Tunisian Journal of Plant Protection
Vol. 8, No. 1, 2013
Tunisian Journal
of
Plant Protection
Volume 8
Number 1
June 2013
Scientific Journal Hosted in theInstitution de la Recherche et de l’Enseignement Supérieur Agricoles(Tunisia)
Created and Hosted in the Ecole Supérieure d’ Agriculture du Kef (Tunisia ), from 2006 to 2012
Editor-in-Chief
Assistant Editor-in-Chief
Daami-Remadi, Mejda
Nasraoui, Bouzid
Phytopathology, C R R H A B Ch
-M
Phytopathology,INAT
Editorial Board
Barbouche, Naïma
Entomology, I N A T
B en Hamoud a, M. Habib
Entomology, I N A T
Ben Jamâa, M. Lahbib
Entomology, I N R G R E F
Chérif, Mohamed
Phytopathology, I N A T/ C T A
Hajlaoui, M. Rabeh
Phytopathology, I NR A T
Hamada, Walid
Disease Resistance,E S A K
Horrigue-Raouani, Najet
Nematology, I S A Ch-M
Ksantini, Mohieddine
Entomology, I O
Mekki, Mounir
Weed & Pesticide Sc., I S A Ch-M
Rhouma, Ali
Phytopathology,I O
Evaluation Board
Tunisian Scientists and :
Abou-Haider, Mounir G., Phytopathology, Canada
Bayaa, Bassam,Phytopathology, Syria
Benazoun, Abdessalam,Entomolgy, Morocco
Bernier, Louis, Phytopathology, Canada
Besri, Mohamed, Phytopathology, Morocco
Bouzned, Zouaoui, Phytopathology, Algeria
Dellagi, Alia,Phytopathology, France
Du Jardin, Patrick,Biotechnology, Belgium
Duncan, Larry, Nematology, Florida USA
Fargette, Mireille,Nematology, France
Fuchs, Jacques G., Biol. Control, Switzerland
Hullé, Maurice, Entomology, France
Ippolito, Antonio,Phytopathology, Italy
Kamoun, Sophien, Phytopathology, Ohio USA
Kema, Gert, Phytopathology, Netherlands
Kerlan, Camille,Phytopathology, France
Kreiter, Serge, Acarology, France
Kremer, Robert J., Weed Sc., Missouri USA
Lepoivre, Philippe,Phytopathology, Belgium
Lieutier, François,Entomology, France
Makkouk, Khaled, Phytopathology, Lebanon
Mateille, Thierry,Nematology, France
Mugniery, Didier,Nematology, France
Peever, Tobin, Phytopathol., Washington St., USA
Ramade, François,Eco-Toxicology, France
Reignault, Philippe,Phytopathology, France
Russo, Agatino,Entomology, Italy
Schiffers, Bruno, Pesticide Sc., Belgium
Schoelz, James,Phytopathology, Missouri USA
Simpson, Stephen J., Entomology, Australia
Tirilly, Yves,Phytopathology, France
Ziedan, El Sayed, Phytopathology, Egypt
Sustaining Members
Institution de la Recherche et de l’Enseignement Supérieur Agricoles (IRESA)
Ecole Supérieure d’Agriculture du Kef (ESAK)
Visa no. 2872/04-04-2005
Tunisian Journal of Plant Protection
Vol. 8, No. 1, 2013
Tunisian Journal of Plant Protection
http://www.iresa.tn/tjpp
email: tjpp@iresa.tn
Volume 8, Number 1, June 2013
Contents
MYCOLOGY
1. Some recent progress in oat crown rust in Tunisia. M.B. Allagui.
(Tunisia)
7. Use of seminotherapy to improve the control of Septoria leaf blotch of
durum wheat in Tunisia. K. Taher, M.M. Fakhfakh, A. Bouajila, S.
Rezgui, M. Khammassi, J. Haber, B. Nasraoui, and A. Yahyaoui.
(Tunisia/Germany)
ENTOMOLOGY
23. Hot air treatment for postharvest control of the date moth
Ectomyelois ceratoniae. A. Zouba, M. Jmoui, B. Chermiti, A. Msetra,
and H. Bouabidi. (Tunisia)
33. Fumigant control of the Mediterranean flour moth Ephestia
kuehniella with the noble laurel Laurus nobilis essential oils. J.
