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CASTLEREAGH SCRIBBLY GUM AND AGNES BANKS WOODLANDS OF THE SYDNEY
BASIN BIOREGION: DRAFT DESCRIPTION
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1. DESCRIPTION OF THE ECOLOGICAL COMMUNITY
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The Castlereagh Scribbly Gum and Agnes Banks Woodlands of the Sydney Basin Bioregion
(hereafter referred to as Castlereagh Scribbly Gum and Agnes Banks Woodlands or the
ecological community) includes a range of vegetation and fauna associated with sand or gravel
soils of the Hawkesbury-Nepean river system in western Sydney. Vegetation consists of low
woodlands with sclerophyllous shrubs and a patchy ground layer of graminoids and forbs.
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1.1
Name of the ecological community
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The name of the ecological is Castlereagh Scribbly Gum and Agnes Banks Woodlands of the
Sydney Basin Bioregion. The ecological community was nominated and placed on the 2009
Finalised Priority Assessment List as part of a broader ecological community, named the
Hinterland Sand Flats Forest and Woodland of the Sydney Basin Bioregion. Following
consultation with experts during the assessment process it was determined that an ecologically
distinct assemblage is difficult to identify from the eight smaller vegetation units that were
proposed to be combined into the broader ecological community.
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The definition of the ecological community has been narrowed to incorporate two vegetation
units with similar floristics that are typically co-located in the Hawkesbury-Nepean region west
of Sydney on sandy substrates.
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The name of the ecological community reflects its structure and location and combines the
names of the two vegetation units. The two vegetation units also correspond with two
threatened ecological communities listed separately under the New South Wales (NSW)
Threatened Species Conservation Act 1995 (TSC Act). Information regarding the NSW listed
ecological communities can be found at:
http://www.environment.nsw.gov.au/determinations/castlereaghscribblygumFD.htm and
http://www.environment.nsw.gov.au/determinations/AgnesBanksWoodlandSydneyEndComLis
ting.htm
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1.2
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The Castlereagh Scribbly Gum and Agnes Banks Woodlands ecological community is located
in the Sydney Basin Bioregion as defined by version 7 of the Interim Biogeographic
Regionalisation of Australia (IBRA v 7).
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It occurs almost exclusively on the Cumberland Plain, in the Castlereagh area in the north-west,
and smaller occurrences near Holsworthy (some patches at Holsworthy are just outside the
Cumberland Plain), Kemps Creek and Longneck Lagoon (Tozer et al., 2010; NSW Scientific
Committee, 2013).
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Geology
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The ecological community occurs primarily on Tertiary sands and gravels of the HawkesburyNepean river system. These ancient alluvial soils were deposited by the rivers in sites that can
be quite distant from the present-day flood zones (James, 1997; Keith, 2004). At Agnes Banks
it primarily occurs on Aeolian (wind-blown) sands overlying Tertiary alluvium.
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The soils of the ecological community are typically low in nutrients, unlike more recent alluvial
deposits (Keith, 2004). The sediments on which the ecological community occurs may be
almost pure sand. The sand deposits often transition to, and include, areas of gravel and clay.
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Altitude and Climate
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The ecological community occurs at low elevations up to 70 m above sea level (ASL) (Tozer et
al., 2010).
Location and physical environment
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The ecological community is found on flat or gently undulating terrain on the valley floor in
rain shadow areas typically receiving 700-900 mm annual rainfall (Keith, 2004).
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The low altitude and hinterland position within the Cumberland Plain provide the ecological
community with a warmer and drier climate than surrounding landscapes on escarpments.
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1.3
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The Castlereagh Scribbly Gum and Agnes Banks Woodlands range from woodland to low
open-woodland with the canopy species typically 10-15 m tall (Benson, 1981; Keith, 2004).
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The ecological community’s understorey has a prominent and diverse layer of sclerophyll
shrubs. It typically has a patchy ground cover of sedges and grasses. However, in areas of
poorly drained soil there may be less species diversity in the mid layer and the ground layer
may contain a high diversity of sedges and grasses (Benson, 1981; Tozer et al., 2010).
