ShortthesaurusBat

A Short Thesaurus of Onomastics, with Emphasis on African Proper

Names.

Introduction

The theoretical and methodological principles around which this thesaurus is organized are based on a pragmatic approach to proper names. Our starting point is not names as is the case of an etymological approach in which a collection of names are matched with their literal or cultural meanings. Our starting point is rather naming considered as a complex speech act in which the meaning of names depends on the context of interpellation, the intentions of the participants, and the onomastic traditions or naming practices. Indeed, names are here conceived of as both semiotic traces and conceptual tools for naming and interpellation which constitute a verbal action involving onomastic participants such as name givers and name bearers, a multi-layered context of naming and interpellation, an onomastic message, processes and strategies of naming and interpellation, and terms and concepts which designate onomastic entities.

1

In this regard African naming practices are verbal strategies of an essentially oral nature. The difference between the verbal practices and those used in written strategies can only be grasped through a critique of oral reason 1 . Two characteristics that define oral tradition according to Diagne (2006) are figuration and brevity. Figuration is related to the imaginative capacity of human beings. Its function consists of illustrating the speaker’s thoughts, whereas brevity takes into account the attention span of the audience and their capacity for memorizing the speaker’s thoughts. Names are thus fragments of discourse, metaphors which, even when dead, are often revived and contextualized through the verbal action of interpellation. They are, as it were, metaphors we live by 2 .

Objectives .

This thesaurus establishes semantic relationships among the terms and concepts pertaining to onomastic sciences. The emphasis is placed on African proper names. The latter provide comprehensive and complex material for onomastic research, especially when it comes to onomastic sub-domains such as anthroponymy, toponymy and zoonymy. One of the obvious reasons is that contemporary Africans bear personal names from a combination of onomastic

1 See the books by Mamoussẻ Diagne entitled Critique de la raison orale (2005) and its sequel, De la philosophie et des philosophes en Afrique noire (2006).

2

The reader will have recognized the title of the stimulating and thought-provoking book by George Lakoff and Mark Johnson. What that book shows with regard to our topic is the incorruptible presence of oralture at the heart of written traditions.

2 traditions , notably African, Western, and Muslim traditions. This onomastic complexity exists also with regard to African ethnonyms and toponyms due to name changes and name diachronic and synchronic plurality which result from internal population movements and historic contacts with the West and the East.

In some cases these events have produced a rich ethnonymic and /or toponymic palimpsest with its cultural and linguistic intricacies. As a direct result of this it is impossible to capture, let alone conceptualize, today’s African onomastic reality without both linking and contrasting it with its Western counterpart.

Some of the cultural intricacies mentioned above are addressed in this thesaurus, particularly in the abundant scope notes provided. The linguistic intricacies are beyond the scope of this work. The reader is referred to some exemplary works dedicated to that issue and accounted for in my bibliography of

African ethnonyms and toponyms 3

Anticipated users .

The anticipated users of this controlled vocabulary are students, researchers and scholars interested in the onomastic sciences in general and African onomastic in particular. The intended users of the thesaurus are also those whose research interests include linguistics, anthropology, general history, and humanities; onomastic terms are often encountered in these fields. The terminology related to

African proper names is profuse and sometimes confusing. The aim of establishing semantic relationships among the terms encountered is to help make sense of this terminological plethora. It is hoped that others will benefit from this tool in their research. Finally, this work can be used as a learning tool for newcomers to onomastic sciences in general, and to African onomastics in particular.

The thesaurus is intended for researchers whose primary language of research is

English, but because of the technical orientation discussed above it would be relatively easy to translate into other languages without losing too much of the intrinsic cultural particularities of the respective linguistic communities.

Structure of the thesaurus .

To compile my thesaurus I have used the deductive method 4 . Once a list of terms has been compiled, a thesaurus builder is faced with three organizational

3

The bibliography contains several summaries of works that deal with the issue of language contact and its impact on the morphological-syntactic and semantic aspects of

African name, as well as its cultural and sociopolitical ramifications.

4

According to Marianne Lykke Nielson, the deductive method consists of collecting “a broad set of terms that cover the subject field as widely as possible before starting the examination of the selected terms”. To the deductive method she opposes the inductive

3 questions: first, what are the equivalent relationships between the compiled terms, i.e. the relationships between terms that are synonyms, quasi-synonyms, or lexical variants and which are, therefore, regarded as referring to the same concept. This question aims at deciding which of the equivalent terms will be chosen as the preferred or indexing terms, i.e., in the terminology of the Library of Congress Subject Headings (LCSH), a USE term, and which ones will be used as non-preferred or entry terms, i.e. UF ( used for ).

For example, the terms

‘ethnographic names’ and ‘ethnonyms ’ are synonymous, but because of the technical nature of the latter, it has been chosen as the USE term. It is the preferred or indexing term. The former term (ethnographic names) then becomes the UF term, that is, the leading or non-preferred term .

The second question is about the hierarchical relationships between indexing terms. These relationships are defined by the respective scope of the terms: A term, in this context, is either a BT (broader term) or a NT (narrower term). A term A is said to be broader or narrower to term B if its scope is broader or narrower than the scope of term B . Term A is also said to be above term B For example, the term

‘intonation’ designates a particular strategy of interpellation. It is, therefore, narrower in scope than the term

‘interpelative strategies’ which is broader. Likewise, ‘naming ceremony’ as a particular instance of ‘naming practices ’ is narrower than the latter term .

Finally, the third organizing question is about the associative relationships between the thesaural terms, that is, the relationships between terms that are closely related conceptually but not hierarchically. For example, ‘demonyms’ which is a term designating a people based on the name of the place where they live is related to the term ‘glossonyms’ which is a term designating the language of a people. Both terms are related but do not have hierarchical relationships since neither of them is broader or narrower than the other. Likewise,

‘war names

’, a term referring to an onomastic reality related to an actual war is related to ‘warrior names’, a term generated within the initiation context. Both terms are related but they are neither synonymous nor hierarchically structured . RT

(related terms) are terms whose existence an indexer or a searcher should be reminded of while thinking of using other terms, as Tim Craven has suggested.

For example, should a searcher or an indexer think of using the term ‘war names

’

, he or she should be reminded of the existence of the term

‘warrior names ’ which might be a more pertinent indexing or query term.

Of the three organizing questions summarized above, the first is the most challenging. The standards of thesaurus construction recommend that one take into account the needs of anticipated users of the thesaurus when deciding which terms to select as the preferred terms. But, as Jean Aitchison, et al . note about the needs of users, : “These will vary, depending on such factors as whether subjects are treated at a general or detailed level, or from the popular or method which consists of “admitting terms and concepts to the thesaurus as soon as they are encountered in the literature and used in indexing”.

4 sp ecialist or scientific viewpoint… [ and they add] “.Whichever alternatives are adopted, they should be applied consistently throughout the thesaurus (Aitchison et al., 2000, 52).

”

Because this thesaurus is intended for use by researchers and students of

African onomastics, precedence is often given to technical terms as preferred terms. When there is no technical term used in onomastic sciences, the author has resorted to the most commonly used term. The use of technical terms has two other advantages. First, they tend to be used internationally and, as the

International Council of Onomastic Science (ICOS) puts it, “they can be standardized across different lan guages with minimal adjustment”. Secondly, in addition to standardizing across languages technical terms can help capture or point to communalities between different onomastic traditions or practices.

Finally, the plural form is used for the majority of the terms included in this thesaurus. This conforms to the recommendation of thesaurus creators such as

Leonard and Sheena Will who, basing their reasoning on the British Standards of thesaurus construction, write: “there is a conceptual difference between naming or describing an object and grouping it with others so that it can be found. Both are essential steps, but an information retrieval thesaurus is primary concerned with grouping.” This argument holds also for an indexing thesaurus.

Anthroponyms or personal names?

The term

‘anthroponym’ is a technical term used internationally to designate.names of human beings as opposed to names for animals or things.

The term ‘personal names’ is more commonly used in Western onomastics than the term

‘anthroponym’. But the scope of the term personal names in Western onomastics is broader than the scope of this term in African traditional naming practices. In the West, personal names include given names such as forenames, and family names and /or surnames. In traditional Africa, a personal name is an individual person’s name and does not include family names. This difference has far-reaching philosophical implications on the concept of personal identity 5 .

The advantage of the term

‘anthroponym’ is that it subsumes both concepts of personal names without suppressing their specific cultural differences. To

5

Philosophers such as John S. Mbiti (1989), Bẻnẻzet Bujo, and F.C. Ezekwonna (2005) have argued that the concept of individual proper names implies the autonomy of the individual within the group. They used this argument to refute the claim that African communitarianism atrophies Africans’ personal identity by reducing individual freedom to community’s values.

preserve this difference the structural term

‘individual anthroponyms’ is used to designate the African traditional practices and ‘collective anthroponyms’ to designate family names as well as lineage or clan names which are sometimes used in referential usage of proper names in Africa. Where no technical term exists the most commonly used terms in both the Western and the African onomastic literatures are used as the preferred terms with established semantic relationships to other existing terms. Extensive scope notes are used 6 to define, differentiate or disambiguate terms where needed.

5

Source of the terms.

The terms included in the thesaurus come from my annotated bibliography of

African ethnonyms and toponyms published by the Electronic Journal of Africana

Bibliography (EJAB ), and research on onomastic communication in traditional

Africa. Also used are Web sites on onomastics and a few back-of-the book indexes 7 . Except for a few structural concepts devised for classification purposes, each of the terms used in this thesaurus has at least four occurrences in different sources, including review articles. This thesaurus does not provide an exhaustive list of onomastic terms. The aim here is to propose an initial controlled vocabulary that may be improved in the future with regard to its content and its structure.

Finally, a brief explanation of the structural concepts mentioned above is in order here.

Anthroponymic vs. zoonymic communication : These two terms are coined to refer to communication phenomena described in onomastic literature, notably the use of human names as opposed to the use of animal names for the purpose of human communication.