Mediouni-Ben Jemâa, N. Tersim, E. Boushih, K. Taleb-Toudert, and M.L.
Khouja. (Tunisia/Algeria)
45. Parasitoids of the almond bark beetle Scolytus amygdali in Tunisia. A.
Zeiri, M. Braham, and M. Braham. (Tunisia)
57. Molecular identification of Eurytoma striolata reared from almond
bark beetle Scolytus amygdali in Tunisia. A. Zeiri, M. Braham, and M.
Braham. (Tunisia)
Photo of the cover page: Oat crow rust disease (Courtesy Mohamed Bechir Allagui)
Tunisian Journal of Plant Protection
Vol. 8, No. 1, 2013
Guest Editorial
Pesticides and Beneficial Insects: Do we Need Better
Regulations?
The controversy around banning
pesticides that has an adverse effect on
beneficial insects such as bees or natural
enemies of pests that attack economic
crops is many decades old, but no serious
action on this issue was taken by
governments across the globe. Recent
news indicated that the European Union
is seriously considering to establish a
two-year ban on three pesticides
suspected of contributing to the global
decline in the number of bees. Already 15
countries voted to allow the European
Commission (EU) to restrict the use of
insecticides from December 2012.
However, it seems that the EU failed to
reach the majority needed to adopt the
ban outright, meaning the decision is
passed to the EU.
The
three
insecticides
are
“imidocloprid”, “clothianidin” and
“thiamethoxam”, all of them are used as
seed treatment in addition to applying
them as soil drench or sprayed on beeattractive plants, such as cereals. It is
important to note that bee numbers went
down in the Middle East, Europe and
USA by up to 85% in some regions.
The role of bees in helping plants
to bear fruits through enhancement of
flower pollination is a common
knowledge. However, the influence of the
manufacturing companies on the political
machine of their respective countries is
always a hurdle which is not easy to
cross. Accordingly, eight countries,
including the United Kingdom voted
against the ban. The pesticides companies
stress the point that the ban is a poor
decision because it is based on an
incomplete scientific analysis. This is an
open invitation to world scientists,
including those in the Middle East and
North Africa to investigate this issue
further and produce reliable data that
can explain what happens in the field.
Many small farmers rely on the income
generated by bee products, not to mention
the indirect other benefits of a balanced
bee population, and if the scientific
evidence proves harmful effects of some
chemicals to bees or other beneficial
insects, the ban should also be considered
outside Europe.
Dr. Khaled Makkouk
National Council for Scientific Research
Beirut, Lebanon
Tunisian Journal of Plant Protection
Vol. 8, No. 1, 2013
Plant Protection News
Announcement
of
The 1st Africa-International Allelopathy Congress
(AIAC-2014)
Sousse, Tunisia, February 6 – 9, 2014
I. Background
Allelopathy Looking Ahead
The rapidly growing human
population has increased the dependence
on fossil fuel based agrochemicals
(fertilizers or pesticides) to produce the
required agricultural and forestry
products. This has exerted a great
pressure on the non-renewable fossil fuel
resources, which cannot last indefinitely.
Besides, agrochemicals pollute the
environment, the pests develop tolerance
to pesticides and their new resistant
strains are emerging. Hence, such
practices cannot remain in use for ever.
One safe alternative to overcome these
problems is the use of allelopathy to
sustain development in agriculture and
forestry and maintenance of a clean
environment for our future generations.
Allelopathy has great potential to increase
the productivity of field crops, vegetables,
Tunisian Journal of Plant Protection
fruits/forestry trees, fisheries etc., using
allelochemicals as pesticides and as
growth regulators (using the stimulatory
allelopathic effects) in agriculture.
Besides, it aims at reducing the
environmental pollution and maintaining
an ecological balance in fauna and flora
through reduced use of nitrogenous
fertilizers and pesticides (weedicides,
nematicides, insecticides and fungicides)
and substituting them with biological
nitrogen fixation, natural products (plant
and microbial), allelochemicals and
phytochemicals free from all problems
arising from the use of agrochemicals.
