Additional File 6: List of 106 projects included within the systematic map
Note: Review documents/projects are indicated in brackets next to the project number and marked in bold.
Project Project Name
Number
Citation
Location
Ecological setting Main conservation
and conservation
threat
target
Type of
alternative
livelihood
Standalone
project or part of
wider initiative
1
Mucuna-maize
(review) cropping project,
Sahcaba
Eastmond, A. & Faust, B. (2008) Farmers,
fires, and forests: a green alternative to
shifting cultivation for conservation of the
Maya forest? Landscape and Urban
Planning: 74: 267-284.
Sahcaba,
Mexico
Forest and nonprotected
area/site
Agricultural
pressure
Alternative
method
Wider initiative
2
Pro Manejo (The
(review) Amazon Sustainable
Forest Management
Support Project)
(1) Bauch, S.C., Sills, E.O. & Pattanayak, S.K.
(2014) Have we managed to integrate
conservation and development? ICDP
impacts in the Brazilian Amazon. World
Development: 64: S135-S148.
Tapajos
National Forest,
Brazil
Forest and
protected area
Agricultural
pressure
Alternative
occupation
Wider initiative
2
Pro Manejo (The
(review) Amazon Sustainable
Forest Management
Support Project)
(2) Weber, J.G., Sills, E.O., Bauch, S. &
Pattanayak, S.K. (2011) Do ICDPs work? An
empirical evaluation of forest-based
microenterprises in the Brazilian Amazon.
Land economics: 87: 661-681.
Tapajos
National Forest,
Brazil
Forest and
protected area
Agricultural
pressure
Alternative
occupation
Wider initiative
3
Introduction of Liquid
(review) Petroleum Gas (LPG),
the Himalayas
Nautiyal, S. (2011) Can conservation and
development interventions in the Indian
Central Himalaya ensure environmental
sustainability? A socioecological evaluation.
Sustainability Science: 6: 151-167.
Uttarakhand,
Central
Himalaya, India
Wider initiative
Deforestation for
fuelwood
Alternative
resource
Wider initiative
4
Eco-Escuela de
(review) Espanol
Langholz, J. (1999) Exploring the Effects of
Alternative Income Opportunities on
Rainforest Use: Insights from Guatemala's
Maya Biosphere Reserve. Society & Natural
Resources: 12: 139-149.
Maya Biosphere
Reserve,
Guatemala
Forest and
protected area
Agricultural
pressure
Alternative
occupation
Stand-alone
project
5
Management of
(review) Aquatic Systems
through Community
Husbandry (MACH)
Mijanur Rahman, Md. And Begum A. (2011)
Implication of livelihood diversification on
wetland resources conservation: A case from
Bangladesh. Journal of Wetlands Ecology: 5:
59-65.
Hail Hoar,
Moulvibazar
district,
Bangladesh
Wetlands and
non-protected
area/site
Fishing pressure
Alternative
occupation
Wider initiative
5
Management of
Aquatic Systems
through Community
Husbandry (MACH)
Kabeer, F. (2013) Impacts of co-management
and related institutions on fish biodiversity
and livelihoods of fishers of Baikka Beel.
Connecting communities and conservation:
Co-management intiatives implemented by
IPAC in Wetlands and Forests of Bangladesh.
115-130.
Hail Hoar,
Moulvibazar
district,
Bangladesh
Wetlands and non- Fishing pressure
protected
area/site
Alternative
occupation
Wider initiative
5
Management of
Aquatic Systems
through Community
Husbandry (MACH)
Management of aquatic ecosystems through
community husbandry (MACH): Project
completion report. USAID
Hail Hoar,
Moulvibazar
district,
Bangladesh
Wetlands and non- Fishing pressure
protected
area/site
Alternative
occupation
Wider initiative
6
The Amani Butterfly
(review) Farming Project
(1) Morgan-Brown, T., Jaconson, S.K., Wald,
K., & Childs, B. (2010) Quantitative
assessment of a Tanzanian integrated
conservation and development project
involving butterfly farming. Conservation
Biology: 24: 563-572.
Amani Nature
Reserve,
Tanzania
Forest and
protected area
Resource
extraction from
forest
Alternative
occupation
Stand-alone
project
6
The Amani Butterfly
(review) Farming Project
(2) Engh, V. (2011) Integrated Conservation
and Development Projects and Efforts
Around the Amani Nature Reserve Tanzania,
and their effects on livelihoods and forest
conservation. Norwegian University of Life
Sciences.
Amani Nature
Reserve,
Tanzania
Forest and
protected area
Resource
extraction from
forest
Alternative
occupation
Stand-alone
project
7
The Tanga Small Scale
(review) Dairy Project
2) Engh, V. (2011) Integrated Conservation
and Development Projects and Efforts
Around the Amani Nature Reserve Tanzania,
and their effects on livelihoods and forest
conservation. Norwegian University of Life
Sciences.
Amani Nature
Reserve,
Tanzania
Forest and
protected area
Resource
extraction from
forest
Alternative
method
Wider initiative
8
Novella Africa
(review) partnership
2) Engh, V. (2011) Integrated Conservation
and Development Projects and Efforts
Around the Amani Nature Reserve Tanzania,
and their effects on livelihoods and forest
conservation. Norwegian University of Life
Sciences.
Amani Nature
Reserve,
Tanzania
Forest and
protected area
Resource
extraction from
forest
Alternative
occupation
Wider initiative
9
Posada Amazonas
(review) Ecotourism Lodge
Stronza, A. (2007) The economic promise of
ecotourism for conservation. Journal of
Ecotourism: 6:210-221.
Bahuaja-Sonene
National Park,
Peru
Forest and
protected area
Agricultural
pressure and
resource
extraction from
forest
Alternative
occupation
Alternative
occupation
10
Caohai Nature Reserve
(review) and Community
Development
Herrold-Menzies, M. (2006) Integrating
conservation and development: What we
can learn From Caohai, China. The Journal of
Environment and Development: 15:382-406.
Caohai Nature
Reserve, China
Wetlands and
protected area
Agricultural
pressure
Alternative
occupation
Wider initiative
11
Iboih Makmur
(review) Cooperative
Novriyanto., Wibowo, J.T., Iskander, W.,
Campbell-Smith, G. & Linkie, M. (2012)
Linking coastal community livelihoods to
marine conservation in Aceh, Indonesia:
Oryx: 46: 508-515.
Alternative
occupation
Wider initiative
12
Pesca Artesanal
(review) Vivencial (PAV)
Galapagos Marine
Reserve (GMR)
Schuhbauer, A. & Koch, V. (2013) Assessment
of recreational fishery in the Galapagos
Marine Reserve: Failures and opportunities.