Collective vs.

individual anthroponyms : As explained in the previous section, the concept of ‘personal name’ has been made a UF term because of its cultural ambiguity, and replaced with the more culture-neutral terms

‘individual anthroponyms

’ and

‘collective anthroponyms.’

6

Scope notes are notes that the compiler of a controlled vocabulary attaches to certain terms to give guidance on their use. Scope notes can provide definitions of the terms, the history of their meaning, the types of objects they refer to, etc.

7

Two books in particular have been useful in helping me check the definition of several terms on my list. The Anthropology of names and naming , edited by Gabrielle vom Bruck and Barbara Bodenhrn (2006), and African anthroponymy by Samuel Gyasi Obeng

(2001)..

Interpellative relationships: the term

‘interpellative relationships’ has been devised to satisfy the need to provide a structural account for the two terms

‘inferior’ and ‘superior’ which are attested in the literature on African onomastics.

6

Interpellative strategies : like the term

‘interpellative relationships’, the structural concept ‘interpellative strategies’ has been introduced to provide a structural account for a series of terms attested in the onomastic jargon and which refer to rhetorical means for reinforcing or orienting the pragmatic effect of interpellative acts.

Numinous vs. human-human communication : the concept ‘numinous communication ’ means communication between the living and the ancestors and/or the divinities. Its antonym,

‘human-human communication’ refers to communication among the living. One might think of ‘human-animal communication ’ as another antonym to ‘human-human communication’. This term has not been included here for it pertains to psychology rather than onomastics .

Participants : The term ‘participants’ has been chosen over more restrictive terms such as ‘interactants’ which are used in the onomastic field. ‘Participants’ includes all the entities involved in the onomastic communication, not only in praesentia such as the immediate interactants, but also those involved in absentia such as the ancestors, the spirits, the not-yet-born, etc.

7

Works Cited

Aitchison, Jean, et al. 2000. Thesaurus construction and use: a practical manual . 4 th ed.

Chicago: Fitzroy Dearborn.

Batoma, Atoma. 2006. African ethnonyms and toponyms: an annotated bibliography.

Electonic Journal of African Bibliography, vol.10. http://sdrc.lib.uiowa.edu/ejab

Bujot, Benezet. 2000. Wider den Universalanspruch westlicher Moral: Grundlagen afrikanisher

Ethik. Freiburg: Herder.

Craven, Tim. Thesaurus construction: [Introductory tutorial on thesaurus construction]. http://publish.uwo.ca/~craven/677/thesaur/main00.htm

. Viewed on 2/23/2009.

Diagne, Mamousse. Critique de la raison orale: les pratiques discursives en Afrique noire.

Paris : Editions Karthala, 2005.

2006. De la philosophie et des philosophes en Afrique noire. Paris: Karhala

Ezekwonna, Ferdinand Chukwuagozie. 2005 . African communitarian ethic: the basis for the moral conscience and autonomy of the individual.: Ibgo culture as a case study .

Bern: Peter Lang.

International Council of Onomastic Sciences (ICOS). International terminology http://www.icosweb.net/overzicht.htm

. Viewed on 2/26/2009.

Lykke Nielson, Marianne. Thesaurus construction: key issues and selected readings. In:

The thesaurus: review, renaissance, and revision. Cataloging and Classification

Quarterly: 37, 3/4.

Mbiti, S. John. 1989. African religions and philosophy. 2 nd rev. edition. Oxford:

Heinemann.

Obeng, Samuel Gyasi. 2001.

African anthroponymy. An ethnographic and morphological study of personal names in Akan and some African societies . Muenchen: LINCOM-

Europa.

Vom Bruck, Gabrielle and Rodenhorn, Barbara (eds.) 2006. The anthropology of names and naming.

Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Will, Leonard D. and Will, Sheena E. Thesaurus principles and practice. Willpower

Information: http://www.willpowerinfo.co.uk/thesprint.htm

. Viewed on 2/23/2009.

Alphabetical Display

. Addressee

. Anthroponymic communication

. Anthroponyms

. Addresser

. Amplification

. Ancestors

. Anthroponymy

. Authentic names

. Baby names

. Baptism

. Calling

. Caste names

. Choice of names

. Chrematonyms

. Chrematonymy

. Christening

. Coat names

. Code, onomastic

. Collective identity

. Comment names

. Communicator

. Connotative meaning

. Cosmonyms

. Cosmonymy

. Cross-gender naming

. Cultural context

. Cultural meaning

. De-naming

. Denotative meaning

. Derivation, of names

. Diachronic plurality

. Direct communication

. Endonymy

. Enunciator

. Ergonyms

. Ergonymy

8

. Ethnonyms

. Ethnonymy

. Etymological, meaning

. Exo-ethnonyms

. Exonymy

. Female names

. Fiction names

. Foreign names

. Friction names

. Gender naming

. Harangue

. Heroism names

. Identification

. Incantation, of names

. Indigenous names

. Indirect communication

. Individual identity

. Infant names

. Inferior

. Initiation rites

. Interpellated, the

. Interpellation

. Interpellator

. Interpersonal context

. Intonation

. Labeling

. Literal meaning

9

. Living, the

. Male names

. Metaphorical meaning

. Name bearer

. Name giver

. Naming ceremony

. Naming customs

. Naming rituals

. Nicknaming

. Nominal

. Onomastic meaning

. Parallel naming

. Phytonyms

. Phytonymy

. Play on names

. Poetic commentary

. Reference

. Renaming

. Self-naming

. Sentential

. Servant names

. Situational context

. Slave names

. Slave naming

. Spatial links

. Superior

. Synchronic plurality

10

. Temporal links

. Thecnymy

. Theonyms

. Toponyms

. Toponymy

. Traditional names

. Verbal

. Womb names

. Zoonymic communication

. Zoonyms

. Zoonymy

.. Allonyms

.. Anthropo-toponyms

.. Astronyms

.. Astronymy

.. Bird names

.. Calling

.. Cat names

.. Children

.. Collective anthroponyms

.. Convocation

.. Corporate names

.. Country names

.. Cow names

.. Dendronyms

.. Dog names

.. Ethnic derivation

11

.. Ethnic identity

.. Evocation

.. Fauna, derivation from

.. Flora, derivation from

.. Flurnamen

.. Glossonyms

.. Glossonymy

.. Goat names

.. Human-human communication

.. Hydronyms

.. Ideological names

.. Individual anthroponyms

.. Initiated, the

.. Initiation rituals

.. Invocation

.. Joking names

.. Lieux-dits

.. Living dead

.. Nameless dead

.. National identity

.. Numinous communication

.. Objects, derivation from

.. Odonyms

.. Oeconyms

.. Oronyms

.. Ox names

.. Polemical names

12

.. Political names

.. Product names

.. Pseudo-addressee

.. Real addressee

.. Theonymy

.. Titles

.. Trade names

.. Village names

... Aliases

... Babies

... Birth names

... Brand names

... Bynames

... Clan names

... Family names

... Given names

... Hypocoristic names

... Infants

... Initiation names

... Last names

... Lineage names

... Maiden names

... Married names

... Not-yet-born, the

... Protective names

... Religious names

... Surnames

13

.... Appellations

.... Big names

.... Birth circumstances names

.... Birth day names

.... Birth order names

.... Christian names

.... Diminutives

.... Disguise names

.... Double-barrelled names

.... Erotic names

.... First names

.... Fondling names

.... Forenames

.... Holiday-names

.... Honorifics

.... Labor names

.... Market day names

.... Middle names

.... Muslim names

.... Necronyms

.... Ordinal names

.... Pen names

.... Pet names

.... Pseudonyms

.... Small names

.... Stage names

.... Titles

14

.... Tutelary spirit names

.... Twin names

.... Warrior names

..... Apotropaic names

..... Birth place names

..... Event names

..... Matronyms

..... Patronyms

..... Survival names

..... Teknonyms

..... Time names

15

Acquisition of names

SN: Culture-based process through which a person obtains some

names in addition to those given to him or her at birth.

RT: Initiation names

Rites of passage

Address, terms of

NT: Appellatives

RT: Honorifics

Titles

Addressees

UF: Hearers

Receivers

BT: Participants

NT: Interpellated, the

Name bearers

Pseudo-addressee

Target addressees

Addressors

UF: Name users

Senders

Speaker

BT: Participants

NT: Interpellators

16

Name givers

Adulthood

SN: Life of an initiated that spans from the end of childhood

to the beginning of elderhood and whose cultural and moral

characteristics are autonomy, integrity, individual and

social responsibiliy. These values are inculcated into the

initiates through various initiation rites.

Adults

BT: Life stages and naming

BT: Initiated, the

RT: Elders

Age group names

BT: Collective anthroponyms

RT: Initiation names

Aliases

BT: Cryptonyms

RT: Pseudonyms

Allonyms

SN: Multi-lingual or differently spelled names for the same

geographic location, often an endonym. Some

well-established exonyms also fall under the same category.

Liège

(French),

Lüttich

(German) and Leuk (Flemish) are

17

three names (allonyms) for the same Belgian francophone

city.

BT: Toponyms

Allusive names

SN: Names whose choice is motivated by a particular social

situation and whose precise socio-pragmatic meaning is

understood only by those initiated into the situation.

BT: Individual anthroponyms

NT: Comment names

Friction names

Amplification

SN: Onomastic strategy that consists of expanding the

morpho-syntactical form of a name in order to adapt its

meaning to the discursive or rhetorical context of

interpellation.

BT: Strategies, onomastic

RT: Praise poetry

Anaeconyms

USE: Oeconyms

Ancestorhood


Ancestors

18

BT: Participants

RT: Living dead, the

Spirits

Androgynous names

SN: Individual anthroponyms that can be borne by both male and

female persons. For example, among the Guidar of Cameroon

who have a positional naming system, the fifth through

tenth chidren born into a family bear, respectively, the

androgynous names Todou , Dawai , Damba , Tornmba and Baima .