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The isolation of the alluvial deposits in the Hawkesbury-Nepean river valley and differences in
the soil characteristics have led to the development of differences in species composition and
abundance across the range of the ecological community (Keith, 2004). For example, this is
expressed in differing abundance of Melaleuca and Banksia species. In addition, the Agnes
Banks vegetation occurs on Aeolian sand and can contain a number of species reminiscent of
communities closer to the coast, such as Dillwynia glaberrima, Ricinocarpos pinifolius
(wedding bush) and Banksia aemula (wallum).
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Canopy
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The canopy contains, and is often dominated by, one or more of the following species:
Angophora bakeri (narrow leaved apple), Eucalyptus racemosa (narrow-leaved scribbly gum)
and E. parramattensis subsp. parramattensis (Parramatta red gum) (Keith, 2004; Tozer et al.,
2010). Melaleuca species including M. decora (paperbark) may also be prominent in the
canopy (and/or mid layer) of the ecological community. Eucalyptus fibrosa (red ironbark) is
also occasionally present in the canopy (Keith, 2004; Tozer et al., 2010).
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Mid layer (shrubs)
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A shrub layer up to 2 m tall is present in well drained areas. Characteristic mid layer species
include: Banksia aemula (wallum), B. serrata (old man banksia), B. oblongifolia (fern-leaved
banksia), B. spinulosa (hairpin banksia), Melaleuca decora (paperbark), Conospermum
taxifolium (variable smoke bush), Leptospermum trinervium (flaky-barked tea-tree), Dillwynia
sericea (showy parrot-pea), Monotoca scoparia (broom heath), Platysace ericoides, Persoonia
nutans (nodding geebung), Pimelea linifolia (slender rice-flower) and Hakea sericea (silky
hakea).
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Ground layer (graminoids and forbs)
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The ground layer consists of a diverse range of graminoids and forbs including Themeda
triandra (kangaroo grass), Entolasia stricta (wiry panic), Cyathochaeta diandra, Dianella
revoluta subsp. revoluta (blue flax-lily), Lepidosperma urophorum (at Agnes Banks), Stylidium
graminifolium (grass triggerplant), Lepyrodia scariosa, Mitrasacme polymorpha, Trachymene
incisa subsp. incisa, Laxmannia gracilis (slender wire lily), Lomandra spp. and Aristida
warburgii (Keith, 2004; Tozer et al., 2010; NSW Scientific Committee, 2011a, 2011b).
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1.4
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Common fauna that use the ecological community for food or shelter include Ctenotus
taeniolatus (striped skink), Tiliqua scincoides (eastern blue-tongued lizard), Petaurus breviceps
(sugar glider), Myotis macropus (southern myotis) and Trichosurus vulpecula (common
brushtail possum). Frogs such as Litoria verreauxii (Verreaux's tree frog), Crinia signifera
(common eastern froglet) and Limnodynastes tasmaniensis (spotted marsh frog) use areas of
inundation in the ecological community for breeding (Jones et al., 1997).
Vegetation
Fauna
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The avifauna is predominantly composed of small to medium sized insectivorous birds. Typical
birds include Smicrornis brevirostris (weebill), Acanthiza reguloides and A. nana (buff-rumped
and yellow thornbills), Petrochelidon nigricans (tree martin), Artamus cyanopterus (dusky
woodswallow), Colluricincla harmonica (grey shrike-thrush), Pachycephala rufiventris and P.
pectoralis (rufous and golden whistler), Daphoenositta chrysoptera (varied sittella),
Melanodryas cucullata (hooded robin), Pardalotus striatus and P. punctatus (striated and
spotted pardalote) and Lichenostomus fuscus (fuscous honeyeater) (Jones et al., 1997). The
locally rare Petroica goodenovii (red-capped robin) is mostly found in the ecological
community. Tyto alba (barn owl) occurs in disturbed areas of the ecological community. They
feed on introduced Mus musculus (house mice), reptiles and insects (Jones et al., 1997). There
have also been sightings of the locally rare Entomyzon cyanotis (blue-faced honeyeater) in
remnants of the ecological community in the Castlereagh area (NSW National Parks and
Wildlife Service, 1997).