Fisheries Research: 144: 103-110
Alternative
occupation
Stand-alone
project
Iboih
community,
Pulau Weh,
Indonesia
Galapagos
Islands, Ecuador
Marine and non- Fishing pressure
protected
area/site (marine
resources)
Marine and
protected area
Fishing pressure
13
Cham Island MPA
(review)
Brown, L. (2013) Marine protected areas, comanagement and livelihoods: Coastal change
in Vietnam. University of Sydney
Cu Lao Cham,
Vietnam
Marine and
protected area
Fishing pressure
Alternative
occupation
Wider initiative
14
Fuel Efficient Stoves
(review) (FES) in the Juniper
forests of Balochistan
Musakhe, M.Y.J., Abdul; Tareen, R. B.; Bazai,
Z. A. (2007) An evaluation study of impact of
fuel efficient stove on Juniper (Juniperus
excelsa) Tract, Balochistan. International
Journal of Biology and Biotechnology: 4: 5155
Sagran, Sra
Ghara,
Spaizandi and
Lailgat, Pakistan
Forest and
resource type
Resource
extraction from
forest
Alternative
method
Wider initiative
15
Pride Campaign
(review)
DeWan, A., Green, K., Li, X., & Hayden, D.
(2013) Using social marketing tools to
increase fuel-efficient stove adoption for
conservation of the golden snub-nosed
monkey, Gansu Province, China.
Conservation Evidence: 2013: 32-36.
Yuhe Nature
Reserve, Gansu
Province, China
Forest and
protected area
Resource
extraction from
forest
Alternative
method
Stand-alone
project
16
Seaweed farming,
(review) Philippines
Hill, N,A.O., Rowcliffe, J.M., Koldeway, H.J.,
& Milner-Gulland, E.J. (2011) The interaction
between seaweed farming an alternative
occupation and fisher numbers in the central
Philippines. Conservation Biology: 26 (2):
324-334.
Bohol Province,
Phillipines
Marine and
resource type
Fishing pressure
Alternative
occupation
Stand-alone
project
17
Sasan Gir National
(review) Park and Sanctuary India EcoDevelopment Project
Varma, K. (2009) The Asiatic Lion and the
Maldharis of Gir Forest: An assessment of an
Indian Eco-Development. The Journal of
Environment and Development: 18: 154-175.
Sasan Gir
National Park
and Sanctuary,
India
Forest and
protected area
Agricultural
pressure and
resource
extraction from
forest
Alternative
resource and
alternative
occupation
Wider initiative
Rajvanshi, A. (2005) Strengthening
biodiversity conservation through
community-oriented development projects:
Environmental review of the India
ecodevelopment project Journal of
Environmental Assessment Policy and
Management: 7: 299-325.`
Sasan Gir
National Park
and Sanctuary,
India
Forest and
protected area
Agricultural
pressure and
resource
extraction from
forest
Alternative
resource and
alternative
occupation
Wider initiative
17
Sasan Gir National Park
and Sanctuary - India
Eco-Development
Project
18
Tres Reyes Parrot
(review) Project
Martinez-Reyes, J.E. (2014) Beyond Nature
Appropriation: Towards post-development
conservation in the Maya Forest.
Conservation & Society. 12: 2.
Sian Ka'an
Biosphere
Reserve ,
Mexico
Forest and
protected area
Agricultural
pressure
Alternative
occupation
Stand-alone
project
19
Tres Reyes Butterfly
(review) Project
Martinez-Reyes, J.E. (2014) Beyond Nature
Appropriation: Towards post-development
conservation in the Maya Forest.
Conservation & Society. 12: 2.
Sian Ka'an
Biosphere
Reserve ,
Mexico
Forest and
protected area
Agricultural
pressure
Alternative
occupation
Stand-alone
project
20
Coral Reef
(review) Rehablitation and
Management Program
Brock, A. (2013) Beyond fishing? The impact
of microcredit on alternative livelihoods in
South Sulawesi, Indonesia. Nicholas School
of the Environment of Duke University.
Spermonde
Archipelago,
South Sulawesi,
Indonesia
Marine and nonprotected area
Fishing pressure
Alternative
occupation
Wider initiative
Asian Development Bank (2012) Completion
Report - Indonesia: Coral Reef Rehabilitation
and Management Project Phase II
Spermonde
Archipelago,
South Sulawesi,
Indonesia
Marine and nonprotected area
Fishing pressure
Alternative
occupation
Wider initiative
21
Integrated
(review) Conservation and
Development at
Bwindi Impenetrable
and Mgahinga Gorilla
National Parks
Blomley, T., Namara, A., McNeilage, A.,
Franks, P., Rainer, H., Donaldson, A., Malpas,
R., Olupot, W., Baker, J., Sandbrook, C.,
Bitariho, R. and Infield, M. (2010)
Development and gorillas? Assessing fifteen
years of integrated conservation and
development in south-western Uganda.
Natural Resources Issues No. 23.
International Institute for Environment and
Development.
Bwindi
Impenetrable
and Mgahinga
Gorilla National
Parks, Uganda
Forest and
protected area
Resource
extraction from
forest
Alternative
resource and
alternative
occupation
Wider initiative
22
Betel leaf and nut
(review) farming of the Khasia
indigenous People in
Bangladesh
Islam, Md.J. and Nath, T.N. (2014) Forestbased betel leaf and betel nut farming of the
Khasia indigenous People in Bangladesh:
approach to biodiversity conservation in
Lawachara National Park (LNP). Journal of
Forestry Research: 25: 419-427.
Lawachara
National Park,
Maulvibazar
District,
Bangladesh
Forest and
protected area
Agricultural
pressure and
resource
extraction from
forest
Alternative
occupation
Wider initiative
20
Coral Reef
Rehablitation and
Management Program
23
Projet Nahouri Safari
Nikiema, B. (2008) Gestion Participative des
ressources naturelles des Zones Villageoises
d'Intérêt Cynégétiques (ZOVIC) autour du
Ranch de Gibier de Nazinga au Burkina Faso.
Cas des ZOVIC de Koumbili et de Kontioro.
Universite Polytechnique de Boro-Dioulasso,
Burkina Faso
Nazinga Game
Range, Burkina
Faso
Savanna and
resource type
Hunting
Alternative
occupation
Wider initiative
24
Brazilian Sea Turle
Conservation
Programme (TAMAR)
de Vasconcellos Pegos, F., Coghlan, A.,
Stronza, A. and Rocha, V. (2013) For love or
for money? Investigating the impact of an
ecotourism programmes on local resident's
assigned values towards sea turtles. Journal of
Ecotourism: 12: 90-106
Praia do Forte,
Brazil
Marine and
particular species
Hunting
Alternative
occupation
Wider initiative
25
Midongy-Befotaka
National Park ICDP,
Madagascar
Leclercq, B. (2010) Links between
conservation/development projects and
international conventions and programs: The
Southeastern rainforest of Madagascar. Stony
Brook University, Canada.