BT: Gender names

RT: Female names

Male names

Animal names

USE: Zoonyms

Animals

BT: Living, the

Anoiconyms

SN: Names for small or minor geographic places such as hamlets,

villages, etc.

BT: Toponyms

NT: Lieux-dits

Village names

19

Anthroponomastics

USE: Anthroponymy

Anthroponymic communication

SN: Communication in which onomastic messages are conveyed

through the use of names of human beings as opposed to

other categories of names, notably animal names or zoonyms.

BT: Communication, onomastic

NT: Noumenal communication

Anthroponymics

USE: Anthroponymy

Anthroponymists

RT: Anthroponymy

Anthroponymization

SN: Linguistic process by which an appellative becomes a

personal name.

BT: Name creation

Anthroponyms

UF: Personal names

BT: Proper names

NT: Collective anthroponyms

Individual anthroponyms

Topoanthroponyms

20

Anthroponymy

UF: Anthroponomastics

Anthroponymics

BT: Onomastic fields

NT: Onomastic Physiognomy

RT: Anthroponymists

Anthropotoponyms

SN: Place names derived from personal names whose bearers may

or may not be the founders of the named place.

Anthropotoponyms can also designate family names, names of

houses, hamlets, cities, etc.

BT: Toponyms

RT: Eponyms

Apotropaic names

SN: Names which have a pejorative connotation. The purpose of

these names is to take the attention away from the true

self of the name bearer in order to protect him or her

against cur ses and or misfortune. The Kabrѐ name

Tchatchapaaa (worn-out basket) is bestowed on a newborn baby

in order to avert any harmful intentions on the part of the

forces of evil toward its true self. Another purpose of

apotropaic names is to encourage the name bearer to discard

the character associeted with his or her name.

UF: Bad names

21

Pejorative names

BT: Protective names

RT: Survival names

Appellations

SN: Terms such as designations or titles by which an entity is

known.

BT: Bynames

RT: Appellatives

Appellations (of origin)

SN: Legal name of a place (country, region, state, etc.) where

grapes used in the production of a particular type of wine

were grown. The term also designates the label put on the

produced wine to indicate quality of the wine and the

methods of its productions.

BT: Ergonyms

Appellatives

SN: Terms such as personal pronouns (French tu / vous ) or nouns

(English mom ) used to call or interpellate a person. Also

designate common names or nouns as opposed to proper names.

BT: Address, terms of

Nouns

RT: Appellations

Appellativization

22

USE: Deonymization

Applied onomastics

SN: Branch of onomastics that studies the use of names in

different onomastic fields and other non-onomastic areas

such as the computer sciences.

BT: Onomastics

Astronymists

RT: Astronymy

Astronyms

BT: Cosmonyms

Astronymy

BT: Cosmonymy

RT: Astronymists

Attribution of names

UF: Giving of names

NT: Bestowal of names

RT: Transmission of names

Authentic names

SN: Indigenous names viewed as expressive of the cultural

values of the community of the name bearers.

BT: Endonyms

23

RT: Indigenous names

Traditional names

Authority in naming

SN: Power of bestowing a name based on onomastic knowledge or

name competence, and requiring that the name giver be in a

sanctioned state for creating and or bestowing the correct

and fitting name.

NT: Interpellative relationships

RT: Name competence

Power of naming

Autoethnonyms

USE: Endoethnonyms

Autonyms

USE: Endonyms

Autonymy

USE: Endonymy

Babies

BT: Children

Baby names

BT: Children names

RT: Infant names

24

Womb names

Bad names

USE: Apotropaic names

USE Caconyms

Baptism

BT: Naming

RT: Bestowal of names

Christening

Baptismal names

RT: Christian names

Religious names

Bestowal of names

UF: Conferring of names

Giving of names

BT: Attribution of names

RT: Baptism

Naming ceremony

Big names

SN: Individual anthroponyms whose use is reserved for a few

people, often family members, due to the sacred or intimate

connotations associated with the meaning of those names.

Ontological names and twin names are considered as big

25

names in some cultures.

UF: Reserved names


NT: Ontological names

Secret names

Bird names

BT: Zoonyms

Birth circumstances names

SN: Names based on particular circumstances (time, place, birth

order, events, etc.) surrounding the birth of the name

bearer. For example, the Swahili boy-name Juma (born on

Friday) and the Ewe girl name Kossiwa (born on Sunday) are

day names.


NT: Birth day names

Birth order names

Birth place names

Birth time names

Market day names

Twin names

Birth day names

BT: Birth circumstances names

Birth order names

26

SN: Names based on the order in which children are born into a

family. For example, the Lega of the Democratic Republic

ofthe Congo give the name Mbilizi to the first child born

after twins, and if the first child of a family is a girl

and she is followed by twins, she is renamed Kabika.

UF: Nomsnuméros

Positional names


Birth place names


Birth time names


Brand names

BT: Product names

RT: Generic names

Trademarks

Bynames

SN: Expressions accompanying the use of individual

anthroponyms, sometimes used in lieu of the anthroponyms

themselves. Titles such as El Hadj and appellatives such

as maman , are sometimes used as bynames.


NT: Appellations

27

Honorifics

Titles

Caconyms

SN: Names that are ill-suited to their bearers' identity or

personality for linguistic or socio-cultural reasons.

BT: Onomastic Physiognomy

Called, the

USE: Interpellated, the

Callers

BT: Interpellators

Calling

BT: Interpellation

Naming

RT: Convocation

Invocation

Nomination

Caste names

BT: Social order names

Cat names

BT: Zoonyms

28

Character formation through naming

SN: Educational use of names whose purpose is to exhort the

name bearer to identity with the moral character associated

with his or her name thanks to onomastic strategies such as

amplification and praise poetry.

BT: Interpellator's intentions

RT: Identity negotiation through naming

Charactonyms

SN: Name given to a fictional charcater, particularly a

literary one, to suggest its personality traits.

UF: Poetonyms

BT: Fiction names

Childhood


Childhood names

SN: Hypocoristic names and other diminutives and small names

that are given to a child, often based on his or her life

experiences.

BT: Pre-initiation names

RT: Hypocoristic names

Children

BT: Persons

NT: Babies

29

Infants

Not-yet-born, the

Children names


NT: Baby names

Infant names

Womb names

RT: Pre-initiation names

Choice of names

SN: Onomastic concept referring to the choice of the name(s) to

be bestowed on an entity and the choice among an entity's

multiple names to use.

BT: Code, onomastic

Strategies, onomastic

Choronyms

SN: Names for large topographic features such as tracts,

disticts, regions, countries, lowlands or uplands.

BT: Toponyms

NT: Oronyms

Urbanonyms choronymy

BT: Toponymy

30

Chrematonyms

SN: A catch-all category that includes the names of entities of

a commercial, economic, cultural or political nature. Its

scope is broader than that of the category of ergonyms which

are names of processes and products of economic activity

chosen based on marketing standards and legal

considerations.

BT: Proper names

NT: Product names

RT: Ergonyms

Chrematonymy


RT: Ergonymy

Christening

BT: Naming

RT: Baptism

Christian names

BT: Religious names

RT: Baptismal names

Theophoric names

Chrononyms

SN: Names for specific periods of time and the events that took

place therein. Eamples of choronyms are, Summer , Twenty

31

First Century , the Apartheid era , the Post-independance

era , the Great Recession .

UF: Time names

RT: Pragmonyms

Chrononymy


Clan names


RT: Ethnopatronyms

Lineage names

Coat names

SN: Zoonyms that are descriptive of the animal's physical

attributes such as the color of its fur or feathers. The

following Ankole cow names are a good illustration of coat

names:

base),

Bitsina

Kyozi

(proper name for a cow with horns big at the

(proper name for a very black cow), Ngabo

(proper name for a cow with white patches all over the head

and body).

BT: Descriptive names

Code names

USE: Cryptonyms

Code, onomastic

32

SN: Culture-based prescibed code of conduct in a given

interpellative situation.

BT: Naming practices

NT: Choice of names

Precautions of enunciation

Collective anthroponyms

BT: Anthroponyms

Collective names

NT: Age group names

Clan names

Ethnopatronyms

Family names

Last names

Lineage names

Maiden names

Married names

Surnames

Collective identity

SN: Generic term used to designate the shared characteristics

of a group of entities subsumed under a collective name

UF: Group identity

BT: Identity

NT: Corporate identity

Ethnic identity

National identity

33

Collective names

NT: Collective anthroponyms

Corporate names

Commemoration through name usage

RT: Evocation

Mourning rituals, name usage and

Comment names

SN: Allusive names used by addressors to voice their opinions

or express their positions on interpersonal or social

situations that do not lend themselves to open and direct

communication.

UF: Opinion names

BT: Allusive names

NT: Historical names

Ideological names

Philosophical names

Polemical names

Political names

Proverbial names

Sentential names

RT: Friction names

Common names

USE: Nouns

34

Communication, modes of


NT: Direct communication

Indirect communication

Communication, onomastic

SN: Communication which consists of the exchange of messages

encrypted in proper names, particularly anthroponyms and

zoonyms.

NT: Anthroponymic communication

Communication, modes of

Zoonymic communication

Communicative competence

SN: Ability to communicate one's thoughts or feelings

effectively by using names as linguistic message carriers.

NT: Contextualization

Interpellative competence

Name competence

RT: Strategies, onomastic

Conferring of names

USE: Bestowal of names

Conflict names

USE: Friction names

35

Connotative meaning

BT: Onomastic meaning

RT: Metaphorical meaning

Contexts of interpellation

NT: Cultural contexts

Interpersonal contexts

Situational contexts

Sociocultural contexts

RT: Contexts of reference

Contexts of reference

NT: Cultural contexts


Situational contexts

RT: Contexts of interpellation

Contextualization

SN: Use of a name in such a way that it is meaningful and

effective within the interpellative or communicative context

BT: Communicative competence

RT: Interpellative competence

Convocation

SN: Interpellative act which summons the interpellated to

manifest himself or herself publicly or with other

36

interpellated.

