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RESEARCH SUGGESTS WILD COLUMBIA/SNAKE STEELHEAD DO BETTER THAN
HATCHERY AS REPEAT SPAWNERS (KELTS)
Posted on Friday, December 06, 2013 (PST) CBB
Naturally born steelhead trout of both “winter” and “summer” stocks from the
Columbia/Snake river system that try a second run at spawning do much better than
their hatchery origin peers, according to preliminary research results presented Tuesday
at the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers Anadromous Fish Evaluation Program annual
review in Walla Walla, Wash.
“Wild fish from both the Snake and Columbia had much higher return rates,” said
Matthew Keefer of the University of Idaho’s Department of Fish and Wildlife Sciences.
He and fellow UI researcher Christopher Caudill led the evaluation of migration histories
from 53,282 PIT-tagged adult steelhead detected at Bonneville Dam over 11 adult
migration (2000-2010) years.
In total, 7 winter steelhead and 132 summer steelhead were considered to have initiated
a second spawning migration based on appropriately-timed detections at Bonneville
Dam in two migration years.
The research was intended to “(1) use the migration histories in the Columbia River PIT
Tag Information System (PTAGIS) to estimate ‘baseline’ iteroparity rate estimates for a
variety of Columbia and Snake River steelhead populations; (2) compare iteroparity
rates among steelhead life history types (winter, summer), origin types (wild, hatchery),
and age classes; and (3) evaluate whether iteroparity rates have increased through time
as SFO operations have increased.”
Steelhead, like salmon, swim to the ocean where they mature, and then return to the
freshwater to spawn and produce a next generation. Steelhead, however are capable of
repeat spawning (iteroparity). Salmon, on the other hand die soon after spawning a first
time.
SFOs are surface flow outlets – the surface bypass facilities at mainstem dams for
migrating salmon and steelhead.
Repeat steelhead spawners, called kelt, are prized. That second go-round provides
genetic and demographic benefits to populations by providing additional mates. That
leads to more genetic crosses – increased diversity that is desired to help sustain
populations -- as well larger effective population size.
The kelt also have higher lifetime production and individually produce more eggs.
Increasing iteroparity “is desirable for management and conservation objectives,” Keefer
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said.
Snake River, lower, mid and upper Columbia and Willamette River wild steelhead
stocks are listed under the Endangered Species Act.
“Tens of thousands of kelt start downstream,” but survival of the spawned-out fish is
low, Keefer said.
So-called steelhead trout kelt are looked to as a part of the effort to recover species.
“A variety of management approaches have been undertaken to increase kelt survival
and the expression of iteroparity in Columbia River steelhead over the last decade.
These include increased operation of surface flow outlets (SFOs) for kelts at many
FCRPS dams,” according to a draft report detailing iteroparity study.
Radio and acoustic telemetry studies have shown that kelts use SFOs (Khan et al.
2010; Colotelo et al. 2013) and that fish that pass via these routes have a survival
advantage over those that pass via turbines.
“With all years combined, Bonneville-to-Bonneville iteroparity estimates for the primary
life history origin groups were: 2.78 percent (winter, wild), 0.44 percent (winter,
hatchery), 0.56 percent (summer, wild), and 0.16 percent (summer, hatchery),”
according to the preliminary data presented by the researchers. Qualifying fish must
have been detected at the dam in two different years.
The data analysis indicates that “iteroparity rates for wild steelhead decreased as
freshwater migration distance increased, presumably reflecting higher kelt mortality for
interior Columbia and Snake River populations.”
The data also seems to indicate that “more flow means better kelt survival” for wild fish,
Keefer said. “This is not a surprising result.”
He said it was still unclear, based on the study analysis, how much surface bypass
options installed over the past 10 years at dams up and down the Columbia-Snake
system help boost kelt survival. The surface bypass systems have been installed largely
to provide a more natural route of passage downstream for juvenile salmon and
steelhead.
“There was limited, indirect evidence that installation and increased operation of SFOs
contributed to increasing iteroparity rates over the study period,” according to a
research abstract produced for the AFEP review.
“The goal of kelt management actions are to improve survival and productivity of listed
steelhead by facilitating kelt survival through transport, in-river migration improvements,
and reconditioning,” according to the 2013 draft Comprehensive Evalution report
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prepared by the Corps, Bonneville Power Administration and Bureau of Reclamation.
The report sums up progress towards implementation of NOAA Fisheries 2008 ESA
biological opinion.
“Kelt reconditioning is the process of collecting steelhead during their seaward
migration, containing them in a hatchery setting, and rehabilitating the fish through
special diets and treatment of pathogens. Fish are then released back into the collection
stream(s) to spawn.
“The first successful release of natural-origin reconditioned Snake River B-run
steelhead occurred in 2012, contributing to the FCRPS BiOp goal of a 6 percent
increase in Snake River B-run female steelhead abundance,” the evaluation report
says.
The Corps has sponsored biological studies continuously since 1952 in an integrated,
applied research program. This program is intended to enhance understanding and
improve anadromous fish passage conditions at multi-purpose projects on the Columbia
and lower Snake Rivers in Oregon and Washington. The monitoring, research and
evaluation studies are managed under the AFEP.
The AFEP is coordinated with federal, state, and tribal fish agencies who provide both
technical and policy-level input to the Corps on study objectives, experimental design,
and methodologies. Most of these studies are integral components of the Columbia Fish
Mitigation Program, a Corps construction account that funds numerous fish passage
improvements at Columbia and Snake River mainstem dams. Funding for much of the
research is reimbursed to the U.S. Treasury by the Bonneville Power Administration,
which markets power generated in the federal hydro system.
Recent research has been focused on anadromous fish that are born in the lower
Columbia and Snake rivers and tributaries, swim to the Pacific Ocean to feed and grow,
and return to freshwater as adults to spawn. Those fish stocks include many wild fish
that are protected under the Endangered Species Act. Pacific lamprey passage and
survival is also a focus. Lamprey are unlisted but are in diminished numbers and are
important particularly to the Columbia basin’s tribes.
The AFEP studies and presentations represented during the conference are
preliminary, draft and/or non-final research.
“They are being are being presented at this conference for benefit of the scientific and
technical community only, but are not approved for public release,” according to the
Corps’ 2013 AFEP booklet.
“In these drafts and preliminary research documents, opinions, interpretations,
conclusions, and recommendations are those of the author and are not necessarily
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endorsed by the U.S. Army,” the Corps says.
The 2013 AFEP included more than 50 presentations on research conducted over the
past year. The session spanned 2 ½ days. scientists from universities, research
laboratories, tribal entities and federal agencies.
http://www.cbbulletin.com/429221.aspx#
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