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Some areas of the ecological community (for example, at Agnes Banks) are similar to coastal
heaths and this is reflected in the assemblage of bird species in these areas, which contain
elements of the sandstone bird communities. Phylidonyris niger (white-cheeked honeyeater),
Hylacola pyrrhopygia (chestnut-rumped heathwren), Malurus lamberti (variegated fairy-wren),
Calyptorhynchus funereus (yellow-tailed black cockatoo) occur in this part of the ecological
community (Jones et al., 1997).
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Although a number of migratory birds use the ecological community, most migratory birds
arrive in spring and depart in autumn. However, importantly, the threatened Lathamus discolor
(swift parrot) and rufous whistler are winter migrants (Jones et al., 1997).
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1.5
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National listing focuses legal protection on remaining patches of the ecological community that
are most functional, relatively natural (as described by the ‘Description’) and in relatively good
condition. Key diagnostic characteristics and condition thresholds assist in identifying a patch
of the threatened ecological community, determine when the Environment Protection and
Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999 (EPBC Act) is likely to apply to the ecological community
and to distinguish between patches of different quality. The ecological community may exhibit
various degrees of disturbance and degradation. This degree of degradation has been taken into
account in developing the condition thresholds.
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1.5.1 Key diagnostic characteristics
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The key diagnostic characteristics presented here summarise the main features of the ecological
community. These are intended to aid the identification of the ecological community, noting
that a broader description is given in the other sections. Key diagnostic characteristics for
describing the Castlereagh Scribbly Gum and Agnes Banks Woodlands ecological community
are that it:
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
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Key diagnostic characteristics and condition thresholds
Is solely distributed within the Sydney Basin Bioregion.
Occurs on flat or gently undulating terrain on valley floors.
Occurs at low altitude up to 70 m ASL
Occurs on sandy soil, on deposits of tertiary alluvium which are sometimes overlayed with
Aeolian deposits (i.e. parts of the Agnes Banks occurrences). The sand deposits often
transition to and include areas of gravel and clay.
 The vegetation structure is typically low woodland, less than 15 m tall with a prominent
shrub layer.
 The canopy contains, and is often dominated by one or more of the following species:
Angophora bakeri, Eucalyptus racemosa and E. parramattensis subsp. parramattensis.
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1.5.2 Condition thresholds
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Condition classes and thresholds provide guidance for when a patch of a threatened ecological
community retains sufficient conservation values to be considered as a Matter of National
Environmental Significance, as defined under the EPBC Act. This means that the referral,
assessment and compliance provisions of the EPBC Act are focussed on the most valuable
elements of the ecological community. Very degraded patches that do not meet the condition
thresholds will be largely excluded from national protection.
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Although very degraded/modified patches are not protected as the ecological community listed
under the EPBC Act, it is recognised that patches that do not meet the condition thresholds may
still retain important natural values and may be protected through State and local laws or
schemes. Therefore, these patches should not be excluded from recovery and other
management actions. Suitable recovery and management actions may improve these patches to
the point that they may be regarded as part of the ecological community fully protected under
the EPBC Act. Management actions should, where feasible, also aim to restore patches to meet
the high quality condition thresholds outlined below.
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< Note: exact vegetative cover, patch size and tree diameter at breast height (dbh) figures are to
be finalised through further data analysis and consultation.>
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For Castlereagh Scribbly Gum and Agnes Banks Woodlands, categories A and B are
considered moderate quality condition and the minimum thresholds for a patch of the
ecological community to be subject to the referral, assessment and compliance provisions of the
EPBC Act. Categories C and D are considered the minimum thresholds for a patch of
Castlereagh Scribbly Gum and Agnes Banks Woodlands to be regarded as an example of high
quality condition.
Category and Rationale
A. Moderate condition class
Represented by medium to large-size
patch as part of a larger native
vegetation remnant and/or with mature
trees
Thresholds
Patch size >0.5ha
And
>30% of the perennial understorey vegetation cover is made up of
native species
And
The patch is contiguous with a native vegetation remnant (any native
vegetation where cover in each layer present is dominated by native
species) >1ha in area
And/Or
The patch has at least one tree with hollows or at least one large locally
indigenous tree (>80cm dbh). Where patches are >1ha, a density of at
least one mature tree/tree with hollows per hectare is required.