BT: Interpellation

RT: Calling

Invocation

Corporate identity

BT: Collective identity

RT: Ethnic identity

National identity

Corporate name change

SN: Change of the name of a corporate entity such as a country,

an ethnic group or an institution, motivated by an

idelogical shift of political views of the entity's

administrative powers. Illustrative of this phenomenon are

the country name changes from Upper Volta to Burkina Faso

and from The Republic of Congo to Zaire then back to The

Democratic Republic of the Congo.

BT: Name change

Corporate names

BT: Collective names

Cosmic names

SN: Anthroponyms referring to cosmic phenomena or heavenly

bodies which have a magico-religious or metaphorical

connection with the personality of the name bearer.

37

RT: Cosmonyms

Cosmonyms

SN: Proper names of heavenly bodies such as planets and cosmic

phenomena such as earthquakes, hurricanes and tornadoes.

Neptune (planet) and Katrina (hurricane) are two cosmonyms.

BT: Proper names

NT: Astronyms

RT: Cosmic names

Cosmonymy


NT: Astronymy

Country names

BT: Oeconyms

Cover names

SN: Code names used instead of real names in order to hide the

personal identity of the name bearer.


NT: Cryptonyms

War names

RT: Pseudonyms

Cow names

BT: Zoonyms

38

Cross-gender naming

RT: Gender naming

Cryptonyms

SN: Cover names used in criminology, the military and covert

operations in order to protect the name bearer.

UF: Code names

BT: Cover names

NT: Aliases

War names

Cultural contexts

BT: Contexts of interpellation


Cultural meaning


De-naming

BT: Naming

NT: Deanthroponymization

Deonymization

Detoponymization

RT: Effacing of names

Name change

Removal of names

39

Deanthroponymization

SN: Linguistic process by which an anthroponym becomes an

appellative or falls under a different category of proper

names.

BT: De-naming

Death names

USE: Penthonyms deetymologization

SN: Process by which a proper name loses its etymological

meaning, i. e. the meaning of the appellative which gave

rise to it. This loss leads to the opacification of the

name's meaning.

UF: Demotivation

BT: Name creation

Demonyms

SN: Name that refers to the residents of a place from which the

name is derived. Wanadar and New Yorkers are two examples

of demonyms. The first designates the people who live in or

originate from Dar es Saalam and the second refers to

people who live or originate from New York City.

UF: Gentilic

RT: Ethnonyms

Glossonyms

40

Topoanthroponyms

Demotivation

USE: deetymologization

Dendronyms

UF: Tree names

BT: Phytonyms

Denomination

RT: Nomination

Denotative meaning


Deonymization

SN: Linguistic process by which a proper name loses its

property and becomes an appellative or noun. For example,

Afghan , the proper name of a people, becomes afghan , a noun designating an object, as in “I bought a nice afghan”.

UF: Appellativization

BT: De-naming

Depersonalization

SN: Negative effect of naming on the person of the name bearer.

To the extent that a name, especially an ontological name

captures and expresses the personal identity of its bearer,

41

its misuse, loss or effacement will affect the person who

embodies it in negative ways.

BT: Effects of naming

RT: Disappearance of names

Effacing of names

Injuries, names and

Name loss

Derivation of names

SN: Linguistic process by which the name of an entity is

created by deriving it from the name of another entity. The

English Names Rose and Hyacinth are examples of derivation

of personal names from the flora.

BT: Name creation

NT: Ethnic derivation

Fauna, derivation from

Flora, derivation from

Objects, derivation from

Persons, derivation from

Derogative naming

USE: Name calling

Descriptive names

SN: Names used to refer to the name bearer through a

description of his or her attributes including physical and

psychological attributes as opposed to comment names which

42

are used to interpellate.

NT: Coat names

Onomatopoeic names

RT: Physical-attribute-based names

Designation

BT: Name usage

RT: Reference

Detoponymization

SN: Linguistic process by which a toponym becomes an

appellative.

BT: De-naming

Diachronic plurality

USE: Diachronic polyonymy

Diachronic polyonymy

SN: Cultural practice of bearing several names which replace

one another as they are acquired during one's life time.

UF: Diachronic plurality

BT: Polyonymy

Diminutives

BT: Hypocoristic names

RT: Nicknames

Small names

43

Sobriquets

Direct communication

SN: Onomastic communication in which the interpellated is

directly addressed by name in violation of the onomastic

code or the principle of respect which dictates that, in

conflict-laden situations, the interpellator use a

pseudo-addressee to veil the interpellated's face and thus

protect his or her own reputation.

BT: Communication, modes of

RT: Face-threatening acts

Disappearance of names

NT: Effacing of names

Name loss

Name removal

RT: Depersonalization

Disguise names

SN: Pseudonyms whose purpose is to hide the real name(s) of the

name bearers, either out of respect for them or as a

strategy for protecting their persons against the forces of

evil.


NT: Protective names

Pseudonyms

44

Dog names

BT: Zoonyms

Double-barreled names

SN: Compounded names, usually family names or surnames formed

by two parts that may or may not be joined by a hyphen.

Married names in which a woman's or maiden name and

her husband's name are joined are examples of

double-barreled names. Emilie Ngor-Faye , Jan Crawford

Greenburg are two concrete examples.

UF: Double names

Hyphenated names

RT: Family names

Married names

Surnames

Double names

USE: Double-barreled names

Econyms

USE: Oeconyms

Effacing of names

BT: Disappearance of names

RT: De-naming

Depersonalization

Name loss

45

Name removal

Nameless, the

Parenthood and naming

Effects of naming

SN: Generic term used to refer to any intended or unintended

psychological consequences of naming speech acts on the

participants of onomastic communication, particularly on

the name bearer or the interpellated.

NT: Depersonalization

Injuries, names and

Manifestation

RT: Interpellator's intentions

Magic in names

Violence, names and

Elderhood

SN: Mature adulthood characterized by the completion by the

initiated of all or most of the community's expectations

with regard to social and moral obligations. In some

cultures this pre-ancestral stage of life is ushered in

through a final initiation rite whereby the initiates

receive their last names. In some other cultures elderhood

is reached through the effacing of individual anthroponyms

which are replaced by collective names such toponyms ( house names

and village names).


46

NT: Junior elderhood

Senior elderhood

RT: Parenthood and naming

Elders

BT: Initiated, the

RT: Adults

Emancipation through naming

SN: Emancipation through naming involves both individual and

group self-naming. In the first case a person redefines his

or her identity by bestowing on themselves a name of their

own choice. In the second case a group redefines or

reclaims its collective identity through onomastic acts

such as the denomination/re-nomination of institutions and

other corporate bodies.

BT: Interpellator's intentions

Endoethnonyms

UF: Autoethnonyms

BT: Ethnonyms

Endonyms

SN: Proper names that are internal to the naming system of a

social group. Endonyms are self-bestowed names.

UF: Autonyms

NT: Authentic names

47

Indigenous names

Traditional names

RT: Naming systems

Endonymy

UF: Autonymy

BT: Naming systems

RT: Self-naming

Enunciation of names

UF: Uttering of names

NT: Recitation of names

RT: Incantation of names


Enunciators

UF: Name users

Utterers

BT: Interpellators

Epicenter

USE: Target addressees

Eponyms

SN: Name of an ethnic group or a place or any other namable

entity which is derived from the name of a person. For

example, the name Brazzaville , the capital city of the

48

Republic of Congo, is derived from the name of Pierre

Savorgnan de Brazza, the Franco-Italian explorer and

founder of the city.

BT: Persons, derivation from

RT: Anthropotoponyms

Namesake

Eponymy

BT: Name sharing

RT: Remembrance through naming

Ergonymics

USE: Ergonymy

Ergonymists

RT: Ergonyms

Ergonyms

SN: Names of products and processes of economic activity and of

the institutions that produce them. Ergonyms are chosen

based on marketing standards and and legal considerations.

Peugeot

Senator

, Hyundai

( two kinds of beer brewed in Kenya) are examples

of ergonyms.

BT: Proper names

Generic names

(two makes of automobile),

NT: Appellations (of origin)

Tusker and

49

Product names

Titles

Trade names

Trademarks

RT: Chrematonyms

Ergonymists

Ergonymy

UF: Ergonymics


RT: Chrematonymy

Erotic names

SN: Hypocoristic names bestowed on young people in the context

of initiation rites. They contain cryptic messages used by

the initiates to express their feelings toward, and

personal philosophy of the opposite sex.


Initiation names

RT: Erotonyms

Fondling names

Erotonyms

SN: Terms such as Honey , Sweetie , etc. that have physical

and/or sexual connotations and which are used by lovers, close

friends or relatives to express their feelings toward each

other.

50


RT: Erotic names

Fondling names

Ethnic derivation

BT: Derivation of names

Ethnic group names

USE: Ethnonyms

Ethnic identity


RT: Corporate identity

National identity

Ethnic names

USE: Ethnonyms

Ethnographic names

USE: Ethnonyms

Ethnological names

USE: Ethnonyms

Ethnonymics

USE: Ethnonymy

51

Ethnonymists

RT: Ethnonymy

Ethnonymization

SN: Linguistic or socio-linguistic process by which an

appellative or a proper name becomes an ethnonym

BT: Name creation

Ethnonyms

UF: Ethnic group names

Ethnic names

Ethnographic names

Ethnological names

Tribal names

BT: Proper names

NT: Endoethnonyms

Exoethnonyms

Foreign ethnonyms

Glossonyms

RT: Demonyms

Ethnonymy

UF: Ethnonymics


NT: Glossonymy

RT: Ethnonymists

52

Ethno-patronyms

SN: Surnames which denote the origin or membership of the name

bearer to a particular ethnic group.


RT: Clan names

Surnames

Etymological meaning


Euonyms

SN: Names that suit the identity or personality of their

bearers, either due to linguistic harmony or for

socio-cultural reasons.


Euphonyms

SN: Proper names that sound well when spoken.