Allelopathy is a new and potential area of
research. Although farmers have observed
problem's related to allelopathy since the
beginning of agriculture, planned research
was started only from 1940. Presently,
much information is available on its basic
aspects in the developed countries but
Vol. 8, No. 1, 2013
very little research has been done in
developing countries of Tropics and SubTropics (suitable climate for round the
year cropping), where there is great scope
of allelopathy research owing to multiple
cropping, agroforestry systems and
different agroecosystems. In the near
future, allelopathy may be used in (i).
crop production,
crop protection,
agroforestry
and
agrohorticultural
practices, (ii) to increase agricultural
production in Sustainable Organic
Agriculture and (iii) to reduce
environmental pollution. Thus, it is now
receiving more attention from Agri- and
Bioscientists.
Currently,
Organic
Agriculture is becoming popular due to
health concerns and public awareness
about the ill effects of Modern
Agriculture. Hence, this Congress aims (i)
to bring together active allelopathy
researchers from worldwide, (ii) to
highlight the present status of research in
the thrust areas and to plan for the future,
(iii) to review progress, (iv) to identify
constraints and (v) to project future goals
for Basic and Applied Allelopathy
Research in Organic Agriculture.
Congress themes:
In multiple sessions, the following
themes will be developed:
T1: Allelopathy in sustainable and
organic agriculture
T2: Allelopathy in natural ecosystems
T3: Allelopathy in soil sickness
T4: Chemistry of allelochemicals
T5: Molecular biology and genetics of
allelopathy
T6: Physiology and biochemistry of
allelopathy
T7: Allelopathy mechanisms and
interactions
T8: Allelopathy methodologies and
modeling
II. Organizers
Tunisian Journal of Plant Protection
The
1st
Africa-International
Allelopathy Congress will be organized
jointly by the Higher Agronomic Institute
of Chott-Mariem (ISA-ChM) & the
Tunisian Association for Sustainable
Agriculture in collaboration with:
Horticulture and Organic Agriculture
Agriculture
-ChM
-ChM
SITE”
Coordinator
Rabiaa Haouala (ISA-ChM, Tunisia)
Organizing Committee
Khemeis Abdellaoui (ISA-ChM, Tunisia)
Hamadi Boussetta (ISA-ChM, Tunisia)
Ikbal Chaieb (CRRHAB, Tunisia)
Mejda
Daami-Remadi
(CRRHAB,
Tunisia)
Bouthaina Dridi-Al Mouhandes (ISAChM, Tunisia)
Sadok Kammoun (ISA-ChM, Tunisia)
Raja Kammoun (ISA-ChM, Tunisia)
Raoudha Khanfir-Ben Jenana (ISA-ChM,
Tunisia)
Shi-ming Luo (South China Agricultural
University, China)
Shamsher S. Narwal (Chief Editor
Allelopathy Journal, India)
National Scientific Committee
Khemeis Abdellaoui (ISA-ChM)
Chedly Abdelly (CBBC)
Mohamed Ben Khedher (CTAB)
Mohamed Bouaziz (ISBS)
Abdelhamid Boujelben (ISA-ChM)
Olfa Bousaadia (IO)
Hamadi Boussetta (ISA-ChM)
Ikbal Chaieb (CRRHAB)
Brahim Chermiti (ISA-ChM)
Vol. 8, No. 1, 2013
Mejda Daami-Remadi (CRRHAB)
Bouthaina Dridi-Al Mouhandes (ISAChM)
Néziha Ghanem-Boughanmi (FSB)
Rabiaa Haouala (ISA-ChM)
Hayfa Jabnoun-Khiareddine (CRRHAB)
Sadok Kammoun (ISA-ChM)
Raja Kammoun (ISA-ChM)
Raoudha Khanfir-Ben Jenana (ISA-ChM)
Asma Laarif (CRRHAB)
Messaoud Mars (ISA-ChM/CRRHAB)
Mohamed Naffati (IRA-Mednine)
Bouzid Nasraoui (INAT)
Najet Raouani-Horrigue (ISA-ChM)
International Scientific Committee
Ibrahim Alsaadawi (Bagdad University,
Iraq)
Min An (Charles Sturt University,
Australia)
Zahid Ata Cheema (University of
Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan)
Frank Dayan (Thad Cochran Research
Center, USA)
Marina Della Greca (Università Degli
Studi, Napoli, Italy)
Shi-ming Luo (South China Agricultural
University, China)
Shamsher S. Narwal (Chief Editor
Allelopathy Journal, India)
Manuel Reigosa-Roger (University of
Vigo, Spain)
Leslie Weston (Presidente of IAS, USA)
Ren-sen Zeng (South China Agricultural
University, China)
III. Symposium languages
English and French are the official
languages of the Congress.
