1
Supplementary materialTable S1 Summary information from representative studies on fish eco-morphology.
Functional trait
Deformation
Eco-morphological relationships
Reference
Ref. #
Carassius carassius (Linnaeus, 1758)
Deep body
Fish exposed to predator pressure displaying deeper bodies.
Poléo et al. (1995)
1
Coregonus clupeaformis (Mitchill, 1818)
Normal vs dwarf morphotypes
Dwarf ecotype feeding almost on zooplankton.
Bernatchez et al. (1999)
Pigeon et al. (1997)
2
Coregonus lavaretus (L., 1758)
Longer heads, large eyes, longer
pectoral fins
Specializing in feeding on deep and littoral resources.
Siwertsson et al. (2013)
3
Cyprinella venusta (Girard, 1859)
Deep vs fusiform body
Deep-bodied morphotypes strongly correlated with lotic
environment.
Haas et al. (2010)
4
Gambusia affinis (Baird & Girard, 1853)
Large caudal region and shallower
anterior region
Trade-off between burst swimming ability and prolonged
swimming ability for feeding.
Langerhans et al. (2004)
5
Gasterosteus aculeatus (L., 1758)
Deep vs fusiform body
Deep bodies correlated to benthic and bottom invertebrate
foraging.
Walker (1997)
6
Lepomis gibbosus (L., 1758) and
Ambloplites rupestris (Rafinesque, 1817)
Deep vs slender body
Stream fishes displaying slender body depth.
Brinsmead & Fox (2002)
7
Perca fluviatilis (L., 1758)
Deep vs fusiform body
Pelagic lifestyle correlated with fusiform morphotype; littoral
lifestyle correlated with deep-bodied morphotype.
Hjelm et al. (2001)
8
Rutilus rutilus (L., 1758)
Deep vs fusiform body
Stream fishes displaying greater pre-dorsal length; lake fishes
displayed greater pectoral–pelvic fin distance.
Rechulicz & Kolejko (2012)
9
6 species (multi-species approach)
Deep body
Combined with pharyngeal and jaw bones deep bodies correlated Pfaender et al. (2010)
with suction feeding mode, as opposed to predatory foraging.
10
27 species (meta-analysis)
Anterior part of body
Fish displaying greater hydrodynamic potential have longer
anterior part of body.
11
35 species (meta-analysis)
Multivariate traits adaptation
Water flow drives predictable phenotypic variation on a common Langerhans (2008)
generalized model.
12
Amphilophus zaliosus (Barlow, 1976)
Thick vs thin lips|
Thick-lipped fishes feeding on benthic crustaceans and insect
prey; thin lip fishes eating more littoral prey such as mollusks.
Elmer et al. (2010)
13
Anguilla anguilla (L;, 1758)
Large vs small mouth
Fish feeding associated with large mouth; chironomid feeding
associated with small mouth.
Lammens & Visser (1989)
14
Body
Sagnes & Statzner (2009)
Trophic
Astyanax mexicanus (De Filippi, 1853)
Normal vs larger width size
Large width correlated with increase in taste buds number in
cavefish.
Yamamoto et al. (2009)
15
Coregonus maraena (Bloch, 1779)
Elongated snout
Feeding on benthic prey.
Kottelat & Freyhof (2007)
16
Coregonus oxyrinchus (L., 1758)
Long pointed snout
Feeding on zooplankton and benthic invertebrates.
Kottelat & Freyhof (2007)
17
Coregonus widegreni (Malmgren, 1863)
Elongated snout
Kottelat & Freyhof (2007)
18
Garra lamta (F. Hamilton, 1822)
Lip keratinized horny sheaths
Scraping food material and browsing in stream environment.
Pinky et al. (2002)
19
Leuciscus oxyrrhis (La Blanchère, 1873)
Pointed projected snout
Feeding on vegetal matter.
Kottelat & Freyhof (2007)
20
European barbels
Elongated snout
Living near bottom in variety of habitats.
Kottelat & Freyhof (2007)
21
10 species (multi-species approach)
Trade-off between taste buds
number and vision system
Taste buds number increasing in benthic feeding species
Gomahr et al. (1992)
22
Prosopium williamsoni (Girard, 1856)
‘Pinocchio’ deformation associated
with fusiform body shape
Elongated snout used for overturning substrate and feeding on
benthic invertebrates (as opposed to feeding on drifting prey).
Whiteley (2007)
23
Salvelinus alpinus (L., 1856)
Deep and small body vs large body
morphotypes
Deeper and small body morphotype associated with soft bottom
invertebrates foraging and deep water lifestyle.
Knudsen et al. (2006)
24
Several head and body traits
Enhanced maneuvrability and suction in complex habitats (i.e.
rocky vs pebbly).
Komiya et al. (2011)
25
Deep and small body vs large and
fusiform body
Water velocity correlated with size-related variables. Water
depth correlated with fusiform and elongated body.
Wikramanayake (1990)
26
Feeding on benthic invertebrates.
Body and trophic
Sarcocheilichtys (two species)
12 species (multi-species approach)
2
3
Bernatchez, L., Chouinard, A. & Lu, G. (1999). Integrating molecular genetics and ecology in studies of adaptive radiation: whitefish, Coregonus sp., as a case study. Biol. J.