Event names

USE: Pragmonyms

Evocation

SN: Awakening of memories or feelings through the use of names

in order to elicit a certain type of manifestation on the

part of the interpellated. For example, two friends who run

53

into each other might utter the name of a place they had

been together previously in order to awaken common past

experiences associated with the place. Evocation is also

the interpellation of supernatural entities such as

ancestors and spirits through the uttering of their names.

BT: Interpellation

RT: Commemoration through name usage

Invocation

Exoethnonyms

UF: Heteroethnonyms

BT: Ethnonyms

RT: Foreign ethnonyms

Exonyms

SN: Proper names that are external to the naming system of a

social group. Exonyms are names given to a group or its members by another group.

UF: Heteronyms

BT: Naming systems

RT: Foreign names

Exonymy

BT: Naming systems

Face-threatening acts

SN: Violation by the interpellator of the onomastic code or use

54

of direct communication in conflict-laden situations, which

results in the threat to the reputation of the

interpellated.

RT: Direct communication

Family names


RT: Double-barreled names

Last names

Maiden names

Married names

Surnames

Fauna, derivation from


RT: Phytophoric names

Female names

BT: Gender names

RT: Androgynous names

Fetus

USE: Not-yet-born, the

Fetus names

USE: Womb names

55

Fiction names

BT: Non-referential names

NT: Charactonyms

First names

BT: Given names

Flora, derivation from


Flurnamen

SN: Flurnamen are toponyms which designate areas outside

settlements.

BT: Toponyms

Fondling names


RT: Erotic names

Erotonyms

Pet names

Foreign ethnonyms

BT: Ethnonyms

RT: Exoethnonyms

Foreign names

RT: Exonyms

56

Forenames


NT: Given names

Form of names

NT: Nominal

Sentential

Verbal

Friction names

SN: Allusive names used as means for indirectly expressing the

addresser's feelings and grievances in conflict-laden

situations.

UF: Conflict names

BT: Allusive names

NT: Polemical names

Vengeance-oriented names

RT: Comment names

Gender names


NT: Androgynous names

Female names

Male names

Gender naming

57

BT: Naming

RT: Cross-gender naming

Generic names

BT: Ergonyms

RT: Brand names

Gentilic

USE: Demonyms

Geographic names

USE: Toponyms

Geonyms

USE: Toponyms

Given names

BT: Forenames

NT: First names

Middle names

RT: Legal names

Giving of names

USE: Attribution of names

Bestowal of names

Glossonyms

58

UF: Language names

Linguonyms

BT: Ethnonyms

RT: Demonyms

Glossonymy

BT: Ethnonymy

Goat names

BT: Zoonyms

Group identity

USE: Collective identity

Hagionyms

UF: Saint names

BT: Sacred names

RT: Religious names

Harangue


Hearers

USE: Addressees

Helonyms

SN: Helonyms are swamp names. Bangweulu Swamps (located

59

Zambia) and

BT: Hydronyms

Okawango Swamp

are two examples of helonyms.

Heroic names

NT: zoophoric names

( located in Southern Africa)

RT: Praise names

War names

Warrior names

Heteroethnonyms

USE: Exoethnonyms

Heteronyms

USE: Exonyms

Historical names

BT: Comment names

Hodonymists

RT: Hodonymy

Hodonyms

UF: Street names

BT: Toponyms

Hodonymy

60

RT: Hodonymists

Honorifics

BT: Bynames

RT: Address, terms of

Hydronomastics

USE: Hydronymy

Hydronymics

USE: Hydronyms

Hydronymists

RT: Hydronymy

Hydronymization

SN: Linguistic process by which an appellative becomes a

hydronym.

BT: Name creation

Hydronyms

SN: Generic term referring to any body of water including seas,

oceans, rivers, lakes, ponds, swamps, creeks, etc.

UF: Hydronymics

BT: Toponyms

NT: Helonyms

Limnonyms

61

Oceanonyms

Pelagonyms

Potaponyms

Hydronymy

UF: Hydronomastics

RT: Hydronymists

Hyphenated names

USE: Double-barreled names

Hypocoristic names

SN: Names that index the addresser's affection toward the name

bearer or interpellated. Diminutives, nicknames, pet names

and other unofficial address terms can fall under this

category as long as they denote the name user's

affectionate attitude toward the addressee.


NT: Diminutives

Erotic names

Erotonyms

Fondling names

Pet names

Small names

RT: Childhood names

Identification

62

BT: Name usage

RT: Naming

Reference

Identity

NT: Collective identity

Individual identity

Personal identity

RT: Personhood

Persons

Self

Identity negotiation through naming

SN: Construction of short lived or durable identities through a

strategic use of personal names during verbal interactions

or as part of educational practices.

RT: Character formation through naming

Identity sharing through naming

NT: Namesake

RT: Reincarnation, nominal

Ideological names

BT: Comment names

Imposed names

RT: Social order names

63

Imposition of names

RT: Violence, names and

RT: Slave naming

Incantation of names

BT: Name taboo

RT: Enunciation of names

Indigenous names

BT: Endonyms

RT: Authentic names

Traditional names

Indirect communication

SN: Polite and/or strategic use of messages encapsulated in

anthroponyms and zoonyms to convey one's feelings or voice

one's opinion in an interpersonal or social situation where

a face-to-face verbal exchange would be considered

inappropriate, risky or threatening.

UF: Oblique communication

BT: Communication, modes of

NT: Polemical communication

Politeness as a strategy

Vengeance-oriented communication

Individual anthroponyms

64

BT: Anthroponyms

Individual names

NT: Allusive names

Big names

Birth circumstances names

Bynames

Children names

Disguise names

Forenames

Gender names

Hypocoristic names

Initiation names

Individual identity

BT: Identity

RT: Personal identity

Individual names

NT: Individual anthroponyms

Infant names

BT: Children names

RT: Baby names

Infants

BT: Children

65

Inferiors

BT: Interpellative relationships

Initiated, the

SN: This concept refers to the participants of the onomastic

communication who have emerged from childhood by having

undergone rites of passage such as initiation rites.

Initiation names are a testimony to this process.

BT: Persons

NT: Adults

Initiates

Elders

RT: Initiates

SN: Persons undergoing an initiation ritual that comprises a

naming ceremony.

BT: Participants

RT: Initiated, the

Initiation names

SN: Names given to young initiates, by the elders, at the end

of their reclusion. They describe their behavior as it is

crystallized and observed in the initiation camp, or their

social rank, or their relationships with their peers, their

elders, etc. These names guide them into their life period.

Some cultures such as the Kabr ѐ of Nothern Togo and the

Basotho of Southern Africa allow self-bestowed initiation

66

names.


NT: Erotic names

Labor names

Praise names

Warrior names

RT: Acquisition of names

Age group names

Initiation rites

BT: Rites of passage

NT: Initiation rituals

Initiation rituals

BT: Initiation rites

Injuries, names and

SN: Negative psychological or symbolic effects of naming on the

personal identity or personhood of the name bearer.


Violence, names and


Interactants

USE: Participants

Interpellated, the

67

UF: Called, the

Named, the

BT: Addressees

RT: Name bearers

Target addressees

Interpellation

SN: Stricto sensu, to interpellate a person is to use that

person's name to call upon them or summon them to act or

behave in a certain way. Lato sensu, interpellation

includes also naming, that is giving a name to a person and

thus defining that person's identity through a baptismal

speech act.

BT: Name usage

NT: Calling

Convocation

Evocation

Invocation

RT: Naming



RT: Contextualization

Name competence


Interpellative relationships

68

SN: Relationships between the addressor and the addressee that

are determined by factors such as age, gender, status and

power.

BT: Authority in naming

NT: Inferiors

Superiors

RT: Power of naming

Interpellator's intentions

SN: Pragmatic concept referring to the intended impact of

interpellation, that is the production of a desired

response or manifestation on the part of the interpellated.

NT: Character formation through naming

Emancipation through naming

Manifestation

RT: Effects of naming

Interpellators

UF: Name users

BT: Addressors

NT: Callers

Enunciators

RT: Name givers




69

Intonation

SN: Intonation is a suprasegmental strategy used to stress the

meaning of a name or call the interpellated's attention to

a particular aspect of the interpellative context. It is

also used as a clue for interpreting the onomastic message.


Invocation

SN: Onomastic strategy used in situations in which the

interpellator is faced with a difficult moral decision to

make regarding an offender or adversary. This situation

leads him to invoke, that is to implore the interpellated

(ancestors or elders) to intervene and help him implement his decision.

BT: Interpellation

RT: Calling

Convocation

Evocation

Junior elderhood

BT: Elderhood

Labeling

BT: Naming

Labor names

70

SN: Bestowed or self-bestowed initiation names that stress the

personal and social values of work and encourage

excellence. By choosing a name that describes the

characteristics of a successful worker, the initiate

defines his work ethics and promises to live by it.

BT: Initiation names

Language names

USE: Glossonyms

Last names


RT: Family names

Surnames

Legal names

RT: Given names

Lexical meaning


RT: Literal meaning

Lieux-dits

SN: Local designation of a small geographic place without

administrative identity.

BT: Anoiconyms

71

Life stages and naming

NT: Adulthood

Ancestorhood

Childhood

Elderhood


RT: Rites of passage

Limnonyms

SN: Limnonyms are lake names. Dilolo Lake (located in Angola)

and Utah Lake (located in the United States) are two

examples of limnonyms.

BT: Hydronyms

Lineage names


RT: Clan names

Soul-lineage names

Linguonyms

USE: Glossonyms

Links, names as

SN: Names conceived of as linguistic traces establishing links

to the past and to the territory of the ancestors.

NT: Spatial links

Temporal links

72

Literal meaning

RT: Lexical meaning

Literary onomastics

SN: Study of proper names in dramatic, narrative and verse

texts. Literary onomastic is a subdomain of poetics or

theory of literary discourse.

UF: Poetic onomastics


Living dead, the

SN: The term designates, in African philosophy, ancestors who

are still remembered through their names as opposed to

those whose names are forgotten and who become, therefore,

spirits.