IV. Contacts
Dr. Rabiaa Haouala
The Higher Agronomic Institute of ChottMariem
Phone: 00 (216) 73 327 544/546; GSM :
00 (216) 98 526 832
Fax: 00 (216) 73 327 591
Tunisian Journal of Plant Protection
Dr. Mejda Daami-Remadi
The Regional Center of Research on
Horticulture and Organic Agriculture of
Chott-Mariem
Phone: 00 (216) 73 327 543; GSM : 00
(216) 94 641 104
Fax: 00 (216) 73 327 070
Email: allelopathytunisia@yahoo.com
Facebook Page: African Allelopathy
V. Abstracts
Abstracts submission
Participants are invited to send an
abstract in English stating the research
theme (T1, T2,… T8). Accepted
manuscripts will be published in
Allelopathy
Journal
(www.allelopathyjournal.org)
or
in
Tunisian Journal of Plant Protection
(http://www.iresa.tn/tjpp). The abstract
should not exceed 300 words. Use 12 pt
font size and times new roman fonts.
Official paper language: English
Deadlines
Abstract submission: October, 15th 2013.
Acceptance notification: October, 31th
2013.
Early registration: September, 15th 2013.
Manuscript submission: December, 31th
2013.
VI. Registration Fees
Local participants:
Researchers:
350
TND
(Early
registration),
400
TND
(Late
registration).
Students: 300 TND (Early registration),
350 TND (Late registration).
Foreign participants:
Researchers:
350
USD
(Early
registration), 400 USD (Late registration).
Students: 300 USD (Early registration),
350 USD (Late registration).
Vol. 8, No. 1, 2013
Registration
includes:
Accommodation (4 nights), breakfast,
lunches, dinners, refreshment breaks,
registration kit.
Post Congress Tour to Famous Tourist
Sites in Monastir, Mahdia and El Jem, for
one day (optional with limited places).
$50 USD (70 TND) (Travel + Food + Site
seeing Tickets, etc.).
INTERNATIONAL SHORT COURSE
ON ALLELOPATHY (ISCA):
Registration
Fees
(Foreigners):
Scientists: 300 USD, Students: 250 USD
Registration Fees (Tunisian): Scientists:
300 TND, Students: 250 TND
Registration Deadline: December 31th,
2013.
-------------
Tunisian Journal of Plant Protection
Vol. 8, No. 1, 2013
Report
on
International Symposium on Crop Protection Management in
Mediterranean Organic Agriculture
Sousse, Tunisia, May 14 - 16, 2013
Organic
Agriculture
has
experienced a rapid expansion in recent
years, with continued growth globally and
in the Mediterranean region, where it
offers
sustainable
development
opportunities and initiatives. Crop
protection is of major concern for the
successful management of organic farms
and is considered as one of the most
challenging tasks that organic farmers are
facing. Both yield and quality can be
severely affected by pests and diseases,
even if available preventive measures
have been accurately applied. The
development of ecologically sound
control methods against pest and diseases
is therefore a necessary part of organic
research agendas.
Some 100 researchers from 14
countries (Albania, Algeria, Belgium,
Egypt, Germany, Iraq, Italy, Jordan,
Morocco, Poland, Saudi Arabia, Syria,
and Tunisia) participated in the
Symposium
‘Crop
protection
management in Mediterranean Organic
Agriculture’, which was jointly organized
by the Technical Center of Organic
Agriculture, Tunisia (CTAB), the
International
Society
of
Organic
Agriculture Research (ISOFAR) and the
Tunisian Journal of Plant Protection
Mediterranean Organic
Agricultural
Network (MOAN).
The organizers succeeded in
compiling
an
attractive
scientific
program, which included about 30 oral
presentations and over 40 posters all
targeted on finding sustainable solutions
for crop protection problems in organic
plant production.
The event started with a
remarkable speech given by the Chief of
Cabinet of the Minister of Agriculture of
Tunisia. In his speech, the Chief of the
Cabinet
confirmed
that
organic
agriculture fits well in the national
strategy, which is based on selfsufficiency in basic foodstuff, export
promotion, protection of the environment
and improvement of farmer’s income. In
this context, organic agriculture plays an
important role by offering products of
high quality while simultaneously
preserving the ecological balance.