MidongyBefotaka
National Park,
Madagascar
Forest and
protected area
Agricultural
pressure
Alternative
occupation
Wider initiative
26
SAVEM - Sustainable
Approaches to Viable
Environmental
Management
McCoy, K.L. & Razafindrainibe, H. (1997)
Madagascar's integrated conservation and
development projects : lessons learned by
participants -- project employees, related
authorities and community beneficiaries.
6 protected
areas in
Madagascar
Forest and
protected area
Agricultural
pressure, hunting
and resource
extraction from
the forest
Alternative
occupation
Wider initiative
27
Nishoro Support
Project (NSP)
Sohel, S.I., Rana, P., Fazlul Karim, S., Akhter,
S., Halder, P.K. (2010) Linking comanagement, livelihood and forest
conservation in protected area: A case study
of wildlife sanctuary. International Journal of
Ecological Economics and Statistics: 16:86-95.
Rema-Kalenga
Wildlife
Sanctuary
(RKWS),
Chunarughat
Thana,
Bangladesh.
Forest and
protected area
Resource
extraction from
the forest
Alternative
occupation
Wider initiative
28
Nishoro Support
Project (NSP)
Mukul, S.A., Manzoor Rashid, A.Z.M., Quazi,
S.A., Uddin, M.B. and Fox, J. (2012) Local
peoples' responses to co-management regime
in protected areas: A case study from Satchari
National Park, Bangladesh. Forest, Trees and
Livelihoods: 21: 16-19.
Trprapara
National Park,
Bangladesh
Forest and
protected area
Agricultural
pressure, hunting
and resource
extraction from
the forest
Alternative
occupation
Wider initiative
29
GEF (Global
Environment Facility)
interventions at Kainji
Lake National Park
Amusa, T. O. & Abdul-Azeez, A. W. (2012)
Impact assessment of Global Environment
Facility (GEF) intervention on biodiversity
conservation in Kainji Lake National Park,
Nigeria. Journal of Sustainable Development
in Africa: 14
Kainji Lake
National Park,
Nigeria
Savanah and
protected area
Agricultural
pressure, hunting
and resource
extraction from
the forest
Alternative
occupation
Wider initiative
30
Tour guide training
programme and
guiding cooperative,
Tortuguero National
Park
Campbell, L.M. (2002) Conservation narratives
and the 'received wisdom' of ecotourism: case
studies from Costa Rica. International Journal
of Sustainable Development: 5: 300-325.
Tortuguero
National Park,
Costa Rica
Marine and
particular species
Hunting
Alternative
occupation
Wider initiative
31
The Livelihoods
Program of the KilumIjim Forest Project
Abbot, J.I.O., Thomas, D.H.L, Gardner, A.A.,
Neba, S.E., and Khen, M.W. (2001)
Understanding the links between
conservation and development in the
Bamenda Highlands, Cameroon. World
Development: 29: 1115-1136.
Kilum Ijim
Forest, Bamenda
Highlands, NW
Province,
Cameroon
Forest and
protected area
Agricultural
pressure
Alternative
occupation,
alternative
method and
alternative
resource
Wider initiative
32
The Pro Naturaleza
Project
Kilbane Gockel, C. and Gray, L.C. (2009)
Integrating Conservation and Development in
The Peruviam Amazon. Ecology and Society:
14: 11-25.
Pacaya Samiria
National
Reserve, Peru
Forest and
protected area
Hunting and
resource
extraction from
the forest
Alternative
method
Wider initiative
33
Ecodevelopment
project Kalakad
Mundanthurai Tiger
Reserve (KMTR)
Melkani, V.K. (2009) Involving local people in
biodiversity conservation in the Kalakad–
Mundanthurai Tiger Reserve – An overview.
Current Science: 80: 437-441.
Kalakad
Mundanthurai
Tiger Reserve,
India
Forest and
protected area
Agricultural
pressure and
resource
extraction from
the forest
Alternative
occupation,
alternative
method and
alternative
resource
Wider initiative
34
Ecodevelopment
project Periyar Tiger
Reserve (KMTR)
Gubbi, S., Linkie, M. and Leader-Williams, N.
(2009) Evaluating the legacy of an integrated
conservation and development project
around a tiger reserve in India. Foundation for
Environmental Conservation: 35: 331-339
Periyar Tiger
Reserve, India
Forest and
protected area
Agricultural
pressure, hunting
and resource
extraction from
the forest
Alternative
occupation and
alternative
resource
Wider initiative
34
Ecodevelopment
project Periyar Tiger
Reserve (KMTR)
Kothari, A. & Pathak, N. (2006) Tigers, people
and participation - where conservation and
livelihoods go hand in hand. Policy Matters:
14: 297-304
Periyar Tiger
Reserve, India
Forest and
protected area
Agricultural
pressure, hunting
and resource
extraction from
the forest
Alternative
occupation and
alternative
resource
Wider initiative
34
Ecodevelopment
project Periyar Tiger
Reserve (KMTR)
Rajvanshi, A. (2005) Strengthening
biodiversity conservation through
community-oriented development projects:
Environmental review of the India
ecodevelopment project. Journal of
Environmental Assessment Policy and
Management: 7: 299-325.
Periyar Tiger
Reserve, India
Forest and
protected area
Agricultural
pressure, hunting
and resource
extraction from
the forest
Alternative
occupation and
alternative
resource
Wider initiative
34
Ecodevelopment
project Periyar Tiger
Reserve (KMTR)
Bhardwaj, A. K., Krishnan, P. G., Geetha, K.,
Veeramani, A. (2006) Conservation of tiger
(Panthera tigris) and its habitats - experiences
of co-existence of people and Protected Area
from Periyar Tiger Reserve, Kerala, India.
Indian Forester: 132: 1233-1242
Periyar Tiger
Reserve, India
Forest and
protected area
Agricultural
pressure, hunting
and resource
extraction from
the forest
Alternative
occupation and
alternative
resource
Wider initiative
35
Network of Locally
Managed MPAs,
Solomon Islands
Manele, B & Thomas, J. (2009) Darwin Final
Report - Network of Locally Managed Marine
Protected Areas in Solomon Islands. Darwin
Initiative, UK.
Western
Province of the
Solomon Islands
Marine and nonprotected area
Fishing pressure
Alternative
occupation
Wider initiative
36
The Biodiversity
Corridors Initiative
Greater Mekong Subregion Core Environment
Program (2012) Summary Biodiversity
Conservation Corridors Initiative Impact
Assessment, Cambodia. Asian Development
Bank, Thailand.