BT: Participants

RT: Ancestors

Living, the

BT: Participants

NT: Animals

Persons

Magic in names

NT: Name avoidance

Name taboo

73


Maiden names


RT: Family names

Surnames

Male names

BT: Gender names

RT: Androgynous names

Manifestation

SN: Response of the interpellated to the interpellative act.

This response can take several forms: the interpellated

can live up to their names, respond with a

counter-onomastic message, or keep a contemptuous or

unfathomable silence.


Interpellator's intentions

Market day names


Married names



Family names

74

Surnames

Matronyms

SN: Collective anthroponyms that make reference to a female

name bearer's son or daughter. Matronyms have the form

"x's son" or "x's daughter" in which x is the name of the

name bearer's child. In some cultures x is the name of the

first child regardless of its sex. In some other cultures x

is the name of the first male child of the name bearer.

UF: Metronyms

BT: Surnames

Meaning of names

USE: Onomastic meaning

Metaphorical meaning


RT: Connotative meaning

Metronyms

USE: Matronyms

Middle names

BT: Given names

Mourning names

BT: Penthonyms

75


SN: These rituals are mourning rituals during which the name of

a recently deceased person is called out by the wailing

mourners. In some African cultures the mourners sing dirges

in which they call out not only the name(s) of the deceased

person but also the names of their loved ones long departed.

RT: Commemoration through name usage

Recitation of names

Remembrance through naming

Muslim names

BT: Religious names

Mythological names

USE: Thecnyms

Name avoidance

BT: Magic in names

NT: Necronymy

RT: Name taboo

Name bearers

UF: Name receiver

Named, the

Namees

BT: Addressees

76

RT: Interpellated, the

Name calling

UF: Derogative naming

Name change

SN: Process through which a name takes on a new morpho-syntactical

form or gets replaced altogether by a new name.

NT: Corporate name change

Personal name change

RT: De-naming

Renaming

Name competence

SN: The capacity for bestowing and/or or using a fitting name

based on good knowledge of the naming practices and

sensitivity to the context of interpellation.


RT: Authority in naming


Name creation

NT: Anthroponymization

deetymologization

Derivation of names

Ethnonymization

Hydronymization

77

Onymization

RT: Naming systems

Name donors

USE: Name givers

Name game

SN: Naming conceived of as a complex speech act involving power

relationships played out through the use of a complex set

of interpellative strategies.

RT: Play on names

Politics of naming

Power of naming

Name givers

UF: Name donors

Namers

BT: Addressors

RT: Interpellators

Name loss



Effacing of names

Nameless, the

Removal of names

78

Name receivers

USE: Name bearers

Name removal



Name sharing

NT: Eponymy

Reincarnation, nominal

Transmission of names

RT: Namesake

Name taboo

SN: Culture-based attitude toward the use of certain names

whose utterance is believed to produce negative effects on

the utterer or his family or the entire community. For

example, uttering the name of a deceased person is believed

in many African cultures to be disrespectful to the dead or

dangerous as the interpellative power of the name may

disrupt the cultural and religious boundaries between the

living and the dead.

BT: Magic in names

NT: Incantation of names


RT: Name avoidance

79

Name usage

NT: Designation

Identification

Interpellation

Reference

Name users

USE: Addressors

Enunciators

Interpellators

Named, the

USE: Interpellated, the

Name bearers

Namees

USE: Name bearers

Nameless dead

BT: Participants

RT: Spirits

Nameless, the

SN: Anthroponymic concept referring to three categories of

people: those who have not yet reached the stage at which

they can be named (the not yet named), those who have been

denied the right to be named, and those who have lost that

80

right or cannot be remembered due to the effacement of

their names from human memory.


Name loss

Removal of names

Spirits

Namers

USE: Name givers

Namesakes

SN: A person who bears the same name as another person is that

person's namesake.

BT: Identity sharing through naming

RT: Eponyms

Name sharing

Reincarnation names

Naming

NT: Baptism

Calling

Christening

De-naming

Gender naming

Labeling

Nicknaming

Parallel naming

81

Renaming

Slave naming

RT: Identification

Interpellation

Nomination

Reference

Naming ceremony

BT: Naming rituals

RT: Bestowal of names

Naming customs

USE: Naming practices

Naming practices

UF: Naming customs

BT: Traditions, onomastic

NT: Code, onomastic

Naming rituals

Naming rituals

BT: Naming practices

NT: Naming ceremony

Naming systems

BT: Traditions, onomastic

NT: Endonymy

82

Exonyms

Exonymy

RT: Endonyms

Name creation

National identity


RT: Corporate identity

Ethnic identity

Necronyms

SN: Disguised names given in some cultures to deceased persons

either out of respect for their memory or for fear of

provoking their disruptive manifestation among the living

if their real names were uttered.


RT: Penthonyms

Necronymy

BT: Name avoidance

Nicknames

BT: Small names

RT: Diminutives

Sobriquets

Nicknaming

83

BT: Naming

RT: Parallel naming

Nomenclators

RT: Onomasticians

Nomenclature

SN: System of words used to classify a subject or a discipline.

Nomenclature does not pertain to onomastic sciences since

its terms include common names or nouns. It is,

unfortunately, sometimes confused with onomastics which

deals only with proper names..

RT: Onomastics

Nominal

BT: Form of names

Nomination

RT: Calling

Denomination

Naming

Self-nomination

Nomino-verbal

USE: Sentential form

Noms-numeros

84

USE: Birth order names

Noms de guerre

BT: Pseudonyms

RT: Pen names

Stage names

Warrior names

Non-referential names

UF: Vacuous names

NT: Fiction names

Not-yet-born, the

SN: Name referring in African onomastics to the fetus viewed as

having thee essential attributes of a human being and

deserving, therefore, to be counted among the community.

UF: Fetus

BT: Children

Noumenal communication

SN: Onomastic communication between the living and the

ancestors or spirits. In some African cultures such as the

Kasina of Burkina Faso, the use of zoonyms which have a

polemical connotation, is excluded from this spiritual

communication which is predominantly anthroponymic.

BT: Anthroponymic communication

85

Nouns

UF: Common names

Sharable names

NT: Appellatives

Objects, derivation from


Oblique communication

USE: Indirect communication

Oceanonyms

SN: Oceanonyms are ocean names. Arctic Ocean and Indian Ocean

are two examples of oceanonyms.

BT: Hydronyms

Oeconyms

SN: Names of houses and buildings.

Washington and The Mattignon

The White House in

in Paris are two famous examples

of oeconyms. The term also refers, by extension, to

populated places including administrative divisions,

touwns, cities and countries.

UF: Anaeconyms

Econyms

Oikonyms

BT: Urbanonyms

NT: Country names

86

Village names

Oikonyms

USE: Oeconyms

Onoma

USE: Prper names

Onomasiology

USE: Onomastics

Onomastic fields

SN: Areas or domains of the study of proper names.

BT: Onomastics

NT: Anthroponymy

Chrematonymy

Chrononymy

Cosmonymy

Ergonymy

Ethnonymy

Literary onomastics

Phytonymy

Pragmonymy

Thecnymy

Toponymy

Zoonymy

87

Onomastic meaning

SN: Concept referring to the meaning of proper names as opposed

to the meaning of nouns or appellations. Onomastic meaning

is sometimes conflated with etymological meaning, that is

the original meaning of a name in the language and cultural

tradition of the name giver.

UF: Meaning of names

NT: Connotative meaning

Cultural meaning

Denotative meaning

Etymological meaning

Lexical meaning

Metaphorical meaning

Onomastic physiognomists

RT: Onomastic Physiognomy

Onomastic Physiognomy

SN: Sub-domain of onomastics that seeks to establish

correlations between the form of the name, especially its

sounding, and the personality of the name bearer.

Onomastic physiognomy, also called name-physiognomy, is

premised on the idea that a name has a psycho-praxeological

effect on its bearer.

BT: Anthroponymy

Zoonymy

NT: Caconyms

88

Euonyms

Euphonyms

Onomatopoeic names

RT: Onomastic physiognomists

Phytophoric names

zoophoric names

Onomasticians

UF: Onomasts

Onomatologists

RT: Nomenclators

Onomastics

SN: The study of proper names. Onomastics is an encompassing

discipline that grew out of the anthropological,

linguistic, and philosophical investigation of the nature,

structure, origin, meaning and cultural and socio-pragmatic

functions of proper names.

UF: Onomasiology

Onomatology

NT: Applied onomastics

Onomastic fields

Theoretical onomastics

RT: Nomenclature

Onomasts

USE: Onomasticians

89

Onomatologists

USE: Onomasticians

Onomatology

USE: Onomastics

Onomatopoeic names

SN: Names derived from a sound that is perceived as mimicking

the name bearer's physical attributes or moral behavior.

BT: Descriptive names

Onomastic Physiognomy

RT: Sobriquets

Ontological names

SN: A person's ontological name is the name that captures and

expresses that person's true identity. His or her other

names are like windows on the multiple facets of his or her

individual and socio-cultural personality.

UF: True names

BT: Big names

RT: Secret names

Self

Onymization

SN: Linguistic process by which an appellative is transformed

into a proper name.

90

BT: Name creation

Onyms

USE: Proper names

Opinion names

USE: Comment names

Orographic names

USE: Oronyms

Oronymists

RT: Oronymy

Oronyms

SN: Names referring to any elevated geographic feature such as

hills, mountains, plateaux, sierras, and volcanoes. Mount

Kilimanjaro and the Icelandish volcano Eyjafjoell are two

examples of well-kown oronyms.

UF: Orographic names

BT: Choronyms

Toponyms

Oronymy

RT: Oronymists

Ox names

91

BT: Zoonyms

Paedonyms

USE: Teknonyms

Paedonymy

USE: Teknonymy

Parallel naming

SN: Naming practice in which individuals from a social group

viewd as economically or culturally inferior add foreign

names or nicknames to their indigenous names in order to

connote positive socio-cultural or religious values, thus

creating a sense of belonging in a social group viewed as

superior. Illustrative of this phenomenon is the example of

some African youth bearing Western or Middle Eastern names

or African youth from inland bearing names from affluent

costal ethnic groups.