Furthermore, the Chief of Cabinet
mentioned that the Tunisian Government
actively supports the development of
organic
agriculture,
by
the
implementation of a national committee,
a general direction and regional directions
for organic agriculture, a technical center
of organic agriculture, etc.... Training of
Vol. 8, No. 1, 2013
farmers and innovative research is
considered as a key element that
contributes to the successful development
of the organic sector.
The plenary sessions continued
with presentations on the current situation
of organic agriculture in Tunisia, an
overview of the research activities of the
Mediterranean Agricultural Institute of
Bari (IAMB) and an outline on current
research on microbial control of insects in
Tunisia.
Further, sessions included insect
and disease management with a strong
focus on microbial control and botanicals.
Fortunately the list of speakers included
many young researchers, which were
given the opportunity to present their
results on a conference. Fortunately, a
considerable proportion of the young
speakers presented high quality work.
Two of them were rewarded at the end of
the conference for the best oral
presentation and the best poster
presented.
Another positive aspect related to
the contents was the considerable amount
of contributions on basic research on
pests and diseases. This type of research,
e.g. on the auxiliary fauna is generally
work intensive and not easy to publish.
On the other hand, this type of study is an
important part of any research agenda in
organic agriculture, which is mainly
focusing on understanding the systems
and on the principle of prevention.
Some of the approaches presented
however may cause problems with the
self conception of organic agriculture or
even with the general legislation. The use
of mycotoxin producing fungi such as
Aspergillus flavus, for example, is an
ambivalent approach for organic systems.
Summaries of all contributions
have been compiled in an abstract book
that is available via the website of
ISOFAR. The last day of the Symposium
was dedicated to an excursion which was
focusing on citriculture and horticulture
completed by interesting cultural visits.
This symposium offered a great
opportunity for all participants to share
information and experiences about crop
protection and Organic Agriculture under
Mediterranean conditions.
The atmosphere during the
symposium was more than convenient.
Foreign participants had the great chance
to enjoy the hospitality of the Tunisian
hosts. The Organizing and Scientific
Committees deserve full gratitude.
Dr. Mohamed Ben Khédher
For the Organizing and Scientific Committees
-------------------
Tunisian Journal of Plant Protection
Vol. 8, No. 1, 2013
Recent Doctorate Theses in Plant Protection
(2012/13)
Mansour, Ramzi. 2012. Toward enhancing Integrated Pest Management
programs of mealybugs (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae) in Tunisian and Sicilian
vineyards. Doctorate Thesis in Plant Protection, joint supervision INAT,
University of Carthage, Tunisia and Universita degli Studi di Catania, Italy, 156
pp. (Public Defense: 22 September 2012)
Two
mealybug
species,
Planococcus ficus and Planococcus citri,
and an armored scale species, Hemiberlesia
lataniae,
were
recorded
throughout
Tunisian
table-grape
vineyards. P. ficus was by far the most
widespread scale insect species within the
investigated grape growing areas and was
also recorded on fig trees. Most (74%) of
the investigated Tunisian vineyards were
infested by mealybugs. About 70% of the
mealybug-infested
vineyards
were
categorized as slightly to moderately
infested by these insects. All collected
Anagyrus pseudococci s.l. specimens
were identified as A. sp. near
pseudococci. Additionally, one primary
parasitoid Coccophagus sp. and one
hyperparasitoid Chartocerus sp. were also
reared from mealybugs. Six ant species
were found in Tunisian mealybuginfested table-grape vineyards. They are
Tetramorium semilaeve, Plagiolepis
schmitzii,
Tapinoma
nigerrimum,
Crematogaster
schmidti,
Pheidole
pallidula and Pheidole teneriffana. The
four latter species were reported tending
mealybugs on grapevines. T. nigerrimum
was found to be the most common ant
species on grapevine and the most
associated with the mealybugs.
The morphological examination of
some vine mealybug (P. ficus)
Tunisian Journal of Plant Protection
populations collected from Tunisian
vineyards showed the existence of two
different P. ficus populations in Tunisia.
Likewise, in the molecular (Ribosomal
ITS1) analysis, two separate clades were
revealed in the Neighbour-joining
phylogenetic
tree,
supporting
the
morphological studies suggesting that
there are two distinct populations of P.
ficus on grapevine in Tunisia. This is the
first study showing the occurrence of two
morphologically and genetically different
populations of P. ficus on grapevine in
Tunisia.