Eastern Plains
and Cardamom
Mountains,
Cambodia
Forest and nonprotected
area/site
Agricultural
pressure, hunting
and resource
extraction from
the forest
Alternative
occupation
Wider initiative
37
The Tamilnadu
Forestry Project
Kaushal, K.K. Kala, Y.C. (2005) Nurturing Joint
Forest Management through Microfinance - A
case from India. Brigham Young University
Economic Self-Reliance Center.
Tamilnadu,
Southern India
Forest and nonprotected
area/site
Agricultural
pressure and
resource
extraction from
the forest
Alternative
occupation
Wider initiative
38
Amansuri Conservation
and Integrated
Development Project
(ACID)
Mensah, C., Akyeampong, O.A. and Kwabena
Antwi, B. (2013) Residents' Perceptions of
Impacts of Amansuire Conservation and
Ntegrated Development Project (ACID) in
Jomoror District, Western Resgion, Ghana.
Journal of Sustainable Development: 6:73-84.
Western Nzema
Traditional Area,
Jomoro District,
Ghana
Forest and nonprotected
area/site
Agricultural
pressure, hunting
and resource
extraction from
the forest
Alternative
occupation
Wider initiative
39
Community Markets
for Conservation
(COMACO)
Lewis, D., Bell, S.D., Fay, J., Bothi, K.L., Gatere,
L., Kabila, M., Mukamba, M., Matokwani, E.,
Mushimbalume, M., Moraru, C.L., Lehmann,
J., Lassoie, J., Wolfe, D., Buck, L. and Travis,
A.J. (2011) Community Markets for
Conservation (COMACO) links biodiversity
conservation with sustainable improvements
in livelihoods and food production.
Proceedings of National Academy of Sciences
USA: 108: 13957-13962
Game
Management
areas east of the
North and South
Luangwa
National Parks,
Zambia
Forest and
protected area
Agricultural
pressure, hunting
and resource
extraction from
the forest
Alternative
occupation
Wider initiative
39
Community Markets
for Conservation
(COMACO)
Redford, K.H. and Fearn, E. (2007) Protected
Areas and Human Livelihoods. Wildlife
Conservation Society. Working Paper No. 32,
USA.
Luangwa Valley,
Zambia
Forest and nonprotected
area/site
Agricultural
pressure, hunting
and resource
extraction from
the forest
Alternative
occupation
Wider initiative
40
Joint Forest
Management,
Udzungwa Mountains
Nielsen, M.R. and Treue, T. (2012) Hunting
for the Benefits of Joint Forest Management
in the Eastern Afromontane Biodivesity
Hotspot: Effects on Bushmeat Hunters and
Wildlife in the Udzungwa Mountains. World
Development: 40:6
New Dabaga
Ulangambi
Forest Reserve,
Tanzania
Forest and
protected area
Hunting
Alternative
occupation and
Alternative
resource
Wider initiative
41
The Cananéia Oyster
Producers Cooperative
Emdad Haque, C., Krishna Deb, A. and
Medeiros, D. (2009) Integrating Conservation
with Livelihood Improvement for Sustainable
Development: The Experiment of an Oyster
Producers' Cooperative in Southeast Brazil.
Society & Natural Resources: 22: 554-570.
Mandira,
Cananéia region,
Brazil
Forest and
resource type
Resource
extraction
Alternative
method
Wider initiative
42
Buxa Tiger Reserve
Ecodevelopment
Project
Rajvanshi, A. (2005) Strengthening
biodiversity conservation through
community-oriented development projects:
Environmental review of the India
ecodevelopment project. Journal of
Environmental Assessment Policy and
Management: 7: 299-325.
Buxa Tiger
Reserve, India
Forest and
protected area
Agricultural
pressure, hunting
and resource
extraction from
the forest
Alternative
occupation,
Alternative
resource and
Alternative
method
Wider initiative
43
Nagarhole National
Park Ecodevelopment
Project
Rajvanshi, A. (2005) Strengthening
biodiversity conservation through
community-oriented development projects:
Environmental review of the India
ecodevelopment project. Journal of
Environmental Assessment Policy and
Management: 7: 299-325.
Nagarhole
National Park,
India
Forest and
protected area
Agricultural
pressure, hunting
and resource
extraction from
the forest
Alternative
resource
Wider initiative
44
Pench Tiger Reserve
Ecodevelopment
Project
Rajvanshi, A. (2005) Strengthening
biodiversity conservation through
community-oriented development projects:
Environmental review of the India
ecodevelopment project. Journal of
Environmental Assessment Policy and
Management: 7: 299-325.
Pench Tiger
Reserve, India
Forest and
protected area
Agricultural
pressure, hunting
and resource
extraction from
the forest
Alternative
occupation and
Alternative
resource
Wider initiative
45
Ranthambore Tiger
Reserve
Ecodevelopment
Project
Rajvanshi, A. (2005) Strengthening
biodiversity conservation through
community-oriented development projects:
Environmental review of the India
ecodevelopment project. Journal of
Environmental Assessment Policy and
Management: 7: 299-325.
Ranthambore
Tiger Reserve,
India
Forest and
protected area
Agricultural
pressure, hunting
and resource
extraction from
the forest
Alternative
resource
Wider initiative
46
Palamau Tiger Reserve
Ecodevelopment
Project
Rajvanshi, A. (2005) Strengthening
biodiversity conservation through
community-oriented development projects:
Environmental review of the India
ecodevelopment project. Journal of
Environmental Assessment Policy and
Management: 7: 299-325.
Palamau Tiger
Reserve, India
Forest and
protected area
Agricultural
pressure, hunting
and resource
extraction from
the forest
Alternative
occupation,
Alternative
resource and
Alternative
method
Wider initiative
47
Indigenous community
based sustainable
management Chimbuk
Hill forest
Miah Md. D. & Ahmed, F.U. (2014)
Conservation of a tropical wet semi-evergreen
forest ecosystem by an indigenous
community in the Bandarban Hill District of
Bangladesh: The role of intervention. Smallscale Forestry: 13:319-331.
Kapropara and
Korangpara
villages,
Bangladesh
Forest and nonprotected
area/site
Agricultural
pressure
Alternative
occupation
Wider initiative
48
Cyanide fishing for
ornamental marine
species, Buleleng
Frey, J.B. (2014) Can partnerships and
community based conservation reverse the
decline of coral reef social-ecological
systems? International Journal of the
Commons: 8: 26-46.
Les village,
Buleleng District
Bali, Indonesia
Marine and nonprotected
area/site
Fishing pressure
Alternative
method
Wider initiative
49
Chiphat Community
based ecotourism
(CBET), Cardamom
Mountains
Reimer, J.K. & Walter, P. (2013) How do you
know it when you see it? Community-based
ecotourism in the Cardamom Mountains of
southwestern Cambodia. Tourism
Management: 34:122-132.