BT: Naming

RT: Nicknaming


SN: Parenthood conceived of as a determining factor and an

outcome in onomastic practices such as teknonymy in which

the parents' individual anthroponyms are effaced and

replaced by the collective phrasal name 'parent of'.


92


Elderhood

Teknonymy

Participants

SN: All the entities involved in the onomastic communication at

different levels and to different degrees. They include the

immediate addressers and addressees as well as the

over-hearers and the proxies, the living as well as the

ancestors and the spirits, persons as well as animals.

UF: Interactants

NT: Addressees

Addressors

Ancestors

Initiates

Living dead, the

Living, the

Nameless dead

Spirits

Patronymic

USE: Patronyms

Patronymics

USE: Patronymy

Patronyms

93

SN: Collective anthroponyms that make reference to a male name

bearer's son or daughter. Patronyms have the form "x's

son" or "x's daughter" in which x is the name of the name

bearer's child. In some cultures x is the name of the first

child regardless of its sex. In some other cultures x is

the name of the first male child of the name bearer.

UF: Patronymic

BT: Surnames

Patronymy

UF: Patronymics

Pejorative names

USE: Apotropaic names

Pelagonyms

SN: Pelagonyms are sea names.

Kara Sea

Sargasso Sea

are three examples of pelagonyms.

, Gulf of Mexico and

BT: Hydronyms

Pen names

BT: Pseudonyms

RT: Noms de guerre

Stage names

Penthonomists

RT: Penthonymy

94

Penthonyms

SN: Penthonyms are names that express cultural attitudes toward

the death of relatives such as sorrow, mourning, etc. They

also indicate community-based measures for dealing with

future death related events.

UF: Death names

NT: Mourning names

Sorrow names

RT: Necronyms

Survival names

Penthonymy

RT: Penthonomists

Personal identity

BT: Identity

RT: Individual identity

Personhood

Selfhood

Personal name change

SN: Change of the name(s) of an individual based on traditional

naming practices such as initiation rites or for personal

reasons. personal name change can also be imposed on the

individual by a state's politically motivated decision as

was the case in Togo in 1975, or in former Zaire in 1972,

95

under the ideological banner of authenticity.

BT: Name change

Personal names

USE: Anthroponyms

Personhood

SN: Qualities or attributes that define a person as a person,

that is, as opposed to an animal or an object. For many

African onomasticians the concept of personhood refers to a

Multi-faceted reality that is defined by the community and

reflected in the acquisition of community sanctioned names.

There is an intrinsic relationship between the personhood

of an individual and the name (s) s/he bears.

RT: Identity

Personal identity

Selfhood

Persons

SN: Metaphysic identity of human participants to onomastic

communication. The concept of persons is a key concept in

anthroponymy, especially in African anthroponymy for one of

the main objectives of naming and interpellation is to

construct, influence, or nurture the personhood and or

personal identity of the name bearer.

BT: Living, the

NT: Children

96

Initiated, the

RT: Identity

Self

Persons, derivation from


NT: Eponyms

Pet names


RT: Fondling names

Philosophical names

BT: Comment names

RT: Proverbial names

Sentential names

Physical-attribute-based names

RT: Descriptive names

Phytonymists

RT: Phytonymy

Phytonyms

UF: Plant names

BT: Proper names

NT: Dendronyms

97

Phytonymy


RT: Phytonymists

Phytophoric names

SN: Anthroponyms that make reference to a plant, thereby

assimilating some characteristics of that plant to the

personality traits of the name bearer.

BT: Praise names


Place names

USE: Toponyms

Plant names

USE: Phytonyms

Play on names


RT: Name game

Plurality of names

USE: Polyonymy

Poetic onomastics

USE: Literary onomastics

98

Poetics

Poetonyms

USE: Charactonyms

Polemical communication

BT: Indirect communication

RT: Vengence-oriented communication


Polemical names

BT: Comment names

Friction names

RT: Vengeance-oriented names

Politeness as a strategy

SN: Use of the name of a pseudo-addressee such as a dog to talk

indirectly to a target addressee in conflict laden

situations where a direct use of the addressee's name would

result in him or her losing face. Polite communication,

also called indirect communication, also aims at protecting

the intrpellator's own face.


Political names

BT: Comment names

99

Politics of naming

RT: Name game

Polyonymy

SN: The fact of bearing several individual anthroponyms. It is

a cultural characteristic common to many societies. In some

societies the newly acquired names replace the older ones

(diachronic polyonymy). In other societies they are added

up to the older ones and contribute to the expression of

the multifaceted identity of the name bearer (synchronic

polyonymy).

UF: Plurality of names

NT: Diachronic polyonymy

Synchronic polyonymy

Positional names

USE: Birth order names

Potaponyms

SN: Potaponyms are river names. Limpopo River

through Central Southern Africa),

(which runs

Ubangui River (which runs

through Central African Republic, The Democratic Republic

of Congo and The Republic of Congo), and Mississipi River

(in the United States) are three examples of potaponyms.

BT: Hydronyms

100

Power of naming

RT: Authority in naming

Interpellative relationships

Name game

Pragmonymists

RT: Pragmonymy

Pragmonyms

SN: Names for events, be they cosmic and physical events such

as metereological events, or socio-cultural and political

events such as wars, commemorations, football games, etc.

UF: Event names

BT: Proper names

RT: Chrononyms

Pragmonymy


RT: Pragmonymists

Praise names

SN: Heroic names that refer to the good or exceptional

character and laudable deeds of the name bearer and are

recited during initiation rites or other ceremonies

involving dancing rituals. They are also called praise

poems when referring to their amplified linguistic

structure.

101


NT: Phytophoric names

Praise poems

zoophoric names

RT: Heroic names

War names

Warrior names

Praise poems

BT: Praise names

Praise poetry

SN: Onomastic strategy aimed at the glorification of the name

bearer through the composition of a poem around the meaning

of his or her name. It is a poetic amplification of names,

particularly praise names. The Zulu praise poems (

that are classified in subcategories such as i izibongo zitopho

)

(personal praises), izithakazelo (clan praises), and izibongo zamakhosi (praise of kings and chiefs) constitute

one of the best kown forms of African praise poetry.


RT: Amplification

Pre-initiation names

SN: All the names that a person bears before s/he reaches the

initiation age. In some cultures such as the Wamakua of

Tnazania, pre-initiation names are discarded upon the

102

acquisition of initiation names.


NT: Childhood names

RT: Children names


BT: Code, onomastic

Name taboo

RT: Enunciation of names

Product names

BT: Chrematonyms

Ergonyms

NT: Brand names

Trademarks

Proper names

SN: Names of individual entities. Proper names are defined in

contrast to common names or nouns which are names of kinds

of entities. For example, Churchill , Dakar , Mau-Mau , Fido

are proper names whereas their related common nouns are prime ministers , cities , ethnic groups , and dogs . The form

of proper names depends on the grammatical conventions of

each language. As for their socio-cultural and pragmatic

functions, they depend on the naming practices of each

onomastic tradition.

UF: Onyms

103

Proper nouns

Uncountable nouns

Unsharable names

NT: Anthroponyms

Chrematonyms

Cosmonyms

Ergonyms

Ethnonyms

Phytonyms

Pragmonyms

Thecnyms

Toponyms

Zoonyms

Proper nouns

USE: Proper names

Propitiatory names

SN: Onomastic messages addressed to a tutelary spirit or to

ancestors, in which the addresser acknowledges his fault or

dereliction of duty and implores clemency.


Protective names

BT: Disguise names

NT: Apotropaic names

Cover names

104

Necronyms

Propitiatory names

Survival names

Tutelary spirit names

Proverbial names

SN: Proverbs used as anthroponyms or zoonyms. Particularly

effective in zoonymic communication which involves

conflict-laden situations, proverbial names allow for

doubly-indirect communication. This quality of indirectness

stems primarily from the fact that the name bearer, in many

cases a dog, is not the target addressee; secondly, a

proverb by its very nature has no identifiable author, and

so the interpellator can invoke this murky authorship and

the proverb's status as a token of collective wisdom to

shield himself/herself from any interpretation attributed

to him or her.

BT: Comment names

RT: Philosophical names

Sentential names

Prper names

UF: Onoma

Pseudo-addressees

SN: Entity, human or animal, to whom the interpellator seems to

address his message whereas the real addressee, that is,

105

the entity for which the message is destined, is an

overhearer or the owner of the animal named.

UF: Pseudo-epicenter

BT: Addressees

Pseudo-epicenter

USE: Pseudo-addressee

Pseudonyms

BT: Disguise names

NT: Noms de guerre

Pen names

Stage names

RT: Aliases

Cover names

Sobriquets

Real addressees

USE: Target addressees

Receivers

USE: Addressees

Recitation of names

BT: Enunciation of names

RT: Mourning rituals, name usage and


106

Reference

BT: Name usage

RT: Designation

Identification

Naming

Refusal of names

SN: Rejection of a non-fitting name by the named person, be he

or she a child or an adult person. In some cultures,

unusual crying and a constant and lasting discomfort

following the bestowal of the name are some of the signs

of the name refusal in the case of a newborn baby.

BT: Violence, names and

Regnal names: Formal or official names used by popes and monarchs

Including kings, pharaohs and emperors.

UF: Reign names

Throne names

BT: Patronyms

Reign names

USE: Regnal names

Reincarnation names

RT: Namesake

107


SN: Revival and or prolongation of the memory of an ancestor or

deceased person through the bestowal of his name on a

newborn child who bears some resemblance to him.

BT: Name sharing

RT: Identity sharing through naming

Recitation of names



Religious names

NT: Christian names

Muslim names

Theophoric names

RT: Baptismal names

Hagionyms

Sacred names


RT: Eponymy



Removal of names

RT: De-naming

Name loss

Nameless, the

108

Renaming

BT: Naming

RT: Name change

Reserved names

USE: Big names

Rites of passage

NT: Initiation rites

RT: Acquisition of names

Life stages and naming

Sacred names

NT: Hagionyms

Regnal names

Theonyms

RT: Religious names

Twin names

Saint names

USE: Hagionyms

Secret names

BT: Big names

RT: Ontological names

109

Self

RT: Identity

Ontological names

Persons

Self-interpellation

SN: Self-naming act through which name givers/bearers bestow

on themselves names that challenge and exhort them to

realize their self-defined identities. The bestowal

of initiation names such as warrior names, labor names and

praise names constitutes a self-realization program.

BT: Self-naming

RT: Self-presentation

Self-naming

SN: Verbal act of choosing and bestowing a name or names on

oneself in order to define and present one's own identity

or express one's opinions in an indirect way. Self-naming

can occur within or without initiation names.

NT: Self-interpellation

Self-presentation

RT: Endonymy

Self-nomination

Self-nomination

RT: Nomination

Self-naming

110

Self-presentation

SN: Self-naming act through which name givers/ bearers define

and present their own identities as opposed to identities

defined for them by the group or others. Self-presentation

is an extroverted act whereas self-interpellation is an

introverted act.

BT: Self-naming

RT: Self-interpellation

Selfhood

RT: Personal identity

Personhood

Senders

USE: Addressors

Senior elderhood

BT: Elderhood

Sentential

BT: Form of names

Sentential form

UF: Nomino-verbal

Sentential names

111

SN: The term 'sentential names' is ambiguous. First, it refers

to the morphological and syntactic form of the names; they

are sentences in the grammatical sense of the word.

'Sentential names' is here synonymous with 'sentential

form'. Second, the term refers to the cultural content or

thought; the names are maxims expressing philosophical

thoughts.

BT: Comment names

RT: Philosophical names

Proverbial names

Servant names


RT: Slave names

Sharable names

USE: Nouns

Situational context



Slave names


RT: Imposed names

Servant names

112

Slave naming

BT: Naming

RT: Imposition of names

Small names


NT: Nicknames

Sobriquets

RT: Diminutives

Sobriquets

BT: Small names

RT: Diminutives

Nicknames

Onomatopoeic names

Pseudonyms

Social order names

NT: Caste names

Servant names

Slave names

Socio-cultural contexts


Sorrow names

BT: Penthonyms

113

Soul-lineage names

SN: Names given to children in matrilineal societies such as

the Akan, based on their father's lineage called

soul-lineage in opposition to their mother's lineage which

is a flesh-and-blood lineage. Soul lineage names play an

important protective and educational role in the life of

the name bearer.

RT: Lineage names

Spatial links

BT: Links, names as

Speaker

USE: Addressors

Spirits

SN: According to some African philosophers spirits are

ancestors who have become nameless due to the effacing of

their names from the memory of the living and who have,

therefore lost their identity. For other African

philosophers spirits and ancestors are the same entities.

BT: Participants

RT: Ancestors

Nameless dead

Nameless, the

114

Stage names

BT: Pseudonyms

RT: Noms de guerre

Pen names


SN: Verbal methods used to reinforce the effect of

interpellation on the interpellated. They can be segmental

like amplification, supra-segmental like intonation, or

rhetorical like poetic commentary.

NT: Amplification

Choice of names

Harangue

Intonation

Play on names

Praise poetry

RT: Communicative competence


Street names

USE: Hodonyms

Superiors

BT: Interpellative relationships

Surnames


115

NT: Matronyms

Patronyms

Teknonyms


Ethnopatronyms

Family names

Last names

Maiden names

Married names

Survival names

SN: Death-prevention names given by parents to children whose

sibling (s) may have died due to infant mortality

interpreted as a non natural phenomenon.


RT: Apotropaic names

Penthonyms

Synchronic plurality

USE: Synchronic polyonymy

Synchronic polyonymy

SN: Cultural practice of bearing several names all of which may

be used at any one time depending on the context of

interpellation and the interpellative relationships

between the name bearer and the name user.

UF: Synchronic plurality

116

BT: Polyonymy

Target addressees

UF: Epicenter

Real addressee

BT: Addressees

RT: Interpellated, the

Teknonyms

SN: Individaul anthroponyms that make reference to the father

or mother of the name bearer. They have the form "father of

x" or "mother of x" in which x is the name of a child. In

some cultures such as the Ewe of Togo and the Zafimaniry of

Madagascar, x is the name of the first child regardless

of his or her sex. In some other cultures x is the name of

the first male child.

UF: Paedonyms

BT: Surnames

Teknonymy

UF: Paedonymy

RT: Parenthood and naming

Temporal links

BT: Links, names as

Thecnyms

117

SN: Names of mythological entities or creatures. Thecnyms

include the subclass of theonyms which are the names of

God, gods and other deities.

UF: Mythological names

BT: Proper names

NT: Theonyms

Thecnymy


NT: Theonymy

Theonymics

USE: Theonymy

Theonyms

BT: Sacred names

Thecnyms

Theonymy

UF: Theonymics

BT: Thecnymy

Theophoric names

SN: Anthroponyms which make reference to God, gods, or other

deities or their attributes. Addressers can seek

protection, show their gratitude or express their

grievances by using theophoric names. The Yoruba names

118

Oriyomi (delivered by Ori) and Fasami (Ifa is good to me),

the Kabye name Essotom (God's words), and the Ewe name

Mawusi (in God's hands) are examples of theophoric names.

BT: Religious names

RT: Christian names


Theoretical onomastics

SN: Branch of onomastics that studies the general principles and functions of naming. It also includes the study of the methods and the terminology used in naming systems.

BT: Onomastics

Throne names

USE: Regnal names

Time names

USE: Chrononyms

Titles

BT: Bynames

Ergonyms

RT: Address, terms of

Topo-anthroponyms

SN: Personal names derived from place names. A topo-anthroponym

may refer to the geographic origin of the name bearer or

119

designate events that took place at a certain location and

which surround his or her birth.

BT: Anthroponyms

RT: Demonyms

Topographic names

USE: Toponyms

Toponomastics

USE: Toponymy

Toponymics

USE: Toponymy

Toponymists

RT: Toponymy

Toponyms

UF: Geographic names

Geonyms

Place names

Topographic names

BT: Proper names

NT: Allonyms

Anoiconyms

Anthropotoponyms

Choronyms

120

Flurnamen

Hodonyms

Hydronyms

Oronyms

Toponymy

UF: Toponomastics

Toponymics


NT: choronymy

RT: Toponymists

Trade names

BT: Ergonyms

Trademarks

SN: Legally protected brand names.

BT: Ergonyms

Product names

RT: Brand names

Traditional names

BT: Endonyms

RT: Authentic names

Indigenous names

Traditions, onomastic

121

NT: Naming practices

Naming systems


BT: Name sharing

RT: Attribution of names


Tree names

USE: Dendronyms

Tribal names

USE: Ethnonyms

True names

USE: Ontological names


SN: Individual anthroponyms making reference to the spirit or

deity that is said to protect the name bearer. Birth day

names, for example, are tutelary spirit names in cultures

such as the Ewe culture where each day has its deity

presiding over it. Yawa , a girl born on Thursday, and

Kossi , a boy born on Sunday, are under the protection of

the Thursday and Sunday's deities.


RT: Theophoric names

122

Twin names


RT: Sacred names

Uncountable nouns

USE: Proper names

Unsharable names

USE: Proper names

Urbanonyms

BT: Choronyms

NT: Oeconyms

Utterers

USE: Enunciators

Uttering of names

USE: Enunciation of names

Vacuous names

USE: Non-referential names

Vengeance-oriented names

BT: Friction names

RT: Polemical names

123

Vengence-oriented communication


RT: Polemical communication


Verbal

BT: Form of names

Village names

BT: Anoiconyms

Oeconyms

Violence, names and

SN: Symbolic violence performed on the person of the

interpellated due to the injunctive and/or injurious nature

of interpellation, particularly in the case of social order

names such as slave names and servant names.

NT: Injuries, names and

Refusal of names

RT: Imposition of ames


War names

SN: Bestowed or self-bestowed names borne by soldiers in

war.They expess various facets of a soldier's life. As

pseudonyms they are strategies of survival based on secrecy

124

and anonymity; they can also connote natural or

supernatural powers ascribed to a soldier, or refer to his

status within the military organization of the army or the

militia; finally, war names can project the self-defined

identity of a soldier.

BT: Cover names

Cryptonyms

RT: Heroic names

Praise names

Warrior names

Warrior names

SN: Bestowed or self-bestowed names that project the name

bearers' identity and their attitude and position toward

potential wars or war-like situations. In contrast to war

names, warrior names have their genesis not in actual wars

but in initiation contexts. Warrior names denote programs

for preparing for potential wars rather than strategies for

fighting actual wars.


RT: Heroic names

Noms de guerre

Praise names

War names

Womb names

UF: Fetus names

125

BT: Children names

RT: Baby names

Zoonomastics

USE: Zoonymy


SN: Onomastic communication in which the addressor conveys

messages to an addressee through the use of animal names or

zoonyms as opposed to other types of names, notably names

of human beings or anthroponyms. Zoonymic communication is

often used by an addressor in conflcict- laden situations

to express his or her grievances.


RT: Polemical communication

Vengence-oriented communication

Zoonymics

USE: Zoonymy

Zoonymists

RT: Zoonymy

Zoonyms

UF: Animal names

BT: Proper names

NT: Bird names

126

Cat names

Cow names

Dog names

Goat names

Ox names

Zoonymy

UF: Zoonomastics

Zoonymics


NT: Onomastic Physiognomy

RT: Zoonymists zoophoric names

SN: Anthroponyms that make reference to an animal and thereby

assimilate some characteristics of that animal with the

personality traits of the name bearer.

BT: Heroic names

Praise names


127

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