Linn. Soc. Lond. 68, 173–194.
4
Gomahr, A., Palzenberger, M. & Kotrschal, K. (1992).Density and distribution of external taste buds in cyprinids. Environmental Biology of Fishes, 33(1-2), pp.125–134.
5
Hjelm, J. et al., 2001.Diet-dependent body morphology and ontogenetic reaction norms in Eurasian perch. Oikos, 95, 311–323.
6
Knudsen, R., Klemetsen, A., Amundsen, P.A. & Hermansen, B., (2006). Incipient speciation through niche expansion: an example from the Arctic charr in a subarctic lake. P.
7
Roy. Soc. B-Biol. Sci. 273, 2291–2298.
8
Langerhans, R., Layman, C.A., Shokrollahi, A.M. & DeWitt, T.J. (2004). Predator-driven phenotypic diversification in Gambusia affinis. Evolution 58, 2305–2318.
9
Langerhans, R.B. (2008). Predictability of phenotypic differentiation across flow regimes in fishes. Integr. Comp. Biol., 48, 750–768.
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
Pfaender, J., Schliewen, U.K. & Herder, F. (2010). Phenotypic traits meet patterns of resource use in the radiation of “sharpfin” sailfin silverside fish in Lake Matano. Evol.
Ecol. 24, 957–974.
Pigeon, D., Chouinard, A. & Bernatchez, L. (1997). Multiple modes of speciation involved in the parallel evolution of sympatric morphotypes of Lake Whitefish (Coregonus
clupeaformis, Salmonidae). Evolution 51, 196–205.
Pinky, Mitta, S., Ojha, J. & Mittal, A. (2002). Scanning electron microscopic study of the structures associated with lips of an Indian hill stream fish Garra lamta (Cyprinidae,
Cypriniformes). Eur. J. Morphol. 40, 161–169.
Poléo, A.B.S. , Øxnevad, S. A., Østbye, K., Heibo, E., Andersen, R.A. & Vøllestad, L.A. (1995). Body morphology of crucian carp Carassius carassius in lakes with or
without piscivorous fish. Ecography 18, 225–229.
Rechulicz, J. & Kolejko, M. (2012).Morphological differences between lake and river populations of roach - Rutilus rutilus (L.). Ann. Univ. Mariae Curie-Sklodowska. Sect.
EE Zootech. 30, 46–59.
20
Sagnes, P. & Statzner, B. (2009). Hydrodynamic abilities of riverine fish: a functional link between morphology and velocity use. Aquat. Living Resour. 22, 79–91.
21
Siwertsson, A., Knudsen, R., Adams, C.E., Præbel, K. & Amundsen, P.A. (2013). Parallel and non-parallel morphological divergence among foraging specialists in European
22
23
whitefish (Coregonus lavaretus). Ecol. Evol. 3, 1590–1602.
Wu, C.I. (2001). Genes and speciation. J. Evol. Biol. 14, 889–89
Table S2 Chondrostom species plus control non-chondrostom cyprinid analyzed in this study with indication of
sampling location.
Species
Achondrostoma oligolepis
Chondrostoma angorense
Chondrostoma nasus
Chondrostoma vardarense
Iberochondrostoma lemmingii
Parachondrostoma toxostoma
Protochondrostoma genei
Pseudochondrostoma duriense
Pseudochondrostoma polylepis
Control
Telestes souffia
Basin
River
n
Latitude
Longitude
Mondego
Mondego
Vouga
Vouga
Sankarya
Loire
Seine
Aliakmon
Guadiana
Guadiana
Quarteira
Orbieu
Rhône
Tiber
Tiber
Douro
Douro
Douro
Mondego
Mondego
Alva
Anços
Alfusqueiro
Rio do Sul
Yonëk
Allier
Chee
Suran
Assino
Paglia
Coa
Tamega
Paiva
Alva
Ceira
2
5
14
19
16
20
20
40
14
11
15
21
20
20
20
18
14
4
17
18
40°17′12.5″N
39°58′43.7″N
40°33′55.1″N
40°46′32.3″N
39°21′23″N
45°37'5.98"N
48°47'26.92"N
40°13'58"N
39°06'48.9"N
37°24'27.3"N
37°12'38.4"N
43°6'7.34"N
46°15'51.65"N
43°17'3.28"N
42°43'40.71"N
40°36'53.2"N
41°21'13.0"N
40°55'59.4"N
40°17′10.7″N
40°10′55.3″N
7°57′39.1″W
7°57′39.1″W
8°24′00.4″W
8°03′58.4″W
30°34′ 07″ E
3°12'41.69"E
4°49'10.471"E
21°58'15"E
7°16'35.1"W
7°45'36. 1"W
7°16'35.1"W
2°37'23.50"E
5°25'45.73"E
12°21'59.12"E
12°7'45.72"E
6°55'07.0"W
7°56'37.4"W
8°04'42.2"W
7°57′39. 1″W
8°21′04.7″W
Rhône
Rhône
Durance
Ardèche
8
17
44°26′54.113″N 4°18′31.283″E
44°28'32.54"N
4°15'48.94"E
Caia
Foupana