Chiphat village,
Cardamon
mountains,
Cambodia
Forest and nonprotected
area/site
Agricultural
pressure, hunting
and resource
extraction from
the forest
Alternative
occupation
Wider initiative
50
Conservation and
development
Ambohitantely Special
Reserve
Klein, J., Reau, B., Kalland, I. & Edwards, M.
(2007) Conservation, development and a
heterogenous community: The case of
Ambohitantely Special Reserve, Madagascar.
Society & Natural Rersources: 20: 451-467.
Ambohitantely
Special Reserve,
Madagascar
Forest and
protected area
Hunting and
resource
extraction from
the forest
Alternative
occupation and
Alternative
resource
Wider initiative
51
The Kipepeo Project
Gordon, I. and Ayiemba, W. (2003) Harnessing
butterfly biodiversity for improving
livelihoods and forest conservation: The
Kipepeo Project. Journal of Environment and
Development: 12: 82-98.
Arabuko Sokoke
Forest, Kenya
Forest and
protected area
Hunting and
resource
extraction from
the forest
Alternative
occupation
Wider initiative
52
Sanjiang Plain
Wetlands Protection
Project
Independent Evaluation Department, Asian
Development Bank (2013) ADB Validation
Report - People's Republic of China: Sanjiang
Plain Wetlands Protection Project.
Sanjian Plain, Wetland and nonNortheast of the
protected
Heilongjian
area/site
Province, China
Agricultural
pressure
Alternative
occupation
Wider initiative
53
Turtle Conservation
Project
Lalith Ekanayake, E.M; Ranawasa, K.B.;
Kapurusinghe, T.; Premakumara, M.G.C &
Saman, M.M (2002) Marine Turtle
Conservation in Rekawa Turtle Rookery in
Southern Sri Lanka. Cey. J. Sci (Bio Sci): 30: 7988.
Rekawa, Sri
Lanka
Marine and
particular species
Hunting
Alternative
occupation
Stand-alone
project
54
Cross Borders
Biodiversity Project
Baxter, W & Hanna, S (2002) Survey Results
on Household Fuelwood Consumption and
Use of Improved Fuel-Efficient Stoves in Four
Villages Near Chome Forest Reserve.
Chome Forest
Reserve,
Tanzania
Forest and
protected area
Resource
extraction from
the forest
Alternative
method
Wider initiative
55
Pig breeding as a
replacement for turtle
meat
Gjertsen, H. and Niesten, E. (2010) Incentivebased Approaches in Marine Conservation:
Applications for Sea Turtles. Conservation
and Society: 8: 5-14.
Ayau, North Raja
Marine and
Ampat,
particular species
Indonesia
Hunting
Alternative
resource
Wider initiative
56
Purchase and lease of
fishing permits to avert
vaquita extinction
Gjertsen, H. and Niesten, E. (2010) Incentivebased Approaches in Marine Conservation:
Applications for Sea Turtles. Conservation
and Society: 8: 5-14.
Northern Gulf of
California,
Mexico.
Marine and
particular species
Fishing pressure
Alternative
occupation
Wider initiative
57
Conservation
easement to protect
grey whale habitat
Gjertsen, H. and Niesten, E. (2010) Incentivebased Approaches in Marine Conservation:
Applications for Sea Turtles. Conservation
and Society: 8: 5-14.
Laguna San
Ignacio, Mexico
Marine and nonprotected
area/site
Development
pressure
Alternative
occupation
Wider initiative
58
Misool EcoResort,
leasing a marine
protected area
Gjertsen, H. and Niesten, E. (2010) Incentivebased Approaches in Marine Conservation:
Applications for Sea Turtles. Conservation
and Society: 8: 5-14.
Southeast Raja
Ampat,
Indonesia
Marine and
protected area
Fishing pressure
Alternative
occupation
Wider initiative
59
Mamiraua Initiative
Koziell, I. and Inoue, C. (2006) Mamiraua
Suatainable development Reserve, Brazil:
Lessons learnt in Integrating Conservation
with Poverty Reduction. Biodiversity and
Livelihoods Issues No.7. International Institute
for Environment and Development, London.
Mamiraua
Sustainable
Development
Reserve, Brazil
Forest and
protected area
Resource
extraction from
the forest
Alternative
occupation
Wider initiative
60
Sustainable Use of
Biological Resources
(SUBIR)
Scherl, L.M., Morales, M. (2006) Lessons
learned in Ecuador: 10 years of integrated
conservation and development in the Choco
Region. Policy Matters: 14: 240-247.
Choco region,
northwestern
part of Ecuador
Forest and
protected area
Agricultural
pressure and
resource
extraction from
the forest
Alternative
occupation
Wider initiative
61
Kiunga Marine
National Reserve
Conservation and
Development Project
Samoilys, M.A. and Kanyange, N.W. (2008)
Natural Resource Dependence, Livelihoods
and Development: Perceptions from Kiunga,
Kenya. IUCN Eastern and Southern Africa
Regional Office.
Kiunga, Kenya
Marine and
protected area
Fishing pressure
Alternative
occupation
Wider initiative
62
Kiunga Marine
National Reserve
Conservation and
Development Project
Samoilys, M.A. and Kanyange, N.W. (2008)
Natural Resource Dependence, Livelihoods
and Development: Perceptions from Kiunga,
Kenya. IUCN Eastern and Southern Africa
Regional Office.
Tanga, Tanzania
Marine and
resource type
Fishing pressure
Alternative
occupation and
Alternative
resource
Wider initiative
63
Sustainable
Environmental
Management through
Mariculture Activities
(SEMMA)
Samoilys, M.A. and Kanyange, N.W. (2008)
Natural Resource Dependence, Livelihoods
and Development: Perceptions from Kiunga,
Kenya. IUCN Eastern and Southern Africa
Regional Office.
Tanga, Tanzania
Marine and
resource type
Fishing pressure
Alternative
occupation
Stand-alone
64
Community Action for
Sustainable Use and
Conservation of Coral
reefs
Wood, E. (2008) Darwin Final Report Community Action for Sustainable Use and
Conservation of Coral Reefs. Darwin Initiative,
UK.
Tun Sakaran
Marine Park,
Sabah, Malaysia
Marine and
protected area
Fishing pressure
Alternative
occupation
Wider initiative
65
Capacity building to
enhance Marine
Protected Area
effectiveness
Wood, E. and Lakim, M. (2011) Darwin Final
Report - Capacity building to enhance Marine
protected Areas effectiveness. Darwin
Initiative, UK.