B. Moderate condition class
Represented by medium to large size
patch with high quality native
understorey
Patch size >0.5ha
And
>50% of the perennial understorey vegetation cover is made up of
native species.
C. High condition class
Represented by medium to large size
patch with very high quality native
understorey
Patch size >0.5ha
And
>70% of the perennial understorey vegetation cover is made up of
native species.
D. High condition class
Represented by large size patch with
high quality native understorey
Patch size >2ha
And
>50% of the perennial understorey vegetation cover is made up of
native species.
Perennial understorey vegetation cover includes vascular plant species of the ground and shrub layers with a
lifecycle of more than two growing seasons. Measurements of perennial understorey vegetation cover exclude
annuals, cryptogams, leaf litter or exposed soil.
Contiguous means the patch of the ecological community is continuous with, or in close proximity (within 100 m),
of another patch of vegetation that is dominated by native species in each vegetation layer present.
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1.6
Defining a patch
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The ecological community is characterised by the presence of a low eucalypt canopy,
(sometimes interspersed with Melaleuca or Banksia species), a prominent and diverse shrub
layer and a typically patchy ground layer of graminoids and forbs. At its boundary the
ecological community may grade into a range of other woodland types and vegetation
communities, such as Castlereagh Swamp Woodland and Castlereagh Ironbark Forest (see
Section 1.10 for more information on intergrading communities).
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A patch is defined as a discrete and continuous or semi-continuous area of the ecological
community. A patch may include small-scale disturbances, such as tracks or breaks,
watercourses or small-scale variations in vegetation that do not significantly alter its overall
functionality (functionality here refers to processes such as the movement of wildlife and
pollinators, the dispersal of plant propagules, activities of seed and plant predators and many
others).
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1.7
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Areas that meet the condition thresholds are considered critical to the survival of Castlereagh
Scribbly Gum and Agnes Banks Woodlands. Additional areas, such as adjoining native
vegetation and areas that meet the description of the ecological community but not the
condition thresholds are also considered important to the survival of the ecological community.
It is also important to consider the surrounding environment and landscape context.
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1.8
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Since European settlement, the ecological community has undergone a reduction in extent of
approximately 60% (Table 1).
Area critical to the survival of the ecological community
Geographic extent and patch-size distribution
Table 1. Estimates of decline and extent of the ecological community.
Sub community
pre 1750 ha
current ha
% remaining
Agnes Banks Woodland
(NSW Scientific
Committee, 2011b)
2000
80
4%
Castlereagh Scribbly Gum
Woodland (Tozer et al.,
2010)
5 852
3100
52.9
Total
7852
3180
40.5%
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Average patch size is approximately 23 ha (based on SCIVI data from Tozer et al., 2006). The
average patch size calculation excludes patches under 0.5 ha – these account for 65 % of
mapped patches and occupy a total of 24 ha.
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1.9
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NSW Threatened Species Conservation Act 1995:
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The state listed ecological communities do not include condition thresholds.
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Relationships to State-listed ecological communities
Castlereagh Scribbly Gum Woodland in the Sydney Basin Bioregion – vulnerable
Agnes Banks Woodland in the Sydney Basin Bioregion – endangered.
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The ecological community corresponds, entirely or in part, to the following vegetation
classifications:
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Benson (1992) and James (1997)
- 14a Castlereagh Scribbly Gum Woodland
- 14b Agnes Banks Woodland
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Tozer et al. (2010)
- DSF p7 Castlereagh Scribbly Gum Woodland
- DSF p239 Agnes Banks Woodland
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VIS Vegetation Classification
- 883 Hard-leaved Scribbly Gum - Parramatta Red Gum Heathy Woodland of the
Cumberland Plain, Sydney basin Bioregion
- 958 Narrow-leaved Apple - Hard-leaved Scribbly Gum Heathy Woodland on Sand at
Agnes Banks, Sydney Basin Bioregion.