The number of captured A. sp.
near pseudococci females in vine
mealybug sex pheromone (LS) baited
traps was significantly higher than that in
unbaited traps. The minimal number of
days for the first parasitoid emergence in
LS baited traps was 16 days, namely
almost 3 days earlier, compared to
unbaited control. These findings resulted
in a significant increase in the parasitism
of the mealybugs P. citri by A. sp. near
pseudococci in LS baited traps relative to
unbaited traps. Insecticide treatments
(buprofezin or chlorpyriphos-methyl)
significantly
affected
parasitization
activity of A. sp. near pseudococci on
mealybugs when compared to the
untreated control.
Vol. 8, No. 1, 2013
Regarding contact toxicity, the
insecticide chlorpyriphos-methyl caused
100% parasitoid mortality 24 h after
treatment, but parasitoid mortality from
the
insecticides
Prev-Am®
or
spirotetramat was almost absent. Neither
the total parasitoid offspring/female nor
the sex ratio of the progeny was
negatively affected by Prev-Am® or
spirotetramat relative to the untreated
control. According to the IOBC
classification for laboratory trials, both
Prev-Am® and spirotetramat were rated
harmless (IOBC category 1), whereas
chlorpyriphos-methyl was categorized as
harmful (IOBC category 4) to A. sp. near
pseudococci. None of the insecticides
adversely affected the development of the
parasitoid pupal stage inside vine
mealybug mummies or the survival of the
emerged parasitoids.
In
laboratory
conditions,
parasitism of P. ficus and P. citri by their
respective encyrtid parasitoids A. sp. near
pseudococci and Leptomastix dactylopii
was negatively affected by the ant T.
nigerrimum. Similarly, T. nigerrimum
was shown to significantly disrupt the
predatory activity of Cryptolaemus
montrouzieri larvae when foraging on
host citrus mealybugs. By contrast, the
presence of T. nigerrimum did not
negatively influence the predatory
potential of C. montrouzieri adults when
feeding
on
citrus
mealybugs.
Consequently, the encyrtid parasitoids A.
sp. near pseudococci and L. dactylopii
and the larval stage of the predator C.
montrouzieri may be considered as T.
nigerrimum-sensitive, whereas adults of
C. montrouzieri may be regarded as T.
nigerrimum-resistant predators.
-----------------
Sahraoui, Hajer. 2012. Influence of agro-ecological practices and plant
protection on phytoseiid mites communities in Tunisian citrus orchards.
Doctorate Thesis in Plant Protection, joint supervision INAT, University of
Carthage, Tunisia and Montpellier SupAgro, France, 196 pp. (Public Defense:
11 December 2012)
Mites of the family Phytoseiidae
(Mesostigmata) have been extensively
studied because of the potential of several
species as biological control agents of
phytophagous mites and small insect crop
pests.
Phytoseiidae
diversity
and
abundance are known to be mainly
affected by climate, stability of habitats,
food resources and agricultural practices.
This study conducted in Tunisian citrus
orchards aimed to (i) characterize the
diversity of Phytoseiidae in these
agrosystems, (ii) study the effect of
agricultural practices on the diversity and
abundance of these species and (ii) study
Tunisian Journal of Plant Protection
the effect of weed management strategies
on these predatory mites. The results
obtained allow giving some responses.
First, more data are now available on
species of Phytoseiidae present on citrus
trees and associated weeds. Eleven new
species for the Tunisian fauna have been
found species of Phytoseiidae, were
different according to the species of citrus
considered and their abundance seemed to
be affected by herbicide sprayings. On
weeds, Phytoseiidae diversity was
directly affected by weed diversity.
Furthermore, their density was influenced
by pesticide sprayings and the weed
Vol. 8, No. 1, 2013
management type. A positive correlation
between Phytoseiidae densities on trees
and weeds was emphasized. Ambulatory
dispersal between weeds and trees was
observed and migrations were higher
from weeds to trees than in the opposite
way. This dispersal seemed to be favored
by some weeding practices, especially by
ploughing. At last, the comparison of
plots conducted with different farming
strategies showed that Phytoseiidae
diversity was the highest in the organic
farming plot. The results presently
obtained allow a better understanding of
relationships between Phytoseiidae and
Tunisian Journal of Plant Protection
their habitat. They also allow some
proposals to improve agricultural
practices and promote a better biological
control of mite pests (eliminate herbicide
use, promote ploughing and mowing).