Tun Sakaran
Marine Park,
Sabah, Malaysia
Marine and
protected area
Fishing pressure
Alternative
occupation
Wider initiative
66
Managing Wetlands for
Sustainable Livelihoods
at Koshi Tappu
Buckton, S., Bhagwan, D., Pandit, R., Gurung,
H., Shrestha, M. and Baral, H.S. (2010) Darwin
Final Report - Managing wetlands for
sustainable livelihoods at Koshi Tappu Nepal.
Darwin Initiative, UK.
Koshi Tappu
Wildlife Reserve,
eatern lowlands,
Nepal
Marine and
protected area
Fishing pressure
Alternative
occupation and
Alternative
resource
Wider initiative
67
Sustainable Livelihoods
for Mekong
Biodiversity and
Critical Wetland
Resource Conservation
in Cambodia
Pheap, H. and Mao, S. (2013) CEPF Final
Project Completion Report - Sustainable
Livelihoods for Mekong Biodiversity and
Critical Wetland Resource Conservation in
Cambodia. Critical Ecosystem Partnership
Fund, USA.
Mekong Flooded
Forest, Kratie
province,
Cambodia
Forest and non
protected
area/site
Hunting, fishing
pressure and
resource
extraction from
the forest
Alternative
occupation
Wider initiative
68
Scaling up Alternative
Livelihoods Income
Sources, Focused
Forest Development
and Protection
Approaches in Bechi
Peasant Association
Abera, S. (2015) CEPF Final Project
Completion Report - Scaling up Alternative
Livelihoods Income Sources Focused Forest
Development and Protection Approaches in
Bechi Peasant Association, Yeki Woreda,
Sheka Zone, SNNPR, Ethiopia. Critical
Ecosystem Partnership Fund, USA.
Western park of
Kaffa and Yayu
Biosphere
Reserve
Corridors,
Ethiopia
Forest and
protected area
Resource
extraction from
the forest
Alternative
resource
Wider initiative
69
Projet de Delimitation
physique d'une
cienture verte pour la
conservation et la
protection de la
biodiversite des
alentours et des
marecages de la rivere
Ruvubu
Wicander, S. and Coad, L. (2014) Learning our
Lessons: A Review of Alternative Livelihood
Projects in Central Africa. University of
Oxford, UK.
Ruvubu National
Park, Burundi
Forest and
protected area
Hunting
Alternative
occupation
Wider initiative
70
Project de preservation
de la Biodiversite du
parc de la Ruvubu
Wicander, S. and Coad, L. (2014) Learning our
Lessons: A Review of Alternative Livelihood
Projects in Central Africa. University of
Oxford, UK.
Ruvubu National
Park, Burundi
Forest and
protected area
Hunting
Alternative
occupation and
Alternative
resource
Wider initiative
71
Community-base
management and
conservation of great
apes in South-West
Cameroon.
Wicander, S. and Coad, L. (2014) Learning our
Lessons: A Review of Alternative Livelihood
Projects in Central Africa. University of
Oxford, UK.
Unnamed
protected area,
Cameroon
Forest and
protected area
Agricultural
pressure and
hunting
Alternative
occupation
Wider initiative
72
The Lebialem Hunters'
Beekeeping Initiative
Wicander, S. and Coad, L. (2014) Learning our
Lessons: A Review of Alternative Livelihood
Projects in Central Africa. University of
Oxford, UK.
Unnamed
protected area,
Cameroon
Forest and nonprotected
area/site
Hunting
Alternative
occupation
Wider initiative
73
Maringa-LoporiWamba Landscape,
Alternative Livelihoods
in Conservation
Wicander, S. and Coad, L. (2014) Learning our
Lessons: A Review of Alternative Livelihood
Projects in Central Africa. University of
Oxford, UK.
Lomako
Yokokala forest
reserve, Lomako
Yokokala forest
reserve.
Forest and
protected area
Agricultural
pressure and
hunting
Alternative
occupation
Wider initiative
74
Community-based
forest conservation in
Vattakanal
Steward, R & Balear, T. (2003) Restoration of
southern Indian Shola Forests: Realising
community-based forest conservation in the
Palni Hills of Western Ghats. Social Change:
33:115-128.
Lake Tsomoriri,
in the Rukchen
Valley of Led
district in
Ladakh, India,
India
Forest and
protected area
Resource
extraction from
the forest
Alternative
resource
Wider initiative
75
Korzok homestay
project
Anand, A., Chandan, P. and Babu Singh, R.
(2012) Homestays at Korzoh: Supplementing
Rural Livelihoods and Supporting Green
Tourism in the Indian Himalayas. Mountain
Research and Development: 32:126-136.
Lake Tsomoriri,
in the Rukchen
Valley of Led
district in
Ladakh, India
Wetland and nonprotected
area/site
Agricultural
pressure
Alternative
occupation
Wider initiative
76
Phu My Lepironia
grassland conservation
and sustainable use
project
Triet, T. (2010) Combining biodiversity
conservation with poverty alleviation - a case
study in the Mekong Delta, Vietnam. Aquatic
Ecosystem Health and Management: 1:41-46.
Ha Tien Plain,
the 2000ha
wetland of Phu
My Village, Kien
Luong District,
Kien Giang
Province,
Vietnam
Wetland and nonprotected
area/site
Resource
extraction from
wetlands
Alternative
occupation
Wider initiative
77
North Eastern Region
Community Resource
Management Project
Chettri, N., Sherchan, U. Chaudhary, S.
Shakya, B. (Editors) (2012). Mountain
Biodiversity Conservation and Management
Selected examples of good practices and
lessons learned from the Hindu Kush
Himalayan region. ICIMOD Working Paper:
1006: 1-60.
Assam, Manipur,
and Meghalaya
in North East
India in the
eastern
Himalayas
Forest and nonprotected
area/site
Agricultural
pressure and
resource
extraction from
the forest
Alternative
occupation
Wider initiative
78
Enhancing
Conservation and
Livelihood Security in
Biodiversity Hotspots
Chettri, N., Sherchan, U. Chaudhary, S.
Shakya, B. (Editors) (2012). Mountain
Biodiversity Conservation and Management
Selected examples of good practices and
lessons learned from the Hindu Kush
Himalayan region. ICIMOD Working Paper:
1006: 1-60.
Senchel Wildlife
Sanctuary,
Neora Valley
National Park,
and Singalila
National Park in
Darjeeling
district, India.
Forest and
protected area
Resource
extraction from
the forest
Alternative
occupation
Wider initiative
79
Jozani-Chwaka Bay
Conservation Area
Saunders, F. (2011) It’s Like Herding Monkeys
into a Conservation Enclosure: the Formation
and Establishment of the Jozani-Chwaka Bay
National Park, Zanzibar, Tanzania.