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1.10
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The following vegetation types occur on sand deposits in the Sydney Basin Bioregion. Their
sandy substrate gives them some similarities with Castlereagh Scribbly Gum and Agnes Banks
Woodlands. However, most occur outside the Cumberland Plain and at higher altitudes,
resulting in a range of differences in their attributes (including floristic composition and
structure).
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1.10.1 Similar communities
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Mellong Woodland (10me) (Ryan et al., 1996)
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The Mellong Plateau has younger, Quaternary alluvial deposits of deeply leached sands at a
higher elevation (340 m ASL). The proximity of this vegetation type to surrounding sandstone
vegetation is reflected in its similarity to sandstone ridge-top flora of the Sydney Basin found at
higher elevations.
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Thirlmere Lakes Swamp Woodland
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Thirlmere Lakes Swamp Woodland occurs on laterised Cretaceous sandy alluvium and has a
tree layer of Eucalyptus parramattensis (drooping red gum) and Melaleuca linariifolia (flaxleaved paperbark), shrubs of Acacia longifolia (Sydney golden wattle), Melaleuca thymifolia
(thyme honey myrtle) and a ground layer of Lepyrodia muelleri. It does not contain Eucalyptus
racemosa (narrow-leaved scribbly gum).
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Kurri Sand Swamp Woodland
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Kurri Sand Swamp Woodland is a similar vegetation type that occurs outside the Cumberland
Plain in the Hunter Valley. This vegetation type also occurs on sand but lacks the characteristic
Eucalyptus racemosa (narrow-leaved scribbly gum) and contains a different subspecies of E.
parramattensis (subsp. decadens).
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Warkworth Sands Woodland
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On sand deposits at Warkworth in the Hunter Valley, the vegetation has a canopy dominated by
Angophora floribunda (rough-barked apple), Eucalyptus tereticornis (forest red gum), Acacia
filicifolia (fern-leaved wattle), Banksia integrifolia subsp. integrifolia (coastal banksia) and
Pteridium esculentum (common bracken). The occurrence of Callitris endlicheri (black cypress
pine) and Exocarpos cupressiformis (native cherry), Brachychiton populneus subsp. populneus
(kurrajong), Allocasuarina luehmannii (bull oak) and the lack of key canopy species make it
distinct from Castlereagh Scribbly Gum and Agnes Banks Woodlands.
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Differences to similar or intergrading ecological communities
1
Elderslie Banksia Scrub Forest
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This low woodland is listed under the NSW TSC Act as endangered. Although it occurs on
sand deposits within the Cumberland Plain, it is differentiated from Castlereagh Scribbly Gum
and Agnes Banks Woodlands by its species composition, including its characteristic canopy
species Banksia integrifolia and Eucalyptus botryoides.
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1.10.2 Intergrading communities
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Cooks River - Castlereagh Ironbark
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The sand deposits where the ecological community occurs are usually adjacent to gravel-clay
soils. These soils support ironbark vegetation communities such as Cooks River - Castlereagh
Ironbark (NSW Scientific Committee, 2011c). Occasional ironbark trees also occur in the
Castlereagh Scribbly Gum and Agnes Banks Woodlands ecological community.
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Castlereagh Swamp Woodland
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The ecological community is also adjacent and may intergrade with Castlereagh Swamp
Woodland (a listed community under the NSW Threatened Species Conservation Act 1995),
which occurs on poorly draining clay soils. Castlereagh Swamp Woodland shares some
similarities in vegetation, however the canopy is characterised by Melaleuca decora and
Eucalyptus parramattensis subsp. parramattensis.
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Cumberland Plain Shale Woodlands and Shale-Gravel Transition Forest
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Shale-Gravel Transition Forest (9d) (Benson, 1992; James, 1997) (part of the nationally listed
Cumberland Plain Shale Woodlands and Shale-Gravel Transition Forest) forms a transition
between Castlereagh Scribbly Gum and Agnes Banks Woodlands and Cumberland Plain
Woodland. Several species are good indicators of transitional forest, such as Eucalyptus
moluccana (grey box), E. fibrosa (red ironbark), E. eugenioides (thin-leaved stringybark), E.
racemosa (narrow-leaved scribbly gum), Angophora floribunda (rough-barked apple), E.
longifolia (woollybutt), Melaleuca nodosa (prickly-leaved paperbark), Dillwynia tenuifolia,
Grevillea juniperina and Cryptandra spinescens (James, 1997).
