alleles, polygenic traits, blood types
1. Set up a Punnett square for both monohybrid and dihybrid (two-factor) crosses.
2. Use a Punnett square to predict probabilities of gentoypes and phenotypes.
3. What is the difference between incomplete and codominance?
4. Give an example of incomplete dominance, codominance, and multiple alleles.
5. Create a Punnett square for a blood type problem and use it to predict genotypes and phenotypes of offspring.
6. Explain how a blood type is an example of both codomin Nucleotide, base-pairing rule, chromatin
7. ance and multiple alleles.
6H (S) Describe how techniques such as DNA fingerprinting, genetic modifications, chromosomal analysis are used
to study the genomes of organisms.
 Gel electrophoresis, genetic engineering, recombinant DNA, plasmid, transformation, karyotype, sex
chromosome, autosome, nondisjunction, DNA fingerprinting, Human Genome Project, restriction enzymes,
pedigree, chromosomal analysis (painting)
1. Describe how gel electrophoresis works.
2. Analyze a DNA electrophoresis gel by comparing bands.
3. What is a restriction enzyme and how is it used in electrophoresis?
4. How is a karyotype constructed?
5. What does a normal human karyotype look like?
6. Predict what disorder(s) an individual has by analyzing a human karyotype.
7. Determine the genotype of each individual in a pedigree.
8. What is the purpose and method of the Human Genome Project?
Unit 4 Exam
6G, 6A, 6B
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Unit 5 Exam
6C, 6D, 6E
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Unit 6 Exam
6F, 6H
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