However, additional studies are still
required in order to test more weeding
strategies, propose new ones and to better
characterize the interactions between
Phytoseiidae
and
agrosystems
management.
---------------
Vol. 8, No. 1, 2013
Instructions to Authors
The Tunisian Journal of Plant Protection is published in English twice a year.
Contributionson all aspects of plant protection are considered. Papers are evaluated by highly
qualifiednationaland internationalscientistsof the related disciplines.
The originalmanuscriptshouldbe s ubmittedto theEditor-in-Chief:
Prof. Bouzid Nasraoui
InstitutNationalAgronomiquede Tunisie,
43 AvenueCharles Nicolle,1082 Tunis-Mahrajène,Tunisia
Email: tjpp@iresa.tn
Phone: (+216)98 29 29 17
Submitted manuscript must not be publishedor submitted for publicationelsewhere.
Manuscriptsshouldbe emailed on Microsoft Word and Microsoft Excel. It shouldbe typed on one
side page (A4 format) in doublespace (Times New Roman, 12), starting by the titlein the center,
followed by author names and their addresses. Three abstracts are required : English,Arabic and
French. Thetwo lattercome at theend of themanuscript.When necessary, theJournalmay translate
theEnglishabstract intoArabicand/orFrench.
Abstracts start with the title of the manuscriptand finish by the keywords with seven
words at most. The other sections of the manuscript are : Introduction,Materials and Methods,
Results,Discussion,Acknowledgement(if necessary), French and Arabic abstracts,and Literature
Cited.Not dividedshortcommunicationsand review articles are also published.
Tables should be cited in numeric order in the manuscript. They must be intelligible
withoutreference to the text. The title should summarize the information presented in the table.
Subheadingsshould be brief. Abbreviationsare accepted but thosewhich are not standard must be
explainedin footnotes.
Figures shouldalso be presentedin numeric order.Captionsshoulddescribethecontents,
so each illustration is understandablewhen considered apart from the text. Color photos are
publishedonlyon-line;they are black and whiteon thepaper version.
References in thetext shouldbe cited by theirnumbers.In the LiteratureCited, references
must be reported in their originallanguagewhen latin alphabet is used, otherwise,they have to be
translated to English between square brackets and their original language mentioned between
brackets.They shouldbe numbered and arranged in alphabeticalorder,with authorlast names, their
initials,publicationyear, title,journal or other source, volumeand page numbers.Examples below
must be followed.
Articlein a journal:
Haddar,T. 1989.Check list of weeds naturallyinfestingagriculturalfields in northernTunisia.Arab
Journal ofPlant Protection7: 174-178.
Chapterin a book:
Nasraoui, B. and Lepoivre, P. 2003. Les champignons phytopathogènes.Pages 111-143. In:
Phytopathologie,bases moléculaires et biologiquesdes pathosystèmeset fondements des
stratégiesde lutte.P. Lepoivre,Ed.EditionsDe Boeck Université.Belgium.
Proceedings:
Medini, M., Hamza, S., Harrabi, M., and Lamari, L. 2003. Virulence of Mycosphaerella
th
graminicolafrom Tunisia, Algeria and Canada. Pages 14-44. In: Proceedings of the 6
InternationalSymposiumon Septoriaand StagonosporaDiseases of Cereals. December 812, 2003,Tunis,Tunisia.
Book:
Jarraya, A. 2003. Principauxnuisiblesdes plantes cultivées et des denrées stockées en Afrique du
Nord: leur biologie,leurs ennemis naturels,leurs dégâts et leur contrôle.Maghreb Editions,
Tunisia,415 pp.
Thesis :
Horrigue-Raouani,N. 2003.Variabilitéde la relation hôtes-parasitesdans le cas des Meloidogyne
spp. (Tylenchida,Meloidogynidae).Doctorat Es-Sciences Naturelles.Faculté des Sciences
de Tunis,UniversitéAl-Manar,Tunisia,222 pp.
Tunisian Journal of Plant Protection
Vol. 8, No. 1, 2013
Tunisian Journal of Plant Protection
Vol. 8, No. 1, 2013