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Castlereagh Shale-Gravel Transition Forest
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Castlereagh Shale-Gravel Transition Forest (listed as endangered in NSW) occurs on clays
derived from tertiary alluvium on the Cumberland Plain and has a canopy dominated by
Eucalyptus fibrosa (red ironbark) and Melaleuca decora (paperbark). This vegetation type can
be found in some of the same conservation reserves as Castlereagh Scribbly Gum and Agnes
Banks Woodlands, for example Windsor Downs Nature Reserve, with transitional areas likely
to contain a rich mixture of species typical of both shale and tertiary alluvium.
1
Bibliography
2
3
4
Benson, D.H. (1981). Vegetation of the Agnes Banks sand deposit, Richmond NSW.
Cunninghamia, 1, p 35-37.
5
6
Benson, D.H. (1992). The natural vegetation of the Penrith 1:100 000 map sheet.
Cunninghamia, 2, p 541-596.
7
8
NSW National Parks and Wildlife Service (1997). Overview and Recommendations of Western
Sydney Urban Bushland Biodiversity Survey. NSW National Parks and Wildlife Service.
9
10
James, T. (1997). Native flora of Western Sydney - Urban bushland biodiversity survey,
Technical Report. NSW National Parks and Wildlife Service, Hurstville.
11
12
13
Jones, H., Recsei, J., Delaney, R., Barker, C., Williams, S. & Chessman, B. (1997). Native
fauna of Western Sydney - Urban bushland biodiversity survey. NSW National Parks and
Wildlife Service, Hurstville.
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15
Keith, D.A. (2004). Ocean shores to desert dunes: the native vegetation of New South Wales
and the ACT. NSW Department of Environment and Conservation, Sydney.
16
17
18
NSW Scientific Committee (2011a). Castlereagh Scribbly Gum Woodland in the Sydney Basin
Bioregion - vulnerable ecological community listing. Available on the internet at:
http://www.environment.nsw.gov.au/determinations/castlereaghscribblygumFD.htm
19
20
21
22
NSW Scientific Committee (2011b). Agnes Banks woodland in the Sydney Basin Bioregion endangered ecological community listing. Available on the internet at:
http://www.environment.nsw.gov.au/determinations/AgnesBanksWoodlandSydneyEndC
omListing.htm
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24
25
26
NSW Scientific Committee (2011c). Cooks River/Castlereagh ironbark forest in the Sydney
Basin Bioregion - endangered ecological community listing. Available on the internet at:
http://www.environment.nsw.gov.au/determinations/CooksRiverCastlereaghIronbarkFore
stSydneyEndComListing.htm
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28
29
30
NSW Scientific Committee (2013). Castlereagh Scribbly Gum Woodland in the Sydney Basin
Bioregion - vulnerable ecological community listing. (web page). Available on the
internet at:
http://www.environment.nsw.gov.au/threatenedspeciesapp/profile.aspx?id=20154
31
32
Ryan, K., Fisher, M. & Schaeper, L. (1996). The natural vegetation of the St Albans 1:100 000
map sheet, Cunninghamia 4(3), 433-482.
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34
35
36
Tozer, M.G., Turner, K., Simpson, C., Keith, D.A., Beukers, P., MacKenzie, B., Tindall, D. and
Pennay, C. (2006). Native vegetation of southeast NSW: a revised classification and map
for the coast and eastern tablelands. NSW Department of Environment and Conservation
and NSW Department of Natural Resources.
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38
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Tozer, M.G., Turner, K., Keith, D.A., Tindall, D., Pennay, C., Simpson, C., MacKenzie, B.,
Beukers, P. & Cox, S. (2010). Native vegetation of southeast NSW: a revised
classification and map for the coast and eastern tablelands. Cunninghamia 11(3), 359406.
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