Conservation & Society: 9: 261-273.
Jozani-Chwaka
Bay National
Park, Zanzibar,
Tanzania.
Forest and
protected area
Resource
extraction from
the forest
Alternative
occupation
Wider initiative
80
Terai Arc Landscape
(TAL) programme,
Nepal
J. Oglethorpe (2009) World Wildlife Fund
Eastern Himalayas Ecoregion Complex: Terai
Arc Landscape. The Global Conservation
Program, Achievements and lessons learned
from 10 years of support for threats based
conservation as a landscape and seascape
scale. USADI, USA.
Chitwan
National Park
and Buffer Zone;
Parsa Wildlife
Reserve and
Buffer Zone,
Khata Corridor;
and Basanta
Corridor, Nepal
Forest and
protected area
Agricultural
pressure, hunting
and resource
extraction from
the forest
Alternative
occupation and
Alternative
resource
Wider initiative
80
Terai Arc Landscape
(TAL) programme,
Nepal
Enterprise Works (2009) Community
Enterprise Interventions for
Landscape/Seascape Level Conservation.
Enterprise Works, USA.
Chitwan
National Park
and Buffer Zone;
Parsa Wildlife
Reserve and
Buffer Zone,
Khata Corridor;
and Basanta
Corridor, Nepal
Forest and
protected area
Agricultural
pressure, hunting
and resource
extraction from
the forest
Alternative
occupation
Wider initiative
81
Tour Guiding & Fly
Fishing Project as part
of the wider Glover's
Reef Living Seascapes
Wildlife Conservation Society. Glover's Reef
Living Seascape: Safeguarding Marine
Resources and Rural Livelihoods in Belize. The
Global Conservation Program, Achievements
and lessons learned from 10 years of support
for threats based conservation as a landscape
and seascape scale. USAID, USA.
Glover's Reef
Atoll, Belize
Marine and
Protected area
Fishing pressure
Alternative
occupation
Wider initiative
82
Peat Swamp Forest
(PSF) Project
Gill, S.K., Ross, W.H. & Oanya, O. (2009)
Moving beyond rhetoric: The need for
participatory forest management with the
jakun of south-east Pahang, Malaysia. Journal
of Tropical Forest Science: 21: 123-128.
South-east
Pahang,
Malaysia
Forest and nonprotected
area/site
Resource
extraction from
the forest
Alternative
occupation
Wider initiative
82
Peat Swamp Forest
(PSF) Project
Gill, S.K., Ross, W.H. & Oanya, O. (2009)
Moving beyond rhetoric: The need for
participatory forest management with the
jakun of south-east Pahang, Malaysia. Journal
of Tropical Forest Science: 21: 123-128.
South-east
Pahang,
Malaysia
Forest and nonprotected
area/site
Resource
extraction from
the forest
Alternative
occupation
Wider initiative
83
Ecotourism in the
Dadia Forest Reserve
Svoronou, E. & Holden, A. (2009) Ecotourism
as a tool for nature conservation: The role of
WWF Greece in the Dadia-Lefkimi-Soufli
Forest Reserve in Greece. Journal of
Sustainable Tourism: 13: 456-467.
Dadia-LefklimiSoufli Forest
Reserve, Greece
Forest and
protected area
Agricultural
pressure and
resource
extraction from
the forest
Alternative
occupation
Wider initiative
84
Chalalan Eco Lodge
Millard, E. (2002) Building financially
sustainable incentives for environmental
conservation into small enterprise
development. Small Enterprise Development:
13: 34-44.
Madidi National
Park, Bolivia
Forest and
protected area
Hunting and
resource
extraction from
the forest
Alternative
occupation
Stand-alone
project
85
The Conservation of
Biodiversity (CoB)
Projet Ecodevelopment Great
Himalayan National
Park (GHNP)
Pandey, S. (2008) Linking ecodevelopment
and biodiversity conservation at the Great
Himalayan National Park, India: Lessons
learned. Biodiversity Conservation: 17: 15431571.
Great Himalayan
National Park
(GHNP), India
Forest and
protected area
Agricultural
pressure and
resource
extraction from
the forest
Alternative
occupation
Wider initiative
86
Biodiversity
Conservation pilot
initiatives - Integrated
Crop Management
(ICM)
Dollacker A., Rhodes, C. (2005) Integrating
crop productivity and biodiversity
conservation pilot initiatives developed by
Bayer CropScience. Crop Protection: 26: 408416.
Las Verapaces
Region,
Guatemala
Forest and nonprotected
area/site
Agricultural
pressure
Alternative
method
Wider initiative
87
Kibale and Semliki
Conservation and
Development Project
Chhetri, P.B., Barrow, E.G.C. & Muhweezi, A.
(2004) Securing protected area integrity and
rural people's livelihoods: Lessons from
twelve years of the Kibale and Semiliki
Conservation and Development Project. IUCN.
Kibale National
Park, Uganda
Forest and
protected area
Agricultural
pressure and
resource
extraction from
the forest
Alternative
resource
Wider initiative
88
Community based
fishery resources
management
Malalison Island
Agbayani, R.F., Baticados, D.B. & Siar, S.B.
(2000) Community fishery resources
management on Malalison Island, Philippines:
R and D framework, interventions and policy
implications. Coastal Management: 28: 19-27
Malalison Island,
Philippines
Marine and
resource type
Fishing pressure
Alternative
occupation
Wider initiative
89
Callari handcraft
cooperative
Logback, J., Fernandes, L. L., Erickson, P.,
Cote, M., Lloyd, H. (2002) Economic
alternatives protect the Amazon rainforest in
Ecuador. Ethnobiology and biocultural
diversity: Proceedings of the 7th International
Congress of Ethnobiology, Athens, Georgia,
USA, October 2000; 2002. :123-136. 30 ref.
Upper Napo
Region, Ecuador
Forest and nonprotected
area/site
Agricultural
pressure and
hunting
Alternative
occupation
Stand-alone
project
90
Mananara Project
Ramangason, G.S. (1993) The Mananara-Nord
Biosphere Reserve. Nature and resources: 29:
17-23.
Mananara-Nord
Biosphere
reserve ,
Madagascar
Forest and
protected area
Agricultural
pressure
Alternative
occupation and
Alternative
Method
Wider initiative
91
Khao Yai National Park
- Alternatives to
poaching
McNeeley, J.A. (1998) Conservation must pay.
In: Culture: the missing element in
conservation and development.
Khao Yai NP,
Thailand
Forest and
protected area
Agricultural
pressure and
hunting
Alternative
occupation
Wider initiative
92
Kayapo Conservation
and Development
Project / Pinkaiti
Research Station
Zimmerman, B., Peres, C.A., Malcolm, J.R., &
Turner, T. (2001) Conservation and
development alliances with the Kayapó of
south-eastern Amazonia, a tropical forest
indigenous people. Environmental
Conservation: 28: 10-22.
A'Ukre village,
Para, Brazil
Forest and nonprotected
area/site
Resource
extraction from
the forest
Alternative
occupation
Wider initiative
93
Sustainable Agriculture
and Natural Resources
Management
(SANREM) Program
Garrity, D.P., Amoroso, V.B., Koffa, S.,
Catacutan, D., Buenavista, G., Fay, P., & Dar,
W. (2002) Landcare on the povertyprotection interface in an Asian watershed.
Conservation Ecology: 6: 12
Kitanglad Range
National Park,
Mindanao,
Philippines
Forest and
protected area
Agricultural
pressure and
resource
extraction from
the forest
Alternative
Resource and
Alternative
Method
Wider initiative
94
Arabuko Sokoke
Kipepeo Project (ASKP)
Sikoyo, G.M., Ashley, C. & Elliott, J. (2001)
The Impact of Wildlife-Based Enterprises on
Local Livelihoods and Conservation in Kenya.
Jacaranda Designs Limited. Nairobi, Kenya
Arabuko Sokoke
Forest, Kenya
Forest and
protected area
Agricultural
pressure and
resource
extraction from
the forest
Alternative
occupation
Stand-alone
project
95
Arfak Mountains Strict
Nature Reserve Butterfly ranching
Mandosir, S. & Stark, M. (1993) Butterfly
farming. In: The law of the mother:
protecting indigenous peoples in protected
areas.
Irian Jaya,
Indonesia
Indonesia
Forest and
protected area
Agricultural
pressure
Alternative
occupation
Wider initiative
96
CARE Fishing Villages
Project - Queen
Elizabeth National Park
(QENP)
Blomley, T. (2000) Woodlots, woodfuel, and
wildlife: Lessons from Queen Elizabeth
National Park. IIED Gatekeeper series no. 90.
IIED, London
Queen Elizabeth
National Park,
Uganda
Forest and
protected area
Agricultural
pressure, hunting
and resource
extraction from
the forest
Alternative
Resource and
Alternative
Method
Stand-alone
project
97
Coral and Sponge
Farming Pohnpei
Ellis, S. & Haws, M. (2012) Livelihood
diversification through small mariculture
ventures in Pohnpei, Federated States of
Micronesia, helps to supplement income and
promote conservation. Section 4.5:
Enterprise strategies for coastal and marine
conservation: a review of best practices and
lessons learned. Coastal, Resources Center,
University of Rhode Island, USA.
Pohpei Island,
Federated States
of Micronesia
Marine and
resource type
Fishing pressure
Alternative
occupation
Stand-alone
project
98
Butterfly sales and
honey hunting
business, Central
Sulawesi
Cordes, B. (1999) The butterflies and the
bees. Evaluating linkages between business,
the environment, and local communities -final stories from the field. Biodiversity
Conservation Network, USA.
Palolo Valley,
Sulawesi,
Indonesia
Forest and
protected area
Agricultural
pressure and
resource
extraction from
the forest
Alternative
occupation
Stand-alone
project
99
Community managed
deep seas fishing
enterprise, Soloman
Islands
Parks, J. & Salafasky, N. Fishing for answers.
Evaluating linkages between business, the
environment, and local communities -- final
stories from the field. Biodiversity
Conservation Network, USA.
Aranavon
Islands, Solomon
Islands
Marine and
resource type
Fishing pressure
Alternative
occupation
Wider initiative
100
Samburu Heartland
Programme
USAID (2009) Community Enterprise
Interventions for Landscape/Seascape Level
Conservation. Enterprise Works, USA.
Terai Arc
Landscape (TAL),
Kenya
Savanna and
protected area
Agricultural
pressure, hunting
and resource
extraction from
the forest
Alternative
occupation
Wider initiative
101
The Nature
Conservancy Komodo
National Park
USAID (2009) Community Enterprise
Interventions for Landscape/Seascape Level
Conservation. Enterprise Works, USA.
Komodo
National Park,
Indonesia
Marine and
protected area
Fishing pressure
Alternative
occupation
Wider initiative
102
Ecotourism at Gladden
Spit Silk Cayes Marine
Reserve (GSSCMR).
Part of the
Mesoamerican Reef
(MAR) programme
USAID (2009) Community Enterprise
Interventions for Landscape/Seascape Level
Conservation. Enterprise Works, USA.
Gladden Spit Silk
Cayes Marine
Reserve
(GSSCMR),
Belize
Marine and
protected area
Fishing pressure
and agricultural
pressure
Alternative
occupation
Wider initiative
103
The Ndoki-Likouala
Conservation Area
(NLCA) project
Wildlife Conservation Society. The Global
Conservation Program. Achievements and
lessons learned from 10 years of support for
threat-based conservation at a landscape and
sea scale: Ndoki-Likouala Landscape
Conservation on Area (Republic of Congo) .
Brazzaville, Republic of Congo
Ndoki-Likouala
Landscape
Conservation on
Area ,
Democratic
Republic of the
Congo
Forest and
protected area
Hunting and
resource
extraction from
the forest
Alternative
Resource
Wider initiative
104
Biodiversite et
ecotourisme dans le
Golfe de Guinee
Rieucau, J. (2001) Biodiversité et écotourisme
dans les pays du centre du golfe de Guinée.
Les Cahiers d’Outre-Mer. Presses
universitaires de Bordeaux.
Corisco, Elobey
Grande, and
Elobey Chico,
Equatorial
Guinea
Marine and
particular species
Hunting
Alternative
occupation
Wider initiative
105
Parc National du Banco
(PNB)
Sako, N., Beltrando, G., Atta, K.L., N'da, H.D. &
Brou, T. (2013) Dynamique forestière et
pression urbaine dans le Parc national du
Banco (Abidjan, Côte d’Ivoire). Vertigo - La
revue électronique en sciences de
l’environnement: 13: 26.
Parc National du
Banco, Abidjan,
Côte d'Ivoire
Forest and
protected area
Hunting and
resource
extraction from
the forest
Alternative
occupation
Wider initiative
106
Projet de gestion
durable des forêts
indigènes
Mauambeta, D.D.C. (1999) Gestion durable
des forêts à Mwanza-Est, au Malawi: une
approche innovatrice des projets de gestion
communautaire des ressources naturelles.
Actes de l'atelier international sur la
foresterie communautaire en Afrique. La
gestion forestière participative: une stratégie
pour une gestion durable des forêts d'Afrique.
FAO. Banjul, Gambia.
Mwanza District,
Malawi
Forest and nonprotected
area/site
Resource
extraction from
the forest
Alternative
occupation
